Analyzing Historical Context

ONE PAST: MANY HISTORIANS
1872
CAVITE
MUTINY
VIDAL. TAVERA. IZQUIERDO
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
CAVITE MUTINY

The Cavite Mutiny is one of the most remarkable events in the 19th century.
It was a major factor that awakened the Filipinos’ nationalism and patriotism that led to the
Philippine Revolution.
Happened on 20th of January,1872 .

WHAT IS MUTINY?

Mutiny comes from the old verb “mutine” = “revolt”. It is a rebellion against
authority.
JOSE MONTERO Y
VIDAL
BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR
Book Title: Historia General de Filipinas (Madrid,
1895, Vol III, pp. 566-595)
Other books he wrote: El Archipiélago Filipino y las
islas mariana, Carolinas y Palaos, Su historia, geografía
y estadistica, Madrid 1886, Historia general de
Filipinas desde el descubrimiento de dichas islas hasta
nuestras días, Madrid 1877-1895, 3 vols, and Historia
de la pirateeria Malayo mahometana en Mindanao,
Joló y Borneo, Madrid, 1882 2 vols.
JOSE MONTERO Y
VIDAL
Born in Cadiz, Spain on January 28, 1851 and died on
February 27, 1936 in Paris
Prolific Spanish historian who documented the event
and highlighted it as an attempt of the Indios to
overthrow the Spanish Government in the
Philippines.
Primary Source since the author was a government
official who resided near Manila at the time of the
occurrences
GOVERNOR GENERAL
RAFAEL IZQUIERDO
Born on 30 September 1820

Died on 9 November 1883
GOVERNOR GENERAL
RAFAEL IZQUIERDO
Spanish Military Officer, politician, and statesman
Served as Governor-General of the Philippines from 4
April 1871 to 8 January 1873
famous for his use of "Iron Fist" type of government,
contradicting the liberal government of his
predecessor, Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada
Primary source
DR. TRINIDAD H.
PARDO DE TAVERA
April 13,1857 - March 25,1925
Lived in Cabildo St., Intramuros
Primary and Secondary: Ateneo Municipal de
Manila
Bachelor of Arts degree in 1873 at Colegio de San
Juan de Letran.
A Filipino scholar, scientist, and historical teacher. A
journalist of La Democracia.
DR. TRINIDAD H.
PARDO DE TAVERA
A politician of Spanish and Portuguese descent.
Served as a member of Taft’s Philippine
Commission.
He founded the Federal Party and is known for his
writings about different aspects of Philippine
culture.
Secondary Source
SUMMARY OF THE
ACCOUNTS
PATTAUI. HANGDAAN. BANDAO. BACCAY

SUMMARY OF VIDAL'S BOOK
HISTORIA GENERAL DE FILIPINAS (MADRID, 1895, VOL III,
PP. 566-595)
What were the reasons regarding the mutiny of the Filipinos against the government?
GOVERNOR GENERAL
RAFAEL IZQUIERDO
CURRENT GOVERNOR GENERAL
DURING THE CAVITE MUTINY
PP. 566-595)
What were the reasons regarding the mutiny of the Filipinos against the government?
PP. 566-595)
The abolition of the privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite Arsenal of exemption
from the tribute.
Arsenal- ito ay ang pagawaan ng mga armas ng mga espanyol (Fort San Felipe)
TWO PRIVILEGES
1. Non-payment of tribute or tax
2. Exemption from forced labor
PP. 566-595)
The Spanish revolution which overthrew the secularization
The propaganda carried on by an unbridled press against monarchical principles,

attentatory of the most sacred respects towards the dethroned majesty
PP. 566-595)
The democratic and republican books and pamphlets, the speeches and preaching
of the apostle of these ideas in Spain.
The outbursts of the American publicists and the criminal policy of the senseless
Governor whom the Revolutionary government sent to govern the Philippines
PP. 566-595)
Big conspiracy among

educated leaders, mestizos,
lawyers, and residents of
Manila and Cavite.
PP. 566-595)
GOMBURZA
Filipino lawyers, laborers, soldiers

Segeant La Madrid
lawyers, and residents of Manilenos
Manila and Cavite.
Cavitenos
Joaquin Pardo de Tavera,

Antonio Maria Regidor, Jose
Basa, and Pio Basa
PP. 566-595)
GOMBURZA
Filipino lawyers, laborers, soldiers

