SOCIAL SCIENCE

GRADE X / TEACHING NOTES

THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION
MIND MAP

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GRADE X / TEACHING NOTES

THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION
IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS :
1. Guild: An association of craftsmen or merchants following same craft to protect the mem-
bers interes and supervise the standard of the work.
2. Stapler: A person who staples or sorts wool according to its fiber.
3. Fuller: A person who gathers cloth by pleating
4. Carding: A process of preparing fibers such as cotton or wool. prior to spinning.
5. Efficacy: Effectiveness; power to produce a certain effect.
6. Tanning: Convert raw hide into leather by soaking in liquid containing tannic acid.
7. Food processing: Technique of chopping and mixing food for making jam, juices, etc.
8. Victorian Britain: Britain during the reign of Queen Victoria.
9. Vagrant A: person without a settled home or regular work.
10. Brewery: A place where beer etc., is brewed commercially (Brewing is process of infusion,
boiling and fermentation).
11. Bourgeoisie: The upper middle class.
12. Monopoly: Exclusive right of trade in an article or good granted by some authority or
license authorising this trade.
13. Gomastha: An Indian word meaning an agent, a middleman between the merchant and
weavers.
14. Sepoy: An Indian soldier of the British army.
IMPORTANT DATES:
1. 1730 : The earliest factories in England were set up.
2. 1764 : Spinning Jenny was devised by James Hargreaves which speeded
up the spinning process and reduced labour demand.
3. 1830s - 1840s : Dwarakanath Tagore set up six joint - stock companies in Bengal.
4. 1854 : The first cotton mill was established in Bombay.
5. 1874 : The first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began its production.
6. 1912 : J.N. Tata set up the first Iron and Steel works in India at
Jamshedpur.
7. 1917 : Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari, set up the first Indian jute mill
in Calcutta.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :
1. What is proto - industrialisation?
A. The early phase of industrialisation in which large-scale production was carried out for
international market not at factories but in decentralised units.

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2. How was proto - industrialisation different from factory production?

A. Proto-industrialisation was a decentralised method of production which was controlled by
merchants, and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers located in differ-
ent places whereas under factories production became centralised. Most of the processes
were brought together under one roof and management.
3. What were Trade Guilds?
A. Trade guilds were association of producers that trained crafts people, maintained control
over production regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new people
into the Trade.
4. Name the person who created the cotton mill.
A. Richard Arkwright.
5. Write about the introduction of Steam Engine.
A. James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new
engine in 1781. His industrialist friend Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model.
6. Who devised Spinning Jenny? What was the consequences of it?
A. Spinning Jenny was Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, this machine speeded up the
spinning process and reduced labour demand.
7. Name any two non - mechanised sectors.
A. Food processing and glass - work.
8. Name any two industries where demand for labour was seasonal.
A. Gas works and breweries.
9. Why did the upper classes in Victorian Britain prefer handmade products?
A. i) Handmade products became the symbol of refinement and class.
ii) They were better finished and carefully designed.
10. What is a Fly shuttle?
A. Fly shuttle is a mechanical device used for weaving, moved by means of ropes and pullies. It
places the horizontal threads (called the weft) into the vertical threads (called the warp).
11. How was the invention of the fly shuttle prove a boon for weavers?
A. The invention of the fly shuttle made a possible for weavers to operate large looms and
weave wide pieces for cloth.
12. What is the job of a stapler?
A. A stapler is a person who sorts wool according to its fiber.
13. Who were the Gomasthas?
A. The Gomasthas were the paid servants of the East India Company, who used to supervise
weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
14. What was the job of the gomasthas?
A. The gomastha supervised weavers, collected supplies and examined the quality of cloth.
15. Why there were clashes between the weavers and the Gomasthas?
A. The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long term social link with the village. So they
acted arrogantly, marched into villages with the police, and punished weavers for the
delay in supply. So, there were reports of clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas.

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16. What two problems did the Indian cotton weavers face at the end of the eighteenth
century?
A. i) Their export market collapsed.
ii) The local market shrank due to Manchester imports.
17. Who was the jobber?
A. The jobber was an old and trusted worker of the Indian industrialists
18. Why did the industrialists appoint a jobber?
A. The industrialists appointed a jobbe to get new recruits.
19. Name two pre-colonial ports where sea trade was carried on.
A. Surat on the Gujarat coast and Masaulipatnam on the Coromandel coast.
20. When and where was the Elgin Mill set up?
A. The Elgin Mill was set up in Kanpur in the 1860s.
21. Why was it difficult for the new European merchants to set up business in twons in the
17th and 18th centuries?
A. This was because urban crafts and trade guilds were very powerful in the towns.
22. What caused the decline of Manchester imports into India?
A. The British mills were busy with war (First World War) production to meet the needs of
the army. This caused the decline of Manchester imports into India.
23. During the First World War years, industrial production in India boomed. Give reasons.
A. i) Manchester imports into India declined as British mills were busy with war production.
ii) Indian industries were also called upon to supply war needs; jute bags cloth for the
army uniform tents and leather boots.
iii) Even after the war. Manchester failed to recapture it old position.
24. Why did hangloom cloth production increased in early 20th century?
A. Handloom cloth production increased in early 20th century as a new technology like looms
with flying shuttle were introduced.
25. Write about the vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre colonial ports.
A. Vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports. Surat on the Gujarat
coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports; Masulipatam on the Coromandel
coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
26. Name the entrepreneurs of India?
A. In Bengal: Dwarakanath Tagore
In Bombay: Dinshaw petiti, Jamasetjee Nusserwanji Tata
n calcutta: Seth Hukum Chand, J.D Birla
27. Name the European managing agencies which controlled a large sector of Indian indus-
tries after the First World War.
A. The Three of the biggest agencies were:
i) Bird Heiglers & Co. ii) Andrew Yule & Co. iii) Jardine Skinner & Co.
28. Who were the Parsi Industrialists in India? How did they accumulated wealth?
A. In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge indus-

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trial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China.
29. ‘Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi’ Justify the
statement.
A. When Indian manufacturers advertised that if you care for the nation then buy products
that Indians produce’. The nationalist message was clear and loud towards Swadeshi.
30. Name any two Indian businessmen who developed industrial enterprises in India.
A. Dwarakanath Tagore and Seth Hukumchand.
31. Who set up the first jute mill in Calcutta?
A. Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta
in 1917.
32. How did Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata accumulated wealth?
A. Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata accumulated wealth partly from exports
to China and partly from raw cotton shipment from England.
33. Why did images of gods and goddess appear on the labels?
A. Images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on the labels as if the association
with gods gave divine approval to the goods being sold. The imprinted image of Krishna or
Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear familiar
to Indian people.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Explain why in seventeenth century the merchants of towns in Europe began employing
peasants and artisans within the villages.
A. i) In 17th and 18th centuries merchants from towns in Europe began moving to the coun-
tryside supplying money to peasants and artisans persuading them to produce for an
international market..
ii) With the expansion of world trade and acquisition of colonies in different parts of the
world the demand for goods increased.
iii) Since production in towns and cities was controlled by powerful guilds, the merchants
began employing peasant and artisans from villages. These artisans were not controlled
by guilds.
2. How was the work done in the countryside?
A. i) A close relationship developed between the town and the coutryside.
ii) Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside.
iii) A merchant clothier in England purchased wool from a wool stapler and carried it to
the spinners; the yam (thread) that was spun was taken in subsequent stages of produc-
tion to weavers, fullers, and then to dyers.
iv) The finishing was done in London before the export merchant sold the cloth in the
international market.
3. How had a series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficiency of each
step of the production process in cotton textile industry? Explain.
A. A series of inventions such as Spinning Jenny, Flying Shuttle were invented to increase
efficiency of each step of the production process in cotton textile industry.
i) Invention of process like carding, twisting, spinning and rolling. These steps in teh
production process of the textile industry enhanced the output per worker and enabled
him to produce stronger yarn.

