Biotechnology and Its Applications 8

Chapter
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Sequence of events : 7 MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS METHODS 9 ETHICAL ISSUES

Artificially synthesised m Genetic modification of organisms (GMO)
Parameters Conventional Modern can have unpredictable results when such
DNA sequence DNA sequence Early detection Not possible Possible organisms are introduced into the ecosystem.
for A-chain for B-chain Examples Serum and urine RDT, PCR, ELISA
analysis m Genetic manipulation of living organisms by
¯ ¯
Plasmid Plasmid PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) : humans has to regulated for moral and
l Basis : Nucleic acid amplification
¯ ¯ biological significance.
l Advantage : Detection of very low concentration of a bacteria or
E.coli E.coli m GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval
virus
¯ ¯
l Uses : Detection of HIV infection, mutations in genes in cancer Committee) : Makes decisions regarding the
Chain A Chain B
patients, genetic disorders
validity of GM research and the safety of
ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay) :
Produced separately, l Basis: Antigen - antibody interaction
introducing GMO for public services
extracted and combined l Uses : Detect the presence of antigens or antibodies synthesized m Developing countries are rich in biodiversity
by creating disulphide against pathogens
bonds and traditional knowledge related to bio-
Autoradiography
l Probe : Radioactive ssDNA or ssRNA that hybridises with resources
Human insulin complementary DNA Biopiracy : Refers to the use of bio-resources
Insulin is a peptide hormone and can be degraded by l Probe will not hybridise with mutated gene, hence mutated gene by multinational companies and other
proteases in our gut will not appear on the photographic film due to lack of organisations without proper authorisation
complementarity.
from the countries and people concerned
6 GENE THERAPY 8 TRANSGENIC ANIMALS without compensatory payment.
m Insertion of genes into an individual’s cells to treat diseases by m Possess manipulated DNA and express foreign gene
Controversies regarding patents and
(i) Replacing a defective mutant allele with a functional one m Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have
been produced biopiracy :
(ii) Gene targeting which involves gene amplification.
m 95% of transgenic animals are mice. (i) Basmatic rice :
m First clinical gene therapy was conducted in 1990 in a 4 year old girl to Uses of Transgenic Animals
treat adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. ADA enzyme is crucial m To study how genes are regulated and how they affect the
l 2,00,000 varieties of rice in India. 27
for immune system to function normal functions of body, e.g. study of insulin - like growth documented varieties of Basmati rice
factors in India
Treatment for ADA Deficiency m Transgenic models exist for study of diseases like cancer,
cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s l In 1997, an American company got
(1) Enzyme replacement therapy m Biological products patent rights on Basmatic rice through
l Functional ADA is l a-1 antitrypsin - To treat emphysema.
Not completely curative the US patent and Trademark office.
given by injection l Similar attempts are made for treatment of PKU

(2) Bone marrow transplantation in children (Phenylketonuria) and cystic fibrosis.