They allegedly plan
Segeant La Madrid to liquidate high-
lawyers, and residents of Manilenos ranking Spanish
Manila and Cavite. officials then kill
Cavitenos
the friars.
Joaquin Pardo de Tavera,
Antonio Maria Regidor, Jose
Basa, and Pio Basa
PP. 566-595)
The district of The Cavitenos 200 men led by

Sampaloc celebrated mistook this as the Sergeant La Madrid
the feast of virgin signal to commence attacked Spanish
Loreto, with some with the attack officers at sight and
firework displays. seized the arsenal.
PP. 566-595)
The district of The Cavitenos 200 men led by

Sampaloc celebrated mistook this as the Sergeant La Madrid
the feast of virgin signal to commence attacked Spanish
Loreto, with some with the attack officers at sight and
firework displays. seized the arsenal.
PP. 566-595)
Izquierdo, upon As a result, leaders of Joaquin Pardo de

learning of the the plot were killed-
Tavera, Antonio
attack, ordered the Father Gomez,
Maria Regidor, Jose
reinforcement of Burgos, and Zamora
Basa, and Pio Basa
the Spanish forces were sentenced to
were imprisoned
in Cavite to quell death by the council
of war.
for 10 years.
the revolt.
PP. 566-595)
Izquierdo, upon As a result, leaders of Joaquin Pardo de

learning of the the plot were killed-
Tavera, Antonio
attack, ordered the Father Gomez,
Maria Regidor, Jose
reinforcement of Burgos, and Zamora
Basa, and Pio Basa
the Spanish forces were sentenced to
were imprisoned
in Cavite to quell death by the council
of war.
for 10 years.
the revolt.
PP. 566-595)
Filipino lawyers
were also suspended
from the practice of
law, arrested, and
sentenced to life
imprisonment at the
Marianas island.
SUMMARY OF OFFICIAL
REPORT

SUMMARY OF HIS REPORT
OFFICIAL REPORT OF GOVERNOR IZQUIERDO ON CAVITE
MUTINY 1872
What was the report all about?
The report made by Izquierdo was addressed to Marcelo Azcarraga Palmero who
was the Minister of War of Spain at that time.
MUTINY 1872
What was the report all about?
The report made by Izquierdo was addressed to Marcelo Azcarraga Palmero who
was the Minister of War of Spain at that time.
On the report that was sent on January 23, 1872, Izquierdo blamed the mutiny on
the native clergy, the local residents, intellectuals, and the El Eco Filipino, a
reformist newspaper based in Madrid
MUTINY 1872
What was written in the report?
Insurrection” was stimulated and prepared by the native clergy, the mestizos, the
native lawyers, and by the abogadillos. They consist of residents from Manila,
Cavite and from the nearby provinces.
MUTINY 1872
The instigators protested against the injustices of the government in not paying for
the tobacco crops of the provinces and the usury that other officials practice.
Another is the obligated workers in the Cavite arsenal to pay tribute and to render
personal service, which were formerly exempted.
MUTINY 1872
The instigators used superstitions which “indios” are prone to believe. That God was
with them and thus, the rebellion won’t fail and those that won’t participate in the
revolt would be killed immediately.
MUTINY 1872
He also mentioned that the uprising should have started in Manila, but the rebels of
Cavite went ahead of time.
MUTINY 1872
He has been told that since 1869, there were already plans for an uprising but it was
not carried out because of the earthquake of 1862. There is a junta or center that
sought followers and as a pretext established a society for the teaching of arts and
trades which was suspended by him back on August 1, 1871. In relation with that,
those junta received inspiration from Madrid, from newspapers such as El Eco
Filipino, in where distributors were imprisoned
MUTINY 1872
He assumed that the reason the “rebels” wanted to overthrow him and the Spanish
government was so that they could inthrone a new “hari” in the likes of Fathers
Burgos and Zamora.
MUTINY 1872
He continuously received letters from his predecessor, Carlos María de la Torre, but
he was confident that he could put down and punish any uprising and he was ready
for any unexpected possibilities.
SUMMARY OF THE
FILIPINO VERSION

