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 Our Environment
→
Everything that surrounds us is environment .

biotic (
-
It includes both
living ) and abiotic (non -

living ) components .

Ecosystem (and it 's components)

9) All the interacting organisms in an area
together with the
non -

living constituents of the environment form an

ecosystem .

2) An ecosystem consists
of biotic
components comprising living
organisms and abiotic components comprising physical factors
like temperature , rainfall ,
wind ,
soil and minerals .

9) Natural ecosystem
The which exist in nature its
ecosystem
→ on own .

E. Forest lake
g .
, ,
ocean .

ii ) Artificial ecosystem
Man-made is called artificial
ecosystem ecosystem
→ .

E.g .
Crop, field , acquauiam ,
garden etc .

Ecosystem
Man-made Natural
Ecosystem Ecosystem
e. g. Cropland Aquarium
, ete .

Terrestrial
Aquatic ecosystem Ecosystem
Land Ecosystem
e.
g. Forest Dessert
,
.

Marine ecosystem freshwater Grassland ele .

e.
g. Sea Oceans , Ecosystem
R%ver , lake ,
COMPONENTS OF FLN ECOSYSTEM

1) Abiotic Components
They are the non -

living component of an
ecosystem such as

light temperature
, ,
water, soil , air
, inorganic nutrients etc .

)
ii Biotic components

4
They are the
living components such as
plants ,
animals ,
bacteria
etc .

*
Example of biodegradable waste

Cattle
dung
-

-
Cotton
-

Jute
-

Paper
Fruits and
vegetables
-

* Example of non -

biodegradable waste

-
Plastic
Polythene bag
-

Metals etc .

PRODUCERS
* All plants blue algae can produce their food
green ,
green
( starch)
from inorganic substance light
sugar and using energy
( photosynthesis)
 CONSUMER
* Include oirganisms which depend on the producers either directly for
their sustain ance .

-
Consumers depend on others for food .

Consumer
Herbivores Carnivores Parasites Omnivores
-
Feed
directly Flesh eaters Live and feed Feed on both

on plants Eg Trion
. on the host plant and

Eg Cow body E. flesh

g
.
.
, .

deer Plasmodium

COMPOSERS
Fungi and Bacteria which break down the dead plant ,

animals complex compounds into simpler one .

Decomposes help in replenishment .

Tq→Tz→ -13
Grass → Dear → Lion

A 3- FOOD STEP CHAIN

* Food Chain

It the which
is
living
→
sequence of organisms in one
organism
consumes another for
organism energy .

It unidirectional ( direction)
is
single
-
 a) In forest
b) In grassland
c) In a
pond

-
In a
food chain , various steps where
transfer of energy
takes place is called a trophic level .

A food chain starts because

with
green plants they are
food
-

producers .

-
Plant -

eaters are the first or

primary food consumers in a

food chain .

-
Next come predators which feed on the plants eaters .

They are
secondary consumers .

Some in turn other

animal eaters are eaten
by animals
-
-
.

They are
tertiary consumer
.*s .

-
At last come the decomposes ,
which feed on dead and

decaying matter .

Decomposes the dead bodies of plants and animals into nutrients ,

and carbon dioxide which are returned to the soil while carbon
dioxide is released into the which turn
air ,
in are re -
used
for
the
growth of new plants .
 Types OF FOOD CHAIN

L t

Terrestrial Food Chain Acquatie Food chain

-
Present on land -
Present in different water bodies
E.
g. Grass
→
Grasshopper → Snake → Hawk E. g. Phytoplankton → Zooplankton→ fish -
Shark

FOOD WEB
D Food web is a network of food chains where all the chains
are
naturally interconnected .

4 Each is eaten
organism generally by two or more kinds of
several other
organisms which are
again eaten by organisms and so

instead of food chