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Cloning
Cloning
SUMMARY:
1. •What is cloning?
2. •Types of cloning
3. •History
4. •Why clone?
What is cloning?
◦ a technique that is used to make exact genetic
copies of living things
◦ genes, tissues, organs and organisms
◦ Humans -> identical twins (closest to the definition
of a clone)
◦ Example: product of binary fission of bacteria
◦ The first research -> 1885., Hans Adolf Eduard
Driesch -> sea urchin
Types of cloning
◦ Gene cloning
◦ Copies of genes or segments of DNA
◦ Therapeutic cloning
◦ Embryonic stem cells -> creating tissue
◦ Reproductive cloning
◦ Copies of a whole animal
◦ Artificial Embryo Twinning -> identical twins
◦ Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer -> genetically
identical clone
History
◦ 1885. - First ever demonstration of artificial
embryo twinning
◦ Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch
◦ Sea urchin
◦ 1902. - Artificial embryo twinning in a vertebrate
◦ Hans Spemann
◦ Salamander
◦ 1928. - The cell nucleus controls embryonic
development
◦ Hans Spemann
◦ Salamander
History
◦ 1952. - First successful nuclear transfer
◦ Robert Briggs and Thomas King
◦ Frog