ARCG510 Architectural

Design VII

ASSIGNMENT 2
THE NSSA CAMPUS

Section 03 - Group 04

Ayman Al Maayati 20183923

Dawood Al Balooshi 20180236
Fatema Al Abbasi 20182662 Instructor
Miss Shurooq Husam
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Adler Planetarium
01 Ernest Grunsfeld Jr.

Rose Center For Earth and Space

02 Ennead Architects

CCTV headquarters
03 Rem Koolhaas

Architects
04 Antti Lovag - Jean Nouvel - Frank loyd
 Adler Planetarium
01
Chicago Museum Campus

Architects: Ernest Grunsfeld Jr.

Year: 1930
Area: 160,000m²
City: Chicago
Country: United States
Founded almost 92 years
ago, the Adler Planetarium is Adler Planetarium
a national historical landmark
in the state of Chicago. With
the original dome building to
the many extensions the
planetarium was the first to
be constructed in the United
States and a part of the
chicago museum campus.
Ernest Grunsfeld Jr. the
architect of the planetarium
first designed it as a futuristic
building back 1930, with the
new extensions it seems to
only boost that vision of a
futuristic building that focuses
on astronomy and space
observation.
Urban Context

Residential

Parks

Commercial

Mixed Use

Services

Industrial

Planned development
 Climate

- July has an average

maximum temperature of
30°C (85°F) and is the
warmest month of the
year.

- The coldest month is

January with an average
maximum temperature of
1°C (33°F).

- May tops the wettest

month list with 121mm
(4.8in) of rainfall.

- February is the driest

month with 51mm (2.0in)
of precipitation.

- July is the sunniest month

with an average of 319
hours of sunshine.
 Solar Path & Wind
- Maximizing natural sunlight intake in the
building
- Redirecting the North East Winds
- Utilizing the natural light with minimal to
none shading devices within the project
 Landscape
- Usage of various vegetation methods
- Connected to Northerly Island park
- water features were previously used running
across the street to the main building
 Public Spaces

- Public spaces were designed alongside the pedestrian

walkway
- Predominantly seating areas and water features
- These space were later removed as part of the
expansions and new road network of chicago
Conceptual Approach

- Futuristic vision by the

architect Ernest Grunsfeld
- Made to accommodate the
Zeiss projector
- The first planetarium in the
western hemisphere
- Design came from futuristic
ideas of the 1930s
- connects people to the
universe and each other
under the sky we all share.
 Form &
Configuration

- Original building was

a 12 sided structure
- A dome for the Zeiss
projector
- Formal and
symmetric
- New extension wraps
around
- Adding an irregular
element to a very
rigid design
 Architectural Details
Architectural
details

- Triangular shaped new

extension breaks the
monotony of the original
form
- Wireframe structure
adds to the overall
aesthetic
- Tinted glass to avoid
high levels of UV
penetration
 Interior Spaces
Welcome Gallery

- Irregular forms creating a futuristic experience

- Interactive displays
- Creating a sudden mood shift when entering first
 Interior Spaces
Projection dome

- Underwent major changes with development in technology

- Consists of rows in a staggering manner
- Spaces closer to the edge are flat and seating stops the
decline stagger
Circulation

- Originally focusing on
a radial circulation
- Planetarium chamber
in the middle and
other exhibitions
surrounding it
- New extension
added extra space
for exhibition and
events
- Services are located
on the lower floor
 Section

- 15-foot gap between the

exterior and interior domes
- needed for the Theater's
sound system, electrical
wiring, the ventilation,
heating and air
conditioning systems, as
well as the work lights and
emergency lights.
- Post and beam structure
of the original building
- Showing the tunnel
entrances for the
underground level
 Structure

Construction in 1930

Renovation of roof 2021

 Materials
lead-coated copper.

Glazing with aluminum structure

Coldspring Polished Rainbow® granite

 Rose Center For Earth and Space
02
Polshek Partnership

Architects: Ennead Architects

Year: 2000
Area: 35210m²
City: New York
Country: United States
Rose Center For Earth and Space

With its distinctive spherical inside a glass cube, the Rose

Center for Earth and Space by Ennead Architects reimagines
the prestigious cultural institution for the twenty-first century.
The curtain walls inspires reverence for the wonders of the
cosmos and the efficiency of scientific inquiry due to its
outstanding clarity and technical competence, as well as its
raised internal space and articulated spatial experience.
 Site Analysis

The project is located in

Manhattan, a metropolis that was
originally planned with a grid
pattern in the 1980s but has since
undergone changes in response
to the dynamic growth of the city.

