Ministry OF Higher Education

And Scientific Research

University Of Zakho
Faculty Of Science
Department Of physics

Method of Integration

Prepared by: Supervised by:

Silav Idrees Ghazi
Fkriya Xhdir

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Contents :
Abstract……………………………………………………………. 1
Introduction………………………………………………………… 2

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Abstract:
In this article we are going to be looking at various integration
techniques. There are a fair number of them and some will be easier than
others. The point of the chapter is to teach you these new techniques and
so this chapter assumes that you’ve got a fairly good working
knowledge of basic integration as well as substitutions with integrals. In
fact, most integrals involving “simple” substitutions will not have any of
the substitution work shown. It is going to be assumed that you can
verify the substitution portion of the integration yourself.

Also, most of the integrals done in this chapter will be indefinite

integrals. It is also assumed that once you can do the indefinite integrals
you can also do the definite integrals and so to conserve space we
concentrate mostly on indefinite integrals.

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Introduction:
The standard formulae for integration are only useful when the integrand
is given in the ‘standard’ form. For most physical applications or
analysis purposes, advanced techniques of integration are required,
which reduce the integrand analytically to a suitable solvable form. Two
such methods – Integration by Parts, and Reduction to Partial Fractions
are discussed here. Both have limited applicability, but are of immense
use in solving integrands which may seem unsolvable otherwise.

What are Methods of Integration?

Before proceeding with the methods of integration, let us first
recall the concept of integration. Integration is the process of
combining very small strips of a figure to get the area of the whole
figure. It gives the area under the curve of a function. We use
different methods of integration to find the integral of complex
functions. To simplify the integral problems, we need to identify
the type of function to be integrated and then apply the integration
method which makes it easier to solve. We also use trigonometric
formulas and identities as a method of integration to simplify the
trigonometric functions under integration.

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List of Methods of Integration:
We can solve the integrals of functions using the inspection method. But
sometimes, this does not work and we need to simplify the function first
before evaluating its integral. To simplify these complex functions, we
use integration methods in calculus. Given below is the list of the
different methods of integration that are useful in simplifying
integration problems:
 Integration by Parts
 Method of Integration Using Partial Fractions
 Integration by Substitution Method
 Integration by Decomposition
 Reverse Chain Rule
 Integration Using Trigonometric Identities
Let us explore some of these methods of integration and see their
formulas which will help in identifying the correct integration method to
apply.

Integration by partial fractions:

Partial fraction is a method by which a complicated fraction can be split
into 2 or more simpler fractions.

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References:
 https://www.toppr.com/guides/business-mathematics-and-
statistics/calculus/methods-of-integration/
 https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calcii/inttechintro.aspx
 https://www.cuemath.com/calculus/methods-of-integration/