SUMMARY OF TAVERA'S BOOK
FILIPINO VERSION OF THE CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872
A plain mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite
arsenal against the harsh policy of Governor-Captain General Rafael de
Izquierdo.
FILIPINO VERSION OF CAVITE MUTINY 1872
What was the main cause of mutiny ?
Prohibited the founding of a School of Arts and Trades. Believed that this
was a cover-up for the organization of a political club.
Abolished the privilege of paying tax and rendering polo y servicio

(forced labor).
They were dissatisfied and went into strike but ended pressured and
threats, had no choice but to go back to labor.
All those who had offered support to Ex-Governor La

Torre were classed as
PERSONAS SOSPECHOSAS
January 20, 1872
Night of January 1872, there was an uprising among soldiers and laborers of
the arsenal in the San Felipe Fort, Cavite. Commanding officers and
Spanish officers were assassinated.
Forty marines attached to the arsenal and 22 artillerymen under Sergeant

La Madrid took part.
Those who precipitated the attack were fooled thinking that they would be
supported by the bulk of army but didn’t happen.
When the news arrived in Manila, Izquierdo sent the commanding general to
Cavite and the natives were reinforced, took possession of the fort, and rebels
were executed.
The mutiny was used as a powerful lever by the Spanish residents and
friars.
During the time of ex-general La Torre, Filipinos did not hesitate to announce
hostility to religious orders.
The central government in Madrid announced intention to deprive the

friars of all powers of intervention in matters of the civil government and
direction and management of educational instituition.
The Central Government of Spain welcomed an educational decree

authored by Segismundo Moret promoting the fusion of sectarian schools
run by the friars into a school called Philippine Institute.
Tavera believed that the turn-out of events had something to do with

the desire to maintain power in the Philippines.
Spaniards took advantage of the incident and presented the Spanish

government with a vast conspiracy organized throughout the
archipelago with the object of destroying Spanish sovereignty.
Tavera sadly confirmed that the Madrid government came to believe that
the plan of revolution was true. No attempt was made to investigate whether
the facts relied by Izquierdo, the friars, and the opinion off the public are
true.
As a result, many educated Filipinos were persecuted and punished without

distinction. They were sentenced to lifetime imprisonment to the Marianas
Island and those who oppose thsemselves to the friars were given special
severity.
Sentenced to lifetime imprisonment
to the Marianas Island:
1. Antonio M. Regidor
lawyer and councilman of Manila
2. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera

lawyer and member of the administrative
council
3. P. Mendoza
curate of St. Cruz
4. Guevarra
curate of Quiapo
5. Mariano Sevilla
Priests
6. Feliciano Gomez Ballesteros
7. Jose Basa
8. Basa Enriquez lawyers
9. Crisanto Reyes of
10.Maximo Paterno Carillo
Opposed the litigation over the curacies in
Sentenced to lifetime imprisonment
various provinces and are punished with
to the Marianas Island: special severity:
1. Antonio M. Regidor GOMBURZA:

lawyer and councilman of Manila
Members of the native clergy
2. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera Tagged as masterminds of the Cavite
lawyer and member of the administrative Mutiny
council
3. P. Mendoza 1. Padre Mariano Gomez

curate of St. Cruz Pure-blooded Tagalog
4. Guevarra
curate of Quiapo
2. Padre Jose Burgos
5. Mariano Sevilla Half-blooded Spaniard
Priests
6. Feliciano Gomez Ballesteros
7. Jose Basa 3. Padre Jacinto Zamora
8. Basa Enriquez lawyers Half-blooded Chinaman
9. Crisanto Reyes of
10.Maximo Paterno Carillo
February 17, 1872, GOMBURZA were condemned to death by a military

court-martial.
Tied and executed by garrote in public, a scene witnessed by a young

Jose Rizal.
This was the way of Spaniards to inspire terror in the minds of all so that
in the future no one should attempt any secession.
BIASES OF THE AUTHORS

WHAT WERE THE
DIFFERENCES?

ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
WHAT DO YOU THINK IS
THE MOST FACTUAL
ACCOUNT?