The buildings that surround the

project are high-rise residential
and commercial structures.

There are a number of parks

nearby the city, with Central Park
being the most well-known.

The majority of the city's industrial

and manufacturing structures are
found on its upper side.

The subway system connects the

entire city, increasing connectivity
and reducing CO2 emissions.
Urban context &
Transportation

Zoning:
Residential
Parks
Manufacturing Districts
Commercial Districts

Stations:
Always stops

Always stops except

rush hours
Weekdays only

Rush hours only

Nights only

One direction
 Climate Analysis

- The pleasant average

temperature is seen in the
months of May, June, July,
August, and September.

- The warmest months are

often July and/or August.

- With an average temperature

of 29° Celsius (85°
Fahrenheit), July is the
warmest month.

- The average low temperature

is 4° Celsius (40° Fahrenheit)
in January.

- The average maximum

temperature each year is: 17°
Celsius (62° F).

- 9 °C (49 °F) is the typical

yearly minimum temperature.
Solar Path & Wind Analysis
- The project is located on open site close
to Central park.

- The building receives diffused daylight as

the adjacent building blocks direct
sunlight.

- The site is well ventilated

- February is the windiest month of the

year, with an average hourly wind speed
of 9.9 miles per hour.Between April 25
and October 17, 5.7 months, is the
calmer period of the year.
Site Plan

Public Green Terrace

Outdoor Staircase

Museum

Entrance
 Landscape

- The project is situated next to

Central Park, a city park in New
York City that is wedged between
the Upper West and Upper East
Sides of Manhattan. It is the
fifth-largest park in the city. The
project's location is beneficial
since it draws park visitors, and
the west terrace of the center
draws the public's attention and
creates an interactive environment.
 Public Spaces

- The outdoor public space

designed on the west side of
the project hosts several
concerts, exhibits, and kept
open to the public use.
Conceptual Approach

The structure is intended to be a

physical representation of the science
it houses. In order to further the
institution's mission to "de-brick"
science, transparency of the curtain
wall illuminates the cube's sphere,
amplifying its presence and
displaying its gravitational pull.
Form & Configuration

The sphere serves as a benchmark

reference for the sizes of cosmic
objects floating in its immediate
vicinity in space, such as planets.

West of the enormous glass building

is a terrace with inlaid granite that
simulates the shadow geometry of an
eclipse and colored lights and water
jets that symbolize the main stars of
the constellation Orion.
 Museum
The architecture of the space is
considered part of the exhibit, which
creates a fusion between form and
function.

Education at every level is facilitated

through interactive elements,
accessible technology, media, and
real-time information.
 Planetarium

- The Sky Theater, which

has a dome, is located in
the top half of the sphere,
and the Big Bang Theater
is located in the bottom
half.

- The 429-seat Space

Theater uses a
scientifically accurate 3D
representation of the
observable universe
based on millions of
astronomical
observations to display a
hyper-realistic depiction
of the planets, star
clusters, nebulae, and
galaxies using a
custom-made Digital
Dome Projection System.
 Section
Planetarium

Museum
Gallery
The structure is made out
of a six-story-tall glass
cube that encloses the 27
m sphere. The
planetarium can occupy
430 visitors.
 Circulation

- Main entrance is on the

North Facade of the
museum.

- The main vertical

circulation is through
staircases, ramps, and
escalators.

- The plan follows an open

floor plan concept with
galleries and terraces
overlooking the museum
and interactive area on the
ground floor.

- There is another access to

the building on west
facade by the open public
garden, that can be
accessed through a series
of staircases from the
public street.
 Structure

The sphere is supported by a truss system at

its equator that transmits weights to the
ground via three support points in order to
minimize visible supports. The structural
system for the cube takes into account the
surrounding building's existing structure,
reuses some of the old planetarium's
foundations, and accommodates a change in
level from the existing structure to the new
structure since the Rose Center was
constructed on the site of the original Hayden
Planetarium.
 Structure

Construction of a Typical Bay: A

point-supported glass curtain wall
system with lateral load resisting
components serves as the enclosing
system for the cube. Machined steel
spider fittings in two- and four-point
combinations support the glass in
5'x10'6" panels.