l First transgenic cow : Rosie developed in 1997 Basmati rice × Semi-dwarf variety of
(3) Gene therapy - Could be a permanent cure if bone marrow
producing human protein enriched milk (2.4 grams per rice
transplantion is done at early embryonic stages.
litre)
l The milk contained alpha-lactalbumin : More
l Steps in gene therapy
balanced product for human babies than natural cow New variety of Basmati rice
Lymphocytes of patient ADA cDNA
milk (ii) Turmeric
m Vaccine Safety
(iii) Neem
Retrovirus mediated transformation l Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of
polio vaccine to replace the use of monkeys. The Indian Parliament has recently
Genetically engineered lymphocytes (not immortal)
m Chemical safety testing cleared the second amendment of the
¯ l Transgenic animals are made more sensitive to toxic
Infused in patient Indian Patents Bill.
substances to obtain results in less time.
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1. GM plants have been useful in many ways 5. The proteins encoded by which gene (1) Disarmed Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium
except [NCERT Pg. 208] controls corn borer? [NCERT Pg. 209] (2) Meloidogyne incognita
(1) More tolerant to abiotic stresses (1) cry I Ac (3) Bacillus thuringiensis
(2) Pest-resistant crops (2) cry II Ab (4) Retrovirus
(3) Bio-pesticide plants (3) cry I Ab 10. Eli Lilly, an American company prepared two
(4) Reduced efficiency of mineral usage (4) Sry DNA sequences corresponding to A and B
2. Choose the odd one w.r.t. Bt toxin chains of human insulin and introduced them
6. How many applications given in the box
[NCERT Pg. 208] through a plasmid into [NCERT Pg. 211]
below are application of biotechnology?
(1) Insecticidal protein (1) Entamoeba coli
Energy production, Waste treatment,
(2) Exists as protein crystals (2) Escherichia coli
Bioremediation, Diagnostics
(3) Exists as inactive protoxins (3) Salmonella typhimurium
[NCERT Pg. 209] (4) Haemophilus influenzae
(4) Produced continuously during growth
period (1) Four (2) Three 11. Select the treatment method which could be
3. Bt toxin kills certain insects such as tobacco (3) Two (4) One a permanent cure for ADA deficiency in
bud worm, army worm etc. These insects 7. Select the pest resistant plant among the humans [NCERT Pg. 211]
belong to which order? [NCERT Pg. 208] following [NCERT Pg. 209] (1) Enzyme replacement therapy
(1) Coleoptera (2) Lepidoptera (1) Golden rice (2) Infusion of genetically engineered
(3) Diptera (4) Hymenoptera (2) Flavr Savr tomato lymphocytes having functional ADA
4. Read the following statements and choose cDNA
(3) Transgenic tobacco
the correct option. (3) Bone marrow transplantation after
(4) Transgenic Brassica napus 10 years of age
Statement A : Bt toxin gets activated in
8. Which of the following is incorrect w.r.t. (4) Introducing ADA gene into cells at early
alkaline pH of insect gut, which solubilises
the protein crystals. RNAi? [NCERT Pg. 209] embryonic stages
Statement B : Activated toxin binds to the (1) Present in all eukaryotic organisms 12. Which vector was used in the first successful
surface of midgut epithelial cells. (2) Method of cellular defense clinical gene therapy in humans?
[NCERT Pg. 208] (3) Prevent transcription of the gene [NCERT Pg. 211]
(1) Only statement A is correct (4) Involves silencing of specific mRNA (1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
(2) Only statement B is correct 9. Nematode-specific genes were introduced (2) Retrovirus
(3) Both A and B statements are correct into the tobacco plant by using (3) pBR322
(4) Both A and B statements are incorrect [NCERT Pg. 209] (4) Bacteriophage
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13. Early detection of disease is not possible by (1) Four 19. Select the mismatch. [NCERT Pg. 214]
performing [NCERT Pg. 212] (2) Three (1) Rosie cow – 1997
(1) RDT (2) Urine analysis (3) Two
(3) PCR (4) ELISA (2) Patent on Basmati rice – 1997
(4) One
14. Which of the following is not correct w.r.t. by an American
17. Select the incorrect match.
PCR? [NCERT Pg. 212] company
[NCERT Pg. 213]
(1) Routinely used to detect HIV in (3) Human insulin – 1987
suspected AIDS patients (1) α-1 antitrypsin – Treatment of
production by Eli Lilly,
(2) Used to detect mutations in genes emphysema
an American company
(3) Used to detect genetic disorders (2) α-lactalbumin – Transgenic cow
(4) First clinical gene – 1990
(4) Antigen-antibody interaction based test Rosie
therapy
15. Probe is [NCERT Pg. 212] (3) Safety of polio – Transgenic mice
(1) Radioactive dsDNA vaccine 20. Use of bio-resources by multinational
(2) Radioactive dsRNA companies and other organisations without
(4) Chemical – Transgenic
proper authorization from the countries and
(3) Radioactive ssDNA or ssRNA safety testing animals are made
people concerned without compensatory
(4) Non-radioactive dsDNA less sensitive to
toxic substances payment is known as [NCERT Pg. 214]
16. Transgenic models exist for how many
human diseases given in the box below? (1) Biopiracy
18. How many approximate varieties of rice are
Cancer, Cystic fibrosis, Rheumatoid present in India? [NCERT Pg. 214] (2) Biopatents
arthritis, Alzheimer’s (1) 27 (2) 30 (3) Bioethics
[NCERT Pg. 213] (3) 12 (4) 2,00,000 (4) Bio-resources

1. Green revolution succeeded in _______ the
food supply but that was _______ to feed
the growing human population.
[NCERT Pg. 208]
2. Green revolution was partly due to the use
of _______ and mainly due to the use of
_______ practices and use of _______.
[NCERT Pg. 208]
3. Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose 6. Bt toxin gene has been introduced in many
genes have been altered by manipulation plants, in effect created a bio-pesticide.
are called _______ [NCERT Pg. 208] Examples are _______, _______, _______,
_______, _______ and _______ etc.
4. Genetic modification has been used to [NCERT Pg. 208]
create _______ plants to supply alternative
resources to industries. [NCERT Pg. 208] 7. The proteins encoded by the genes
_______ and _______ control the cotton
5. Bt toxin is produced by a _______ called bollworms, that of _______ controls corn
_______ [NCERT Pg. 208] borer. [NCERT Pg. 209]
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8. A nematode _______ infects the roots of
tobacco plants. [NCERT Pg. 209]
9. The source of dsRNA could be from an
infection by _______ having RNA genomes
or mobile genetic elements called _______
that replicate via an RNA intermediate.
[NCERT Pg. 209]
10. Nematode could not survive in a transgenic
tobacco plant expressing _______.
[NCERT Pg. 210]
11. _______ recombinant therapeutics have
been approved for human use the world
over. In India, _______ of these are
presently being marketed. [NCERT Pg. 210]
17. ELISA is based on the principle of _______
12. Insulin consists of _______ chains, chain A
and chain B, that are linked by _______ and _______ interaction. [NCERT Pg. 212]
[NCERT Pg. 211]
18. _______ of transgenic animals are mice.
13. _______ peptide is not present in the
Transgenic mice are being used to test the
mature insulin.
safety of the _______ vaccine. If successful
[NCERT Pg. 211]
and found to be reliable, they could replace
14. The first clinical gene therapy was given in
_______ to a _______ old girl with _______ the use of monkeys to test the safety of the
deficiency. [NCERT Pg. 211] _______ vaccine. [NCERT Pg. 213]
15. ADA deficiency is caused due to the 19. GEAC stands for _______.
_______ of the gene for adenosine
deaminase. [NCERT Pg. 211] [NCERT Pg. 213]
16. A noval strategy adopted to prevent
20. The Indian Parliament has recently cleared
infestation of nematode in tobacco plant
was based on the process of _______. the _______ amendment of the Indian
[NCERT Pg. 212] Patents Bill. [NCERT Pg. 214]
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