Chemistry study guide

The periodic table is arranged according to increasing atomic numbers.

The horizontal rows are called periods. 7 periods
The vertical columns are called groups. 18 groups
There are 8 main groups in the periodic table:
118 elements
Alkali metals:
 group 1
 very reactive
 nonmetals
 not found free in nature
 silvery and soft

Alkaline earth metals:

 group 2
 less reactive
 hard and dense
 high melting points
 not found free in nature
Transition metals:
 groups 3 to 12 (d-block)
 good conductors of electricity
 high luster
 less reactive
 can be found free in nature
Halogens:

 group 17
 most reactive of the nonmetals
 react strongly with metals to produce salts
Noble gases:

 group 8==
 relatively unreactive because they have a full outer shell
 very low electronegativity
Actinides:

 radioactive
 dense but fairly soft metals
 some can be found naturally on earth, but the remaining are lab-made
Lanthanides:

 shiny metals
 high melting and boiling points
 very reactive (similar to group 2)
Examples of a

 metal: zinc, iron, copper, silver, aluminum, gold

 nonmetal: oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, chlorine
 metalloid: boron, silicon
Electronegativity: the measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons from another atom
in a chemical compound (electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared)
→ electronegativity increases
 electronegativity decreases
Valence electrons: the electrons on the outermost energy level.
Chemical bonds: a mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of
different atoms that binds the atoms together
Three main types of chemical bonding:
Ionic- chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between cations and anions
Covalent- results from the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms.
 Nonpolar covalent: the electrons are shared equally
Polar covalent: unequal attraction for the electrons
Metallic- the chemical bonding that results from the attraction between metal atoms and the
surrounding sea of electrons
The greater the electronegativity difference, the more ionic is the bonding

Electronegativity difference Bond type

0-0.3 Nonpolar covalent
0.3-1.7 Polar covalent
1.7-3.3 Ionic
Molecule: a neutral group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds
Molecular compound: chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules
Chemical formula: indicates the relative numbers of atoms of each kind in a chemical
compound by using atomic symbols and numerical subscripts
Molecular formula: shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule of a
molecular compound
A stable compound is formed when the potential energy reaches its lowest
The attraction between particles corresponds to a decrease in the potential energy of the
atoms, while repulsion corresponds to an increase
For a covalent bond to be created, the repulsion force=the attraction force
Bond length: average distance between two bonded atoms
Bond energy: the energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral atoms
How are bond energies and bond lengths related?
They vary with the types of atoms that have combined, and the greater the bond energy is, the
lower the bond length is
Octet rule: chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom, by gaining, sharing, or losing
electrons, has an octet of electrons in its highest occupied energy level
Covalent:

C2H6: H2O:
H2Se: CClH3=

Ionic compound: neutral compound made up of positively charged ions (called cations) and

negatively charged ions (called anions)

Formula unit: the formula with the least number of atoms or elements out of the set
Ionic compounds form crystal lattice to achieve the lowest potential energy possible

Lattice energy: amount of energy needed to break a mole of solid ionic compound into its

gaseous state

Polyatomic ion: a charged group of covalently bonded atoms

Ionic:

MgF2: Al2O3:

Polyatomic ions:

NH4+: PO43-:

Metallic properties:

 shiny (luster)

 strong/ maintain a regular structure

  high melting and boiling points

 malleability: the ability to be hammered into thin sheets

 ductility: the ability to change shape to produce a wire

Enthalpy of vaporization: the amount of energy needed to change a specific amount of a

substance from its original to its gaseous state

The higher the enthalpy, the stronger the bond, and the more energy required to break it

VSEPR theory: electron pairs will arrange themselves to minimize repulsion effects from one

another. They will spread as far as possible to minimize repulsion and maximize attraction

Halogens:

 group 17
 most reactive of the nonmetal
 react strongly with metals to produce salts
Noble gases:

 group 8
 relatively unreactive because they have a full outer shell
very low electronegativity