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ii) Richard Arkwright created a Cotton Mill. This enabled to set up new machines in the
mill where all the processes were brought together under one roof.
iii) People were trained to be Stapler or Fuller. A Stapler was a person who sorted wool
according to fibers and the Fuller used to gather cloth by pleating with the newly invented
machines.
4. Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
A. The Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. This machine speeded up
the spinning process and reduced the labour demands. By the use of this machine, a
single worker could make a number of spindles and spin several threads at a time. It
simply meant that as a result of this machine, many weavers would be left without any job
and became unemployed. It was this fear of unemployment which made women workers,
who survived on hand spinning, began attacking the new machines.
5. Explain the miserable conditions of Indian weavers during the East India Company’s re-
gime in the eighteenth century.
A. i) Collapse of local and foreign market: Due to industrialisation in Britain, their export
market collapsed. As British traders started exporting machine-made clothes to India so
their local market shrank.
ii) Shortage of raw material: As raw cotton was being exported to England, there was a
shortage of raw materials.
When the American Civil War broke out, and the cotton supplies from United States were
cut off, Britain turned to India. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of
raw cotton shot up. Weaver in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton
at higher prices.
iii) Clashes with Gomasthas : Gomashas were appointed by the government to supervise
weavers to collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. The Gomasthas acted arro-
gantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So, the weaven clashed with them.
iv) System of advances: The Britishers started the system of advances to regularise the
supply. The weavers eagerly took the advances, in a hope to earn more but they failed to
do so. They even started losing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated.
6. Mention some of the problems of the Indian merchant industrialists.
A. Limited market: The market within which Indian merchants could function became in-
creasingly limited.
Restriction on export of manufacture goods: The Indian merchants and traders were
barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods, and had to export only raw mate-
rials and food grains - raw cotton, opium and wheat, indigo-required by the British.
Introduction of modern ships: With the centry of modern ships Indian merchants were
edged out of the shipping business.
Exclusive chambers of the Europeans: The European merchant industrialists had their
exclusive chamber of commerce, and Indians were not allowed to become its members.
7. What steps were taken by the East India Company to control the market of cotton and silk
goods?
Appointing Gomasthas: The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers
connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weavers. It
appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and
examine the quality of cloth.

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System of advances: To have a direct control over the weavers the company started the
system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase
the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth
they produced to the gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader.
7. Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers?
A. No chance of bargainig: The weaver lost any chance of bargaining.
Leasing of land: Most of the weavers had to lease out the land and devote all their time to
weaving. Weaving infact, came to absorb the labour of the entire family.
Dependency for food on others: Most of the weavers after losing their land became de-
pendent on others for the food supplies.
Clashes with gomasthas: The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long term social
link with the village. So they acted arrogantly, marched into villages with the police, and
punished weavers for delay in supply.
9. Who was a jobber? Explain his functions.
A. Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied, and the demand for workers
increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry
into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new
recruits. Very often, the jobber was an old and trusted worker. He got people from his
village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in and provided them money in times
crisis. The jobber therefore, became a person with some authority and power. He began
demanding money and gifts for his favour and began controlling the lives of workers.
10. How were there clashes between gomasthas and weavers later on?
(OR)
The establishment of political power by the East India Company resulted in ruination of
the Indian weavers support the statement with suitable examples.
A. i) Earlier, supply merchants belonged to the same village and looked after the needs of
weavers.
ii) The new ‘gomasthas’ were outsiders, with no social links with villagers.
iii) The acted arrogantly and sometimes punished weavers for delay in supply.
iv) Prices received from the company were miserably low.
v) Loans tied them to the British company.
vi) In many places, weavers deserted villages and migrated to other places for settng up
their own looms.
11. Mention any three restrictions imposed by the British government upon the Indian mer-
chants in 19th century.
A. i) As colonial control over trade tightened, the space within which Indian merchants could
function became increasingly limited.
ii) They were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods.
iii) They had to export mostly raw materials and food grains-raw cotton, opium, wheat and
Indigo required by the British. They were also gradually edged out of shipping business.
12. In 1722, Henry Patullo, a company official had said the demand for Indian textiles could
never reduce, hence no other nation produced goods of the same quality. Yet by the
beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile
exports from India. Give reasons for the decline.

