ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Physics teacher Mr Ravinder Verma for
their able guidance and support in compleating my project.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to the Principal Sr Lveena Pinto for providing me with the
facility that was required.

DATE: RAHUL SHARMA

08/10/2022 11 th A
 PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

WHAT IS PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES OF

ELEMENTS ?
The occurrence of the elements with similar properties after certain regular
intervals when they are arranged in increasing order of atomic number is called
periodicity.
The periodic repetition of the properties is due to the recurrence of similar
valence shell configuration after regular intervals. The element in a group has
the same valence electrons thus similar properties.
In a period, the tendency to gain electrons increases from left to right. This
tendency increases because the hold of the nucleus on the outermost electrons
becomes weak thus it becomes easy to eject the electrons.
In periodic table after every 8th element the properties of 1st. It is known as
periodicity. E.g. properties of lithium and sodium relate with each other as they
are in a periodic manner and so on goes with rest of periodic table .

Important periodic properties are:

• Atomic radius
• Ionization energy
• Electron affinity
• Electronegativity
• Metallic and non-metallic character

These trends became apparent to Mendeleev when he arranged the elements in

order of increasing mass.

CAUSES OF PERIODICITY:
 It is due to similar outermost shell electronic configuration.
 CHARECTERSTICS OF GROUP:

Vertical columns in the periodic table starting from top to bottom are
called groups.
There are 18 groups in the periodic table.
All elements in any group of the periodic table show:

1. Similar properties due to similar outer electronic configuration

2. A gradual change in the properties is observeddue to decreasing
attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons as we move
down the group.
3. The elements present in a group have the same valency.
4. The elements present in a group have identical chemical properties.
5. The physical properties of the elements in a group such as melting
point, boiling point and density vary gradually.

CHARECTERSTICS OF PERIOD:

The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called periods.

There are seven horizontal rows present in the periodic table i.e. seven periods.

1. In a period all the valence electrons of the elements occupy the same shell.
2. As the electronic configuration changes along the period, the chemical
properties of the elements also change.
3. The atomic size of the elements in a period decreases from left to right.
4. In a period, the metallic character of the element decreases while their
nonmetallic character increases.

WHAT IS ATOMIC RADIUS?

Atomic size is the distance between the centre of the nucleus of an atom and its
outermost shell.
Measuring the atomic radii of chemical elements is a complicated task as the
size of an atom is of the order of 1.2×10-10 m. The electron cloud forming the
shell of an atom does not have any fixed shape which makes it difficult to
determine the atomic size of an atom. So we can say that practically we cannot
determine the size of an individual atom.

Trends in the Periodic Table:

Moving down a group or across a column or row in the modern periodic table,
we can observe a lot of trends in the properties (physical and chemical) of
elements in basic chemistry. For example: When we move down a group of
non-metals, the reactivity of the elements decreases while it increases with
moving down the group in case of representative metals.

When two atoms are combined, then we can estimate their atomic size by
checking the distance between the atoms. The other method by which we can
measure the atomic size of a non-metallic element is by forming a single
covalent bond between two atoms and checking the distance between the two
atoms. The radius found by this method is known as the covalent radii of the
element. In the case of metal, it is termed as a metallic radius. It is defined as
half of the total distance between the nuclei of two adjoining metal ions joined
by a metallic bond.
The Atomic radius of an atom is measured by X-ray or
other spectroscopy methods. The atomic radii of elements vary in the periodic
table in a fixed pattern. We can explain this trend by considering the nuclear
charge and energy level.
In general, the atomic radius decreases as we move from left to right in a
period and it increases when we go down a group. This is because in periods
the valence electrons are in the same outermost shell. The atomic number
increases within the same period while moving from left to right which in
turn increases the effective nuclear charge. The increase in attractive forces
reduces the atomic radius of elements.
It was interesting to see how the force of attraction between electrons and
protons plays a major role in increasing or decreasing the atomic radius.

What Is Ionization Energy?

Ionization energy or Ionization enthalpy of elements is defined as:
The amount of energy required by an isolated gaseous atom to lose an electron
in its ground state.

Ionization Energy Trend in the Periodic Table:

General periodic trends:

1. In a group, while moving from top to bottom it decreases.

2. It increases from left to right across a period.

1. Trends in ionization enthalpy in a group:

The first ionization enthalpy of elements decreases as we move down in a
group. While moving down in a group, the atomic number increases and the
number of shells also increases. Outermost electrons are far away from the
nucleus and thus can be removed easily. The second factor that decreases the
ionization energy is the shielding effect due to an increasing number of shells as
we move down a group.
2. Trends in ionization enthalpy across a period:
As we move from left to right across a period, the ionization energy of elements
increases. This is due to the decrease in the size of atoms across a period. The
valence electrons get closer to the nucleus of an atom as we move from left to
right due to increased nuclear charge. The force of attraction between the
nucleus and the electrons increases and hence more energy is required to
remove an electron from the valence shell.
 What is Electronegativity?
The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons
towards itself is known as electronegativity.

Periodic Trends in the Electronegativities of

Elements
As we move across a period from left to right the nuclear charge increases and
the atomic size decreases, therefore the value of electronegativity increases
across a period in the modern periodic table.

There is an increase in the atomic number as we move down the group in the

modern periodic table. The nuclear charge also increases but the effect of the
increase in nuclear charge is overcome by the addition of one shell. Hence, the
value of electronegativity decreases as we move down the group.

It is a general observation that metals show a lower value of electronegativity

as compared to the non-metals. Therefore, metals are electropositive and non-
metals are electronegative in nature. The elements in period two differ in
properties from their respective group elements due to the small size and higher
value of electronegativity.
The elements in the second period show resemblance to the elements of the next
group in period three. This happens due to a small difference in their
electronegativities. This leads to the formation of a diagonal relationship.

Fluorine is the most electronegative element

and cesium is the least electronegative element.

Metallic character:
 The metallic character is the tendency of an element to lose electrons and
form positive ions or cations.
  Alkali metals, like lithium (Li) sodium (Na), and potassium (K) are the
most electropositive elements.
 Cesium (Ca) is the most electropositive element as well as stable.
 Metallic character decreases from left to right across the periods.
 Metallic character increases down the group.

Non-metallic character:

 The non-metallic character is the tendency of an element to accept

electrons and form negative ions or anions.
 Fluorine is the most electronegative element.
 Non-metallic character of elements increases from left to right across the
period and decreases from top to bottom.

VALENCY
Combining capacity of an element is called its valency.

ALONG THE PERIOD:

It increases from 1 to 4 and then decrease to 0.

ALONG THE GROUP:

Remains same.

ELECTEON GAIN ENTHELPY/

ELECTRON AFFINITY:

The amount of energy released when an electron is added to the valence shell of
an isolated gaseous atom to form monovalent anion.

VARIATON:
PERIOD: Along the period electron gain enthalpy become more negative
(increases).
GROUP: Down the group electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative
(decreases).