HEAT ENGINEERING

LECTURE: THI THU HANG TRAN

Room 816, Ta Quang Buu library
Email: hang.tranthithu@hust.edu.vn
 BOOKS

1. Kỹ thuật Nhiệt (Bùi Hải, Trần Thế Sơn)

2. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (Yunus

A.Cengel, Michael A.Boles)

3. Heat Transfer: An Engineering Approach (Yunus

A.Cengel)
 Main content
• Thermodynamic: Study the energy
transformation related to thermal energy
(mainly between mechanical energy and
thermal energy)
• Heat transfer: Study the heat transfer
among objects
• Objects of study: Heat engine and
refrigerator; heat exchanger
 FIRST PART

THERMODYNAMIC
 HEAT ENGINE and REFRIGERATOR

• Heat engine: convert thermal energy to mechanical

energy

• Refrigerator: Convert mechanical energy to thermal

energy
Heat engine

Lout
Example
Refrigerator

Lin
Example
 CHAPTER 1

MAIN CONCEPTS
1.1 Working fluid and thermodynamic system

• 1.1.1. Working fluid

- Fluid is used to transform thermal energy and
mechanical energy in the thermal system
- Phase of working fluid: gas because of the high work
exchange ability (the high expansion ability)
- Classification of working fluid:
- Ideal gas: An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of
many randomly moving point particle (particle volume is
negligible) that are not subject to interparticle interactions
Example: Nitrogen, Oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen
- Real gas: the term 'real gas' usually refers to a gas that
does not behave like an ideal gas.
1.1 Working fluid and thermodynamic system

1.1.2 Thermodynamic system

- A system is defined as a
quantity of matter or a region
in space chosen for study
- The mass or region outside the
system is called the
surroundings.
- The real or imaginary surface
that separates the system from
its surroundings is called the
boundary
1.1 Working fluid and thermodynamic system

1.1.2 Thermodynamic system

Classification:
- Close system (or controlled mass): a
system consists of a fixed amount of
mass, and no mass can cross its
boundary (but energy can)
- Open system (or controlled volume): is
a properly selected region in space.
- Isolated system: mass and energy are
not allowed to cross the boundary
- Insulated system: thermal energy is not
allowed to cross the boundary
They are relative classifications
depending on user opinions
1.2. State parameters

- Physical parameters represent for system status

- Basic parameters: temperature, pressure, specific

volume

- State functions: Internal energy, flow work, enthalpy,

entropy, execgy
1.2. State parameters

1.2.1. Temperature
- Definition: Parameter represents for hot or cold
status of things. If two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium if both have the same temperature
reading even if they are not in contact.
- Temperature units:
- Celsius scale (toC): ice and steam points were assigned the
values 0 and 100oC
- Kelvin scale (T [K]) : t = T + 273
- Temperature measurement: fluid thermometer
(water, mercury, ethanol) based on the expansion of
fluid; electrical resistant sensor, thermocouple
temperature sensor, transmission temperature sensor.
1.2. State parameters

1.2.2. Specific volume

It is volume of 1 kg fluid

V
v = ; m 3 kg
G
G 1
 = = ; kg m 3
V v
1.2. State parameters
1.2.3. Pressure
- It is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
- Unit: N/m2 (Pa)
1 bar = 105 Pa = 750 mmHg = 1.03 at
1 kPa = 1000 Pa,
1 Mpa = 106 Pa
1 at = 0.98 bar = 735.5 mm Hg
- Absolute pressure: is actual pressure at a given position
1.2. State parameters

1.2.3. Internal energy

1.2. State parameters

1.2.3. Internal energy

In thermodynamic: internal energy is only thermal
internal energy. Others is negligible
Internal energy includes internal kinetic energy
(function of temperature) and internal potential
energy (function of particle distance or specific
volume)
U (J), u(J/kg). u=f(T,v) or for ideal gas u = f (T)
For ideal gas: du = CvdT
Cv: heat capacity at constant volume
1.2 State parameters

• 1.2.5. Flow energy

D: is the motivation of open system
D = p.V (J)
d = p.v (J/kg)
p: absolute pressure (N/m2)
V: volume (m3)
v: specific volume (m3/kg)
Close system: D = 0
1.2. State parameters

1.2.6. Ehthalpy
- Definition by formula:
I = U + pV và i = u + pv
- For open system: I = U + D và i = u + d
- For ideal gas:
Because p.v = RT and u = f(T)
i = f(T)
di = CpdT; Di = i2 – i1 = Cp(T2 – T1)
Cp: Heat capacity at the constant pressure
Consider only enthalpy change
1.2. Status parameters

1.2.7. Entropy
- S( J/K) or s (J/kgK)
- Definition: it is the quotient of an infinitesimal
amount of heat to the instantaneous temperature.
dq
ds =
T
1.2. Status parameters

1.2.8 Exergy
- E (J) or e (J/kg)
- Difinition: exergy is the work potential of the source
– that is a mount of energy we can extract as useful
work.
q=e+a
a: anecgy is waste energy and is not worthy of
consideration
1.3 Thermodynamic process