Spider Joints: The spider fitting, which

supports both the initial wind force and
the curtain wall's dead weight, was
created to be both strong and flexible.
The project engineers decided that this
was a more effective shape, therefore
the fitting had bilateral symmetry rather
than the more typical radial symmetry.
 Architectural Features
Scaling Walk: The sphere
represents the Sun in the solar
system, and nearby are hanging
representations of the planets.

Heilbrunn Cosmic Pathway: Every

significant stage of the universe's
evolution is graphically shown along
the way, including the birth of stars,
star clusters, and galaxies;the
formation of the Milky Way; and so
on.

Armillary Sphere: The Earth is

positioned in the center of the
armillary sphere, which is encircled
by movable rings that represent
coordinates essential for determining
the positions and motions of the
Moon, Sun, planets, and stars in our
solar system.
 Materials
The prominent material
used in the building is the
glass facade supported by
tension truss steel bars
system, which allows for
visual connectivity and light
penetration with disturbing
the structural integrity of the
building.
03 CCTV building-headquarters

Architects: Rem Koolhaas OMA

Year: 2012
Area: 473000m²
City: Beijing
Country: China
Rem Koolhaas
Rem Koolhaas is one of the most well-known
architects who embraces the power of
modernity in architecture.
His designs are characterized by a deep
sense of humanity as well as the concern for
the function where the building aims to serve
daily life, especially when it comes to the
urban setting.
He design his buildings by utilizing the best
current technologies and materials to
accomplish that specific look for the building.
 Introduction

The CCTV building serves as the headquarters for china’s central television (CCTV).
The gravity-defying headquarter became one of the most well known design of deconstructivism theory of
architecture which is designed by OMA, Rem Koolhaas to be specific who accomplished this remarkable design.
 Geography
The CCTV building is located on east third ring
road, Guanghua road in Beijing, which is a
central business district in china.
 Topography

Beijing is a low, flat metropolis compared to other

part of china.
It consists of an average elevation of 40–60 meters
(130–200 feet) above sea level.

The top of Coal Hill in Jingshan Park is the highest

point of the city which climbs to a height of 88.35
meters (289.9 feet).
 Climate analysis
Summer begins at the end of june and ends in
july with average temperature of 27.3 degree
celsius.

The driest as well as coldest month is january

with with relatively small amount or no rain.
However, in july, it is the most significant with
huge perception of rain reaching its peak.

The summer experiences more rain when

compared to cold days.

The overall average temperature is 12.7 degree

celsius while the average rainfall is 566 mm in
Beijing.

Highest point of humidity can be experienced in

August 67.3% while lowest in April 33.8%.
 Solar Path &
Wind Analysis
- The project is located in a site with many
high rise buildings surrounding the CCTV
headquarter. Thus, the building receives
diffused daylight as the adjacent building
blocks direct sunlight.

- The site is well ventilated where the wind

direction is south west.
 Surrounding
The 54-story tower, known locally as
"big pants" for its unusual design, is
located on a prominent site on
Chang'an Avenue in Beijing.

Central business district with many

commercial high-rise buildings and few
residential apartment buildings.
Urban context

Residential buildings
Educational buildings
Commercial buildings
Storage building
Parking lots
Assembly buildings
Health care center
Governmental buildings
Mixed use buildings
Industrial building
 Accessibility

Primary road

Secondary road

Tertiary road

Access

Pedestrian

Cycling

Pedestrian Cycling
Transportation

Routes

Metro stations

Trains station

Bus stop
 Landscape
The landscape consists of circulation, green roofs,
gardens, street edges, semi-public plazas and
entrance area.
Its size and layout recall the urban fabric of Beijing's
historic districts and enhance the modern buildings'
distinct personalities.
The landscape elements represents simplicity,
harmony, direction and organization to reflect the
elements of the building and connect the structure
with it surrounding landscape.
By using circular pieces as planters, water features,
lighting systems, barriers, wayfinding tools, egress
stairs, and ventilation shafts, the Pixel system opens
up the prospect of a flexible kind of landscape.
 Conceptual Approach

A structure with a three-dimensional form

that allows CCTV workers to carry out their
duties in a "continuous loop," Carved out of
a structural hollow pyramid.
which refers to closed-circuit television, was
envisioned by Koolhaas.