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A. The main reason for the decline of textile export from India are:
i) As cotton industries developed in England, they pressurised the government to impose
import duties on cotton textiles so that Mancheter goods could sell in Britain without
facing any competition from outside.
ii) Exports of Britain cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century.
At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-
goods into India.
iii) At the same time the industrialists in England persuaded the East India Company to
sell British manufacturers in Indian market as well.
13. Explain the impact of the First World War on the Indian industries.
(OR)
Describe the peculiarities Indian industrial growth during the First World War
A. Decline of Manchester: British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the
army, Manchester imports into India declined.
Increae in demand: With the decline of imports suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home
market to supply
Demand from army: As the war prolonged, Indian factories were upon to supply war
needs, i.e., jute So, there were reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas.
14. What problem did the cotton weavers face in India?
A. i) Their export market collapsed.
ii) Local market also shrank as it was flooded with Manchester imports.
iii) Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that
weaver could not easily compete with them.
iv) By 1860, weavers could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.
v) When American Civil War broke out and cotton supply from the US was cut off, Britain
turned towards India.
vi) As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. What was ‘proto-industrialization’? Explain the importance of proto-industrialization.
A. Proto-industrialization refers to the system of industries that existed in Europe before the
arrival of modern machine run factories. Large scale industrial production took place for
an international market. It was based in the coountry side, not in factories.
Effects:
i) Open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed so common people had
no alternative sources of income.
ii) Many had small plots of land which could not provide work for all family members.
iii) Merchants offered them advances for which they agreed.
iv) They got a source of income which supplemented their shrinking income from cultiva-
tion.
2. ‘In the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, the merchants from the towns in
Europe began moving to the countryside.’ Give reasons.
(OR)
Explain any three major problems faces by the new European merchants in setting up
their industries in towns before the Industrial Revolution.

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A. Huge demand: The world trade expanded at a very fast during the 17th and the 18th
centuries. The acquisition of colonies was also responsible for the increase in demand.
The town producers failed to produce the required quantity.
Powerful town producers:
i) The town producers were very powerful.
ii) The producers could not expand the production at will. This was because in the towns,
urban crafts and trade guild were powerful. These were associations of producers that
trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices,
and restricted the entry of new people within the trade.
iii) Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific
products. It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they
turned to the countryside.
3. Explain the major features of the industrialisation process of Europe in the 19th century.
A. Main industries: Cotton and metal industries were the most dynamic industries in Brit-
ain. Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s,
but the iron and steel industry led the way after 1840. With the expansion of railways in
England from the 1840s and in the colonies from the 1860s, the demand for iron and steel
increased rapidly. By 1873, Britain exporting iron and steel worth of $77 million, double
the value of its cotton export.
Domination of traditional Industry: The modern machinery and tries could not easily
displace traditional industries. Even at the end of nineteenth century, less than 20 per-
cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sector.
Textile was a dynamic sector, but large portion of the output was produced within facto-
ries, but outside, with in the domestic units.
Base for growth: The pace of change in the “traditional” industries was by steam powered
cotton or metal industries. There were the ordinary innovations which built up the basis
with in many non-mechanised sectors as food processing, building, pottery, work, tanning,
furniture making and production of implement sectors.
Slow pace: Though technological changes were taking place but their pace very slow. They
did not spread dramatically across the industrial land scape. New technologies and ma-
chines were expensive, so the producers and the industrialists were cautious about using
them. The machines often broke down, and the repair was costly. They were not as
effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.
4. Why were most of the producers reluctant to use the new technology? Explain by giving
examples.
(OR)
‘The technological changes occurred in the 19th century but they did not spread
dramatically across the industrial landscape.’ Explain with reasons.
A. Expensive new technology: New technologies and machines were expensive, so the pro-
ducers and the industrialists were cautious about using them.
Costlier repair: The machines often-broke down and the repair was costly.
Less effective: they were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.
Availability of cheap workers: Poor peasants and migrants moved to cities in large num-
bers in search of jobs. So the supply of workers was more than the demand. Therefore,
workers were available at low wages.

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Uniform machine-made goods: A range of products could be produced only with hand
labour. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardised goods for a mass
market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and
specific shapes. In the mid nineteenth century Britain, for instance, 500 varieties of
hammers were produced, and 45 kinds of axes. These required human skill, not mechani-
cal technology.
5. Why could mechanical technology not replace human labour in Victorian Britain? Explain.
A. i) In Victorian Britian, there was not shortage of human labour, so industrialists had no
problem of labour shortage or high wage costs. They did not want to introduce machines
that got rid of human labour and required large capital investment.
ii) In many industries the deman for labour was seasonal. Gas works and breweries were
especially busy through the cold months. So they needed more workers to meet their peak
demand. Book binders and printers, catering to X-mas demand, too needed extra hands
before December.
iii) A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines were oriented
to produce uniform standardised goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market
was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes.
iv) The aristocrats and bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand in Victorian Britain.
Hand made products came to symbolise refinement and class.
v) Hand - made products were better finished individually produced and carefully de-
signed.
6. ‘The process of industrialisation brought with it miseries for the newly emerged class of
industrial workers.’ Explain
(OR)
What was the impact of industrialisation on the workers? Explain.
More workers than the demand: There was an abundance of workers in the market than
the demand. This had an adverse impact on the lives of the workers. Due to the shortage
of work most of the workers failed to get jobs. So they offered their services at lower
wages.
Seasonality of work: Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods
withoutwork. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again. Some
returned to the countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour in the rural
areas opened up in places. But most looked for odd jobs, which till the mid-nineteenth
century were difficult to find.
Low real wages: Though the wages increased some what in the early 19th century, but
the increase was nullified by increase in prices. During the Napoleonic wars, the real
wages fell significantly
Poverty and unemployment: At the best of times, till the mid-nineteenth century, about
10 percent of the urban population was extremely poor. The unemployment rate was also
very high.
7. ‘The port of Surat declined by the end of the 18th century.’ Explain.
i) Most of the European companies had huge resources, so it was very difficult for the
Indian merchants and traders to face the competition.
ii) The European companies were gaining power by securing a variety of concessions from
the local courts.
iii) Some of the companies got the only rights to trade.