• Balance status of the system: is the status in which

status parameters are uniform and they do not
change according time if there is no impact from
surrounding
• Thermodynamic process: is the continuous change
of status parameters of system
• Conditions to have thermodynamic process:
Surrounding affects on system by work or energy
and there at least one changed status parameter.
• Types of thermodynamic process:
• Balance process: the working fluid change from one
balance status to other balance status. This process is
often shown by the continuous curve
• Reversible process: is defined as a process that can be
reversed without leaving any trace on the surrounding.
That is, both the system and the surroundings are
returned to their initial states at the end of the reverse
process.
1.4. The first thermodynamic law

1.4.1. Methods to calculate heat flow

- Definition: Heat energy is energy exchanged due to
the temperature difference, Q (J/cal) or q (J/kg). This
depends on process
- Heat flow appear only on the boundary between
thermal system and surrounding
- Thermodynamic system only have energy, have no
heat flow
- Heat flow is positive if system get energy from
surrounding, heat flow is negative if system give
energy to surrounding
1. Method to calculate heat flow

- Function of heat capacity

Q = GCDt C [J/kgK]
Q = VtcC’Dt C’ [J/m3tcK]
Q = MCmDt Cm [J/kmolK]
- Function of entropy if C = 
From definition of entropy
s2

q =  Tds
s1

T = const  q = T (s2 − s1 )
2. Difinition and classification of heat capacity

• Heat capacity is the amount of heat to be supplied

to an object to produce a dimension unit change in
its temperature.
• Heat capacity depends on material of object,
temperature, pressure.
• Method of heat capacity classification
• Dimension unit of object
• Process of received heat process
• Average heat capacity and temporal heat capacity
2. Difinition and classification of heat capacity

• Dimension unit of object

• Mass heat capacity C(J/kgK): it is the amount of heat that
must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in
order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature

• Volumetric heat capacity C’(J/m3TCK): it is the amount

of heat that must be added to one unit of volume of the
substance in order to cause an increase of one unit
in temperature

• Kilomol heat capacity: Cμ(J/kmol.K)

• Relationship: C = C’vtc = Cm/m
2. Difinition and classification of heat capacity

• Process of received heat

Heat capacity at the constant pressure: Cp, C’p, Cmp
Heat capacity at the constant volume: Cv, C’v, Cmv
• For ideal gas:
Mayer formula:
Cp – Cv = R (R: gas constant) with R = 8314/μ (J/kgK)
Cp/Cv = k ( γ is the adiabatic index)
R
Cv =
k −1
C p = k .Cv
2. Difinition and classification of heat capacity

• Average heat capacity and temporal heat capacity

• Temporary heat capacity:
Is heat capacity at one temperature
t2
dq
C= q =  Cdt
dt t1
- Average heat capacity
t2
q q 1
=  Cdt
t2
Ct = =
1
t 2 − t1 Dt Dt t1
1.4. The first thermodynamic law

1.4.2. Work
- Definition: In thermodynamics, work performed by a
system is energy transferred by the system to its
surroundings, by a mechanism through which the
system can spontaneously exert macroscopic forces
on its surroundings.
- Unit of work: 1 J = 1 N.m
- Unit of power: 1 W = 1 J/s
- For 1 kg working fluid: J/kg, W/kg
- Work is positive if work done by system, negative if
work on by system
1.4.2. Work

1. Moving boundary work or expansion work

L [J], l [J/kg]
- Is work done by volume expansion
v2

dl = p.S .dx = p.dv l12 =  pdv

v1
2. Technical work
Lkt (J) or lkt (J/kg)
Is work done by changing of pressure of one open
system p2

dlkt = −vdp lkt12 =  − vdp

p1
1.4.2. Work

3. Effective work
Ln (J) or ln (J/kg)
- Is total work done by system
- Systems do work by: volumetric expansion, kinetic
energy reduction, potential energy reduction, flow
energy reduction
12 − 22
ln = l 12 + ( d1 − d 2 ) +
12
2
22 − 12
ln12 = l 12 − ( d 2 − d1 ) −
2
2
ln12 = l12 − D (d ) − D ( )
2
 2 
dln = dl − d ( pv ) − d  
 2 
Close system: ln12 =l 12 dln = dl = pdv
Open system:
 2   2 
dln = dl − d ( pv ) − d  ; dln = pdv − pdv − vdp − d  
 2   2 
 2  22 − 12 D 2
dln = dlkt − d  ; ln12 = lkt12 − = lkt12 −
 2  2 2
D 2
lkt12 = ln12 +
2
ln12 = lkt12
1.4.3. Total energy of one system

- In general:
2
W = U + D + Wd + Wt = U + Gpv + G + Ggh
2
- If potential energy is negligible
2
W = U + D + Wd ; w = u + d +
- For close system: 2

Wk = U ; wk = u; DWk = U 2 − U1 ; Dwk = u2 − u1
- For open system:
2 D 2
Wh = I + Wd ; wh = i + ; DWh = DI + DWd ; Dwh = Di +
2 2
1.4.4. First thermodynamic law

- General: Q = DW + Ln12 ; q = Dw + ln12

- Close system:
q = Du + l12
dq = du + pdv = du + pdv + vdp − vdp = du + d ( pv ) − vdp = di − vdp

- Open system:
D 2  D 2 
q = Di + +  lkt12 −  = Di + lkt12
2  2 
dq = di + dlkt = di − vdp = du + pdv
1.4.4. First thermodynamic law

• Differential equation (correct for both open and

close system):

dq = du + pdv
dq = di − vdp
• For ideal gas:
dq = Cv dT + pdv
dq = C p dT − vdp
THANK YOU !