CONCLUSION
FILIPINO VERSION BY DR. TRINIDAD H. TAVERA

CONCLUSION

WHY?
WHY? WHY? WHY?
WHY? WHY? WHY?
WHY? WHY?
WHY? WHY?
WHY?
WHY? WHY?
WHY?
WHY? WHY? WHY?
WHY? WHY?
WHY?
WHY? WHY?
CONCLUSION
THE SPANIARDS WANTED TO PROVE MORE OF THEIR DOMINANCE TO

THE FILIPINOS SO THEY WROTE THEIR OWN VERSION
MOST DETAILED ACCOUNT
IT WAS AGREED BY EDMUND PLAUCHUT, A FRENCHMAN RESIDING IN MANILA

AT THAT TIME.
LESS BIASED
THE COURT-MARTIAL
DECISION ON GOMBURZA

THE COURT-MARTIAL DECISION
ON GOMBURZA

A trial was held on February 15, 1872, at Manila

against the GOMBURZA to hold them accountable
for the revolt. Lieutenant Don Tomas Garcia
Cernuda y Ramos of the Infantry Regiment Rey,
No. 1 is the secretary for the case and the second in
command Don Manuel Boscasa of the Infantry
Regiment Rey, NO. 2 is fiscal. They are accused of
treason and sedition.
Who is the Gomburza? Why are they
allegedly involved in the mutiny?
Padre Mariano Gomez- 70 year old pure Filipino priest and the oldest among them. He is the
head priest of Bacoor. He is the founder of the newspaper La Verdad (The Truth) which
described the conditions of Filipinos. He also fought for the rights of native priests against
Spanish abuses.
Padre Jose Burgos- 35 year old Spanish priest of Manila Cathedral. He is a member of a
confraternity that seeks reforms and according to him, the Philippine Church rightfully
belong to the Filipinos.
Padre Jacinto Zamora- 37-year-old Spanish priest of Marikina. He is known to be against any
arrogant or authoritative acts of the Spaniards. He loved playing cards.
GOM BUR ZA ez gos mora
GOMBURZA incurred the hatred of Spanish authorities for fighting for equal
rights among priests and leading the campaign against the Spanish friars. They
also aimed for secularization where the Filipino clergies or secular priests can take
part in leading the parishes instead of the regular clergies or Spanish friars.
However, the Spaniards are against this as they claimed that Filipinos are
incompetent to lead the parishes.
THE TRIAL
Evidences and witnesses against the GOMBURZA:
Jose Arrieta- the lawyer of the Gomburza and a professor from UST who was paid by the
Friars and government to side with them and wanted to make Jose Burgos claim
everything that had happened.
Fransisco Saldua- he was paid to be a “witness” against the GOMBURZA wherein he

testified that the mutiny was led by Father Burgos.
Fr. Fray Norvel- he testified that they were inciting the people to go against Spain and
that he saw Fr. Burgos distributing subversive pamphlets.
THE TRIAL
Bonifacio Octavio- he said that Fr. Burgos was the one responsible for the Mutiny which
according to him aimed to kill the Spaniards and declare Philippine Independence.
Enrique Genato testified that Fr. Burgos, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Regidor, Rafael Labra,
Antonio Rojas and others spoke of clerics, wars, insurrections and rebellions at secret
meetings.
THE TRIAL
A gambling and card game of Fr. Zamora.

-the invitation stated: “Big gathering. Come without fail. The comrades will come well
provided with bullets and gunpowder.” In a gambler’s context, bullets and gunpowder
mean that the player has a lot of money to gamble. However, Izquierdo got a hold of
this invitation and was used against them.
Fr. Burgos’ landlady also testified as a sort of character witness. She said that Fr. Burgos
was a peaceful man with no liking for gossip. According to her, Fr. Burgos would even
advise the insurgents to peacefully seek reforms.
THE TRIAL
Fr. Burgos’ counsel, Captain Fontivel, wanted to dismiss the case due to lack of evidence.
However, the Governor-General rejected it and ordered the trial to continue. The defense
then wanted Saldua to be called to the witness stand but the court said that Saldua was ill.
After eight hours, the three priests were condemned to die in the garrote together with
Saldua. The sentence was dictated by the Court of War at 11 o’clock in the evening. The
other victims were either sentenced to ten years of hard labor or sent to the Marianas for
two to eight years.
THE EXECUTION
On February 17, 1872, a crowd of around forty thousand assembled at Bagumbayan to

witness the execution. Saldua was executed first followed by Gomes as the first of the
GOMBURZA to be executed. The next one is Zamora who had lost his sanity and without a
word, he died. Burgos was the last one. He expressed his cries and his innocence and when
told that Jesus suffered the same fate, Burgos stopped resisting and forgave his executioner.
The natives who gathered to witness the event knelt and recited the prayer of the dying.
The Spaniards who saw the reaction of the natives panicked and ran to the city walls of
Intramuros.