Areas distribution The new structure is made up of two tall

towers that are L-shaped, linked at the top
The headquarters of CCTV headquarter includes various spaces: and bottom by an angle that creates a loop
that has been compared to a cross on a Z.
Studios,
Offices,
broadcast The building's construction started in 2004
facilities, and and was created by OMA as a
production, reinterpretation of the skyscraper as a loop.
occupying a
space of
around 473
000m2
The architect said, "I'm confident
Chinese culture and Chinese
architecture would gain from the
introduction of new ways of
conceptualizing, freeing, and
realizing structure that did not exist in
China before."
Form & Configuration
The form consists of two tall towers that
are L-shaped, linked at the top and bottom
by an angle that creates a loop that has
been compared to a cross on a Z.
Looking like a “twisted doughnuts” and
“the pants”.

-Continuous loop
-L shaped
-Cantilever overhang
-Diagonal structure
grid system

The architect tries to reflect the definition of

deconstructivism as a movement while breaking the
rules of modern architecture on this design.

The twisted configuration of the building dispersed

architectural components and contributed to an
appearance of randomness together with irregularity
that is clearly deconstructivism.
 Site plan with
entrances

The headquarter consists of two main entrances and two

elevator banks.
The building is divided into two halves and the entrances serves
this purpose for easier access and to accommodate large
number of occupants entering the building at the same time.
Site plan
Ground floor plan

1.Public lobby
2.Tower lobby
3.Kitchen
4.Canteen
5.Gym
6.Health center
7.Marketing
8.Data center
9.Studio
10.Offices Lounge
11.Meeting
12.Lounge
Forty one floor plan

1.Public lobby
2.Tower lobby
3.Kitchen
4.Canteen
5.Gym
6.Health center
7.Marketing
8.Data center
9.Studio
10.Offices Lounge
11.Meeting
12.Lounge
 Two towers plans
layout

Tower 1
25th Floor plan

Tower 2
22th Floor plan
Sections
Elevations
 Circulation

The architect connected each area that has its own integral
space using a circulation loop that moved from the base of the
building to the top.
The core consists of vertical staircases, elevators, escalators
as well as ramps, which serves perfectly for comfortable
circulation throughout the buildings between the spaces.
 Structure
Diagrid Frame system (External system)

Final grid system

Advantages:

-The structure is strong Columns:

-Less material required
-Simple construction techniques
-Self reliant structure
-Better for load distribution
-Aesthetic values as it blends with the facade
-More freedom to the floor plans
-Triangulated form
-Various types of concrete columns
are used to reach maximum
capacity and height.
-The columns tend to transfer load
from the top of the structure to the
foundation level.
Construction Sequence
Facade and materials
The exterior facade comprises of
diagonal grid system which reflects the
distribution of forces in a loop structure
that defies gravity.

The building is made of steel structures

that varies in its thickness to distribute
the load and other lateral forces.

This type of grid system allows areas to

be more flexible and open without the
need of excessive support.

The dominant material is glass panels

has a high performance sunscreen up to
70% that creates a soft grey color to the
facade which increases building’s
sustainability.
04 Jean Nouvel
1945 – Fumel, France
“create a visual landscape”

- An architect of Contrasts and

juxtapositions —mass and void,
light and dark, traditional and
contemporary.

- Each project is distinguished by

it’s dominate concept, brilliant
colours, and challenging
structures. “Each new situation requires a new architecture.”
ARCHITECT OF FRENCH HIGH TECH

Principles of Modernity:

- Modernity is not a
movement dated in the
history that was
interrupted a few
decades ago. Modernity
is alive.

- -Modernity is using the

best of our memory and
rapidly move ahead into
development.

- - Technique must serve

an emotion or a symbol
INSTITUT DU MONDE ARABE
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE x TECH

- The building represents a

destination devoted to the
relationship between the Arab
culture and France.

- Traditional Mashrabiya reinterpreted

in contemporary approach.