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All this resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which local
merchants had operated. Exports from these ports fell dramatically, the credit that had
financed the earlier trade began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt. In
the last years of the seventeenth century the gross value of trade that passed through
Surat had been Rs 16 million. By the 1740s, it had slumped to 3 million rupees. With the
passage of time. Surat and Hooghly decayed, Bombay(Mumbai), and Calcutta (Kolkata)
grew.
8. Who were the entrepreneurs or business groups in India during the 19th century?
Dwarakanath Tagore: He was a leading trader of Bengal. Dwarakanath Tagore accumulated
his wealth through China trade, before he turned to industrial investment. He set up six
joint stock companies in the 1830s and 40s. Though his enterprises sank in the 19th
century, yet he showed way to many of the China traders who later became successful
industrialists.
Dinshaw Petit: He was a Parsi entreprenueur, and was the founded of the first textile mill
in India.
Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata: He is generally accepted as the “Father of Indian industry.”
He had accumulated his wealth partly from exports to China and partly from raw cotton
shipments to England.
Seth Hukumchand: Seth Hukumchand was a Marwari businessman, who set up the first
Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917.
Birlas: The Birlas belonged to the Marwari group, who had established a business in
cotton dealership.
9. Explain the methods used by producers to expand their markets in the 19th century.
(OR)
How did the British manufacturers attempt to take over the Indian market with the help of
advertisements? Explain with three examples.
A. Advertisement: Advertisement through newspapers, magazines, hoardings were the most
important method used by the producers to expand the market. It played a major role in
expanding the markets, and shaping a new consumer. Advertisements make products
appear desirable and necessary.
Labelling: Labbelling was another method used by the producers to expand maket used by
the producers to expand their market. When Manchester industrialists began selling
cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles.
When buyers saw “MADE IN MUNCHESTER” written in bold on the label they were expected
to feel confident about buying the cloth. But labels did not only carry words and text. They
also carried images, and were very often beautifully illustrated.
Calendars: By the nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise
their products. Unlike newspapers and magazines, were used even by people, who could
not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes just as much as in
offices and middle-class apartments. Those, who hung the calendars had to see the ad-
vertisements, day after day, through the year. Even in these calendars, images of gods
and goddesses were used to attract the consumers
Images of important personages: Along with the images of gods, figures of important
personags, of emperors and nawabs were also used. The message very often seemed to
say: if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; when the product was being
used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned.
Advertisement by Indian producers: Indian manufacturers were also using the tactics.
When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalist message was clear and loud. If
you care for the nation, then buy products that Indians produce. Advertisements became a
vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi.
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10. Explain the miserable conditions of Indian weavers during the East India Company’s re-
gime in the elghteenth century.
A. i) After establishing political control, the East India Company asserted monopoly of trade.
They developed a system of management to eliminate competition and ensure continuous
and regular supply of textile goods.
ii) The company established indirect control over the weavers through their paid agents
called ‘gomasthas’ who supervised the weavers, collected supplies and examined the qual-
ity of cloth.
iii) This system prevented the weavers from dealing with other traders. In 19th century
cotton weavers in India faced two problems. British machine - made goods flooded Indian
market. So for Indian weavers export market collapsed and local market shrank. The
imported textile goods were so cheap that Indian goods could not compete with them.
Indian weavers presented a picture of decline and desolation.
iv) Indian weavers could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. Raw cotton
was exported, so price of raw cotton went up. Indian weavers were forced to buy raw cotton
at exorbitant price. In this situation they could hardly make any profit.
v) By the end of 19th century the Indian weavers faced another problem. Indian factories
began production. Weavers could not survive because they could not compete with ma-
chine made goods.
11. ‘Industrialization gave birth to Imperialim’. Justify the statement with three arguments.
A. i) Imperialism as the ill-begotten child of industrialization
ii) Other thins beside, industrialization chiefly needed two things. One of them being the
constant supply of raw - materials and the other is that the finished goods be sold at the
same speed.
iii) The industrialized countries had introduced heavy import duties as protective tariffs to
check the import from other countries.
iv) Faced with the problem of finding new markets for their products the producer nations
chose such countries where industrialization had not yet reached.
v) Hence a race for bringing those areas under their effective occupation or effective
influence started among the various industralized nations.
vi) As a consequence, Britain, France, Germany, Japan, etc. set up their colonies in Asia,
Africa, South America, etc.
vii) These colonies served their two purposes of being the suppliers of cheap raw materials
and an easy market for their finished goods.
12. “The First World War created unfavourable conditions for the development of industries in
India”. Explain.
A. i) The First World War created a dramatically new situation. Till then industrial produc-
tion had been slow.
ii) British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army. Manchester
imports into India declined.
iii) Indian mills now had a vast home market for supply.
iv) As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs, jute bags,
cloth for army uniforms, tents, leather boots, horse and mule saddlers and many other
items.
v) Many workers were employed as new factories were set up and old ones ran in multiple
shifts.