THE EXECUTION
gar·rote
/ɡəˈrät,ɡəˈrōt/

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEATH

OF THE GOMBURZA
It led to the start of Nationalism and inspired Filipinos to conduct

revolutionary movements or propaganda. Filipinos demanded reform
and became more angry and resentful to the Spaniards.
CONCLUSION
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
THE WHOLE EVENT OF THE CAVITE MUTINY IS A CATALYST THAT IGNITED

NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS AMONG FILIPINOS.
IT WAS A MAJOR FACTOR THAT AWAKENED THE FILIPINOS’ NATIONALISM AND

PATRIOTISM .
NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS EMERGED

CONCLUSION
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
UNITED THE FILIPINO'S ETHNIC DIFFERENCES AND REGIONAL HOSTILITIES.
DEDICATION OF KATIPUNAN & RIZAL'S WORK THE "EL FILIBUSTERISMO " IN

THEIR MEMORY.
WITHOUT THE 1872, RIZAL WOULD'T BE A HERO INSTEAD HE COULD BE A

JESUIT.

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ONE PAST: MANY HISTORIANS

Happened on 20th of January,1872 .

BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR

Born on 30 September 1820

PATTAUI. HANGDAAN. BANDAO. BACCAY

The Spanish revolution which overthrew the secularization

The propaganda carried on by an unbridled press against monarchical principles,

Big conspiracy among

Filipino lawyers, laborers, soldiers

Joaquin Pardo de Tavera,

Filipino lawyers, laborers, soldiers

The district of The Cavitenos 200 men led by

The district of The Cavitenos 200 men led by

Izquierdo, upon As a result, leaders of Joaquin Pardo de

Izquierdo, upon As a result, leaders of Joaquin Pardo de

PATTAUI. HANGDAAN. BANDAO. BACCAY

What was the report all about?

What was the report all about?

What was written in the report?

What was written in the report?

What was written in the report?

What was written in the report?

What was written in the report?

What was written in the report?

What was written in the report?

PATTAUI. HANGDAAN. BANDAO. BACCAY

What was written in the report?

What was the main cause of mutiny ?

Abolished the privilege of paying tax and rendering polo y servicio

All those who had offered support to Ex-Governor La

Forty marines attached to the arsenal and 22 artillerymen under Sergeant

The central government in Madrid announced intention to deprive the

The Central Government of Spain welcomed an educational decree

Tavera believed that the turn-out of events had something to do with

Spaniards took advantage of the incident and presented the Spanish

As a result, many educated Filipinos were persecuted and punished without

2. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera

1. Antonio M. Regidor GOMBURZA:

3. P. Mendoza 1. Padre Mariano Gomez

February 17, 1872, GOMBURZA were condemned to death by a military

Tied and executed by garrote in public, a scene witnessed by a young

PATTAUI. HANGDAAN. BANDAO. BACCAY

PATTAUI. HANGDAAN. BANDAO. BACCAY

PATTAUI. HANGDAAN. BANDAO. BACCAY

FILIPINO VERSION BY DR. TRINIDAD H. TAVERA

FILIPINO VERSION BY DR. TRINIDAD H. TAVERA

FILIPINO VERSION BY DR. TRINIDAD H. TAVERA

THE SPANIARDS WANTED TO PROVE MORE OF THEIR DOMINANCE TO

IT WAS AGREED BY EDMUND PLAUCHUT, A FRENCHMAN RESIDING IN MANILA

PATTAUI. HANGDAAN. BANDAO. BACCAY

A trial was held on February 15, 1872, at Manila

Evidences and witnesses against the GOMBURZA:

Fransisco Saldua- he was paid to be a “witness” against the GOMBURZA wherein he

Evidences and witnesses against the GOMBURZA:

Evidences and witnesses against the GOMBURZA:

A gambling and card game of Fr. Zamora.

On February 17, 1872, a crowd of around forty thousand assembled at Bagumbayan to

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEATH

It led to the start of Nationalism and inspired Filipinos to conduct

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CAVITE MUTINY

THE WHOLE EVENT OF THE CAVITE MUTINY IS A CATALYST THAT IGNITED

IT WAS A MAJOR FACTOR THAT AWAKENED THE FILIPINOS’ NATIONALISM AND

NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS EMERGED