- Islamic Arab geometry -

contemporary Tech
INSTITUT DU MONDE ARABE

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE x TECH

- The façade is composed of a grid

pattern of photosensitive apertures
that allows the penetration of the
light to the interior.
- The apertures respond to the
climate and weather changes by
altering the size and shape of the
openings.
- The building reflects a contrast
between light and shadow, inside
and outside.
-
LOUVRE ABU DHABI
“A welcoming world serenely combining light
and shadow, reflection and calm. It aims to
belong to a country, to its history, to its
geography ”
LOUVRE ABU DHABI
- The great dome structure
reflects the palm leaves and the
spaces that pierce them.

- A nod to the traditional rural

buildings with a contemporary
approach.

- Flowing water creating a

tranquillity around the building.
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF QATAR
Desert Rose

- Homage to the culture,

topography and climate of
Qatar.

- Desert rose formation

represented in interlocking
disks that embodies the
spirit of the desert.

- Monochrome, colour of the

desert.
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF QATAR

- The overhanging disks

creates shades that
allows visitors to stroll
around protecting them
from the heat.

- The contemporary
design contrasts with
the traditional Qatar
heritage buildings.

- Large openings offering

glimpses of the Howsh.
MUSÉE DU QUAI BRANLY
UNITY OF ARCHITECTURE x NATURE

- The design reflects a glass

bridge-like building reaching over
the gardens.

- Contrast with French formal

gardens ‘Palace of Versailles’

- No boundaries or restriction to the

nature
MUSÉE DU QUAI BRANLY
- The museum is revolved around a collection
that evokes emotions and inhabited by
symbols of forests and rivers.

- Contrast between the cladded masses and

the transparent windows.

- Simple façade-less shelter surrounded with

greenery representing forests.
MARAYA CONCERT HALL
Giò Forma Studio Associato

The project follows contextualism

philosophy as it responds to the physical
and figurative elements of the
environment.

Instead of competing with the

environment, the mirror cube enhances
it.

This environment, which is distinct in its

genre, doubles as an exhibition venue.
 Antti Lovag
1920-2014 – Budapest, Hungary
““Architecture does not interest me. It is
humanity, the human space that interests me –
creating envelopes around human needs.”

Not an architect but a

“Habitologist” With designs that
are tailor fitted to the clients
needs thus the individuality in
his projects.
Theories and ideologies

- playfulness, spontaneity, and

surprise are points that he focuses
on when designing a living space
- His vision consisted of spheres for
conventiality and ease of
construction
- “Conviviality is a circular
phenomenon”
- The complexities of spherical and
rounded designs are more natural
to people
- Intersection of volumes and merging
Palais Bulles
of the spherical forms Exterior
- Sense of randomness and
playfulness with forms
- Incorporation with green spaces and
water features (multiple pools)
 Palais Bulles
Interior

- Continuing the spontaneity of intersecting spaces

- Lack of doors (open spaces)
- Openings blend between windows and openings
 Palais Bulles
Construction

- Construction is done with steel

wireframes
- Filling in with microfiber concrete
- Construction was complex as the
architect could not determine
accurate pricing or due date
FRANK LLOYD
`
`
WRIGHT
1867–1959
• Frank Wright was born June 8,
1867, Richland Center, Wisconsin,
U.S.—died April 9, 1959, Phoenix,
Arizona.
• He was an architect, an interior
designer, a writer, and a creative
master of American architecture.
• Gained his fame as the creator of
“organic architecture”
• Designed around 800 buildings,
and 380 were actually built.
• UNESCO listed eight of his
buildings including Fallingwater,
the Guggenheim Museum, and
Unity Temple—as World Heritage
sites in 2019. 
• His greatest achievement is
considered to be his boldness and
fertility of his invention and his
command of space.
ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE
 ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE

‘Organic architecture seeks superior

sense of use and a finer sense of comfort,
expressed in organic simplicity.’
- FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT -

• Organic architecture is a philosophy that promotes

the harmonious balance and the interlocking of the
human’s life, the natural world, and the built
environment in order to build a sustainable
ecosystem where all components are well merged
and support one another.
 PHILOSOPHY
As early as 1908, the term ‘ organic architecture’ was coined by the
architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959) in his philosophy of
architecture.