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 SOCIAL SCIENCE
vi) Over the war years, industrial production boomed. Manchester was unable to capture
its old position in the Indian market after the war. Cotton production collapsed and export
of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
13. How did the handloom industry collapse in India under the British rule? Explain.
A. i) Factories in Manchester started producing cotton textiles for the domestic market.
ii) The government put more import duties on the textile coming from India to encourage
the local industries. As a result, the Indian weavers lost their overseas market.
iii) Eventually, the Manchester goods started flooding the Indian weavers also and it be-
came difficult for the Indian weavers to compete with the low cost Manchester cloth.
iv) The British Government in India also levied more taxes on the handloom units which
made the Indian textiles costlier in Indian markets when compared to the Manchester
textiles.
v) The Civil War in USA forced the British to buy more raw cotton from India for their
Manchester textile Industries. This created an acute shortage of raw material for the
weavers and the Indian handloom industry collapsed.
14. By the first decade of the 20th century, a series of changes affected the pattern of
industrialisation in India. Explain.
A. By the first decade of the 20th Century, a series of changes affected the pattern of
industrialisation.
i) As the Swadeshi Movement gathered momentum in India, the nationalists mobilised
people to boycott foreign cloth and other goods. Industrial groups organised themselves to
protect their collective interests pressurising the government to increase tariff protection
and grant other concessions.
ii) From 1906, export of Indian yarn to China declined. So Indian industrialists shifted
their interest from yarn to cloth production leading to considerable production of cotton
piece goods.
iii) The beginning of First World War created a new situation. Since British mills were
busy in producing war materials to meet their own war needs, export of goods to India
declined. This gave an opportunity to Indian industries to thrive. Indian mills now had a
vast home market to supply.
iv) As the war continued. Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs, such as
jute bags, cloth for army uniform, tents, leather boots, horse and mule saddles, etc. New
factories were set up and old factories ran double shift.
v) After the war, industries in Britain got a severe setback. In India however local industri-
alists gradually consolidated their position substituting foreign manufactures and captur-
ing home market. Handicraft production also expanded in the 20th century.
15. Why had Indian Cotton textile export market collapsed and the local market shrank in the
beginning of nineteenth century? Explain.
A. Industrialisation in England: Indian textiles were in great demand in England but with
the development of industries in England there was a reduction in the demand.
Import duties : The industrial groups of England pressurised the government to impose
duty on cotton textiles coming from India.
Shrinking of the local market: The machine-made clothes were fine and cheaper. So the
producers failed to compete with them. So, along with the world market, they started
losing the home market also.
Shortage of raw material: Due to American Civil War Britain’s supplies of cotton were cut
off from America. So Britain turned to India for raw cotton. So there was shortage of raw
cotton also

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