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A Semi-Active Flutter Control Scheme For A Two-Dimensional Wing
A Semi-Active Flutter Control Scheme For A Two-Dimensional Wing
A Semi-Active Flutter Control Scheme For A Two-Dimensional Wing
Both theoretical and experimental investigations are performed for a scheme for ‘‘flutter
taming’’—semi-active control of structural non-linear flutter. For a two-dimensional
non-linear flutter system, a digital simulation method is used to verify the principle of
semi-active flutter control and to study the response characteristics of the closed loop flutter
system. Simulation results show that by adjusting automatically the non-linear stiffness
parameter of the flutter system, the amplitude of the flutter response can be suppressed.
In accordance with the theoretical analysis, a wind tunnel test model for semi-active flutter
control is designed. A micromotor–slide block system serves as the parameter control
executive element with the monitoring of response signal and the controlling of micromotor
performed by a microcomputer. Wind tunnel tests confirm that the non-linear flutter can
be controlled effectively by this technique. 7 1995 Academic Press Limited
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, a semi-active control technique has been proposed, in which active and
passive control principles are combined, that may find applications in flutter control. The
well-known ‘‘decoupler pylon’’ invented by Reed et al. [1] may be considered as a successful
application of a semi-active control technique. In reference [2], Morino proposed a tentative
idea of ‘‘flutter taming’’, which means reduction of the limit cycle flutter amplitude by
applying feedback control. He demonstrated this idea by theoretical analysis using a
multi-scale asymptotic method. If the limit cycle amplitude is not excessively large,
instantaneous failure will not occur in the wing structure; instead, only a fatigue problem
arises. It is evident that from the viewpoint of fatigue, a smaller amplitude results in less
accumulation of damage. Hence, in the circumstance that flutter is inevitable for a structural
configuration, the aforementioned ‘‘flutter taming’’ concept would appear to be attractive.
In the study of structural non-linear flutter [3], we found that the non-linear stiffness has
direct effect on the limit cycle flutter amplitude. Therefore there naturally emerges a scheme
of reducing the flutter amplitude by active control of some stiffness factors.
In this paper, an analytical model of this semi-active flutter control scheme is first
presented and digital simulation is performed to study the principle of this scheme. Then
a flutter control wind tunnel test model is designed and tested. The results show that the
flutter can be effectively controlled by this technique.
It is noted that here the control force {F} is different from that of the active flutter control
scheme. It is not the aerodynamic force produced by an aerodynamic control surface, but
it may be considered as an additional force resulting from adjusting the structural
parameter by an actuator. If the parameter to be adjusted is the structural stiffness, then
{F} is the additional elastic restoring force. Let
{F} = −{E(q)}. (2)
Then equation (1) becomes
[M]{q̈} + [K]{q} + {E(q)} = {Q}. (3)
Therefore, it can be seen that E{(q)} is a non-linear stiffness term in the equation.
For a fundamental, but elementary study, it is convenient to consider a two-dimensional
wing. The sketch is shown in Figure 1. The governing equations are
mh + Sa ä + Kh h = Qh + Fh (h, a), Sa h + Ia ä + Ka a = Qa + Fa (h, a), (4)
where h is the plunging displacement, a is the pitching displacement, the dot above these
characters means d/dt, t is the time, m, Sa and Ia are the mass, static moment and moment
of inertia per unit span respectively, Kh is the plunging stiffness coefficient, Ka is the pitching
stiffness coefficient, and Fh (h, a) Fa (h, a) are the control forces in plunging and pitching
respectively.
The unsteady aerodynamic force and moment from Theodorsen theory are expressed
as
Qh = −prb 2G − 2prVbC(k)G,
Qa = prb 2[abG − 0·5Vbȧ − 0·125b 2ä] + 2prVb 2(0·5 + a)C(k)G, (5)
where G = [Va + h + (0·5 − a)bȧ]. By transforming the governing differential equations
(4) into the Laplace domain and using a non-dimensional Laplace argument, s̄ = (b/V)s,
the non-dimensional governing equations in the Laplace domain are obtained as
(m + 1)s̄ 2H + (ma xa − a)s̄ 2ā + s̄ā + m(bvh /V)2H = −2C(s̄)A(s̄) + Fh (H , ā),
(ma xa − a)s̄ 2H + (ma ra2 + a 2 + 0·125)s̄ 2ā + (0·5 − a)s̄ā + ma (bva /V)2ā
= (1 + 2a)C(s̄)A(s̄) + Fa (H , ā), (6)
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where
H = h/b and H , ā are the Laplace transforms of H and a respectively; C(s̄) is the
approximate Laplace transform of C(k):
After some manipulations, the final form of the governing equations for digital
simulation is
where as is the control threshold value and n is a control parameter. Note that the control
force exists only in the pitching degree of freedom. In fact, the flutter system turns out to
be non-linear with respect to the non-linear pitching stiffness because of this control force.
From equation (8), it can be seen that the characteristics of the non-linear stiffness and
the control force are all determined by the value of parameter n. Thus the limit cycle
amplitude of the flutter can be suppressed by adjusting n, and the goal of flutter alleviation
is achieved.
4 .-. .
3. WIND TUNNEL TEST
Figure 3. The wind tunnel test model. 1, Wooden wing; 2, leaf spring; 3, axle; 4, guiding rail; 5, fork;
6, bracket; 7, micromotor; 8, helical spring; 9, guiding column.
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semi-active control scheme is feasible. Both digital simulation and model test results in
Figure 6 show that the flutter control process may be divided into three stages: i.e., flutter
occurring, flutter controlling and full controlled stages. The stage of flutter occurring is
related to the sampling time of the pulse transforming circuit and the time of the flutter
controlling stage depends on the rotation speed of the motor.
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
(1) The digital simulation method may be used as an effective technique to study
the feasibility of the semi-active flutter control, and it can provide some elementary
information for the design of the control element and control scheme.
(2) Both simulation and experimental results show that, by using the semi-active control
technique, flutter can be suppressed with a simple control scheme.
(3) The semi-active flutter control scheme provides a new tool for the non-linear flutter
suppression which often appears in the control surface flutter and wing/store flutter
problems.
Figure 6. Control results at V = 30 m/s. (a) Digital simulation; (b) wind tunnel test.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project was supported by the Science Foundation of Aeronautics of China and the Doctorate
Foundation of China.
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REFERENCES
1. W. H. R III, J. T. F, J. and H. L. R 1979 NASA-79-0791. Decoupler pylon:
a simple, effective wing/store flutter suppressor.
2. L. M 1984 CCAD-TR-84-01. Flutter taming—a new tool for the aeroelastic designer.
3. Z. C. Y and L. C. Z 1988 Journal of Sound and Vibration 123, 1–13. Analysis of limit
cycle flutter of an airfoil in incompressible flow.
APPENDIX: NOMENCLATURE
[M] generalized mass matrix
[K] generalized stiffness matrix
{Q} generalized aerodynamics
{F} generalized control force
{q} generalized co-ordinates
C(k) Theodorsen function
k =vb/V, reduced frequency
V air speed
n control parameter
r air density
v frequency
mh mass per unit span in plunging
ma mass per unit span in pitching
Ia inertia moment per unit span about stiffness centre
Kh stiffness in plunging
Ka stiffness in pitching
ab see Figure 1
b semi-chord of the airfoil
mh =mh /prb 2
ma =Ia /prb 3
xa =Sa /ma b
ra2 =Ia /ma b 2