• His philosophy was an extension derived from the philosophy of

his mentor Louis Sullivan. Louis believed that “form follows
function”, where on the contrary Frank believed that “ form and
function are one” by using nature as an emerging and integrating
component. He envisioned form and function as one
interconnected element.

•  His style was not a reflection and imitation of nature,

as he didn’t design forms that represented nature. His
philosophy was based on the reinterpretation of
FORM nature’s principles filtered through human intelligence
to create forms that are perhaps more natural than
nature itself. 
FORM / FUNCTION
• Organic architecture involves respect to the materials
and their properties, as well as for the harmonious
relationship the evokes between form/design and the
FUNCTION function of the building.
 WRIGHT’S PRINCIPLES OF
ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE

• Shelter: the design of the Buildings must

serve to protect their inhabitants' safety
and privacy.

• Space: the interior space of the building

should have a natural flow from one area
to another without an enormous
separation and yet maintaining a
constant sense of privacy and discovery
while experiencing the building.

• Nature: getting inspired by the natural

surroundings while selecting the material,
textures, and colours, however not in an
imitating way.
 WRIGHT’S PRINCIPLES OF
ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE
• Peacefulness: merging the building
with the surrounding natural
landscape to provide a harmonious
flow, sense of openness, and
tranquillity to the inhabitants
rather than a jarring contrast.

• Language: wright believed that the

forms and patterns of the building
are elements of grammar in the
design of the building, and when
these elements are well organized
together, the design speaks.

• Simplicity: the design must follow a

clear uniformed scheme.
FALLINGWATER
HOUSE

• Architect: Frank Lloyd

Wright
• Year: 1936–1939
• Location: Mill Run,
Pennsylvania
• Total cost: $155,000
• Architectural style:
Organic architecture
 CONCEPT
• Architecture is not only working
with the surrounding nature but to
embed nature and become part of
it.

• The design integrates the falls

beneath the building making the
power of the falls felt every day not
only visually but also aurally by the
sound of the crushing water that’s
heard from every corner of the
house, representing his philosophy
of the harmonies balance of
humanity and its environment.
 DESIGN
• Wright was mainly inspired by Japanese
architecture and that was reflected in the
harmony he created between man and nature.
• The design of the house complimented the site
while still managing to compete with the drama
that evoked from the endless sound of the falls.
• The design was revolved around the heart of
the house which was the fireplace considering
it as the gathering place for the family.
• The rock cuts through the fireplace, physically
integrating the waterfall into the house.
• Emphasizing the concept, the chimney is
dramatically extended upwards making it the
highest point of the house’s exterior.
 DESIGN
• Falling water consists of two parts: the main house of
clients built between 1936-1939
• The guest room built-in 1939.
• The house contains simple rooms that were furnished
by Wright himself.
• All the rooms relate to the natural surroundings of the
house, and the living room has direct access that leads
to the water below through steps.
• The ceilings were designed relatively low- 1.93m in
some places, to direct the human’s eye vision to the
outside.
 DESIGN
-Most of the exterior facades facing the waterfalls are
with glass to promote an uninterrupted visual
continuity.

-The concrete Long cantilevered terraces evoke a

strong horizontal emphasis that blends with native
rock outcroppings and the wooded environment.

- The limitation in the used colour palette promotes a

unified & organic composition.
 • The interpretations that revolve around organic architecture today:

ORGANIC • Organic architecture is the direct connection between the interior and the exterior and
the use of abstractive forms of plant geometries.
• Organic architecture is a style that is embedded in nature’s principles and form.
ARCHITECTURE • Organic architecture is a contrasting juxtaposition of natural and modern materials.
TODAY • Wright’s vision of manipulating contrasts, volumes, and nature.
References:

- n.d. [online] Available at: <https://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/photos/2002-10-city-of-stars/rose-center.php>

[Accessed 2 October 2022].

- n.d. [online] Available at: <https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/hayden-planetarium> [Accessed 2 October 2022].

- Auerbach Consultants. 2013. American Museum of Natural History, Rose Center for Earth and Space, Hayden Planetarium -
Auerbach Consultants. [online] Available at:
<https://www.auerbachconsultants.com/projects/hayden-planetarium-rose-center-for-earth-and-space-%E2%80%A8america
n-museum-of-natural-history/> [Accessed 2 October 2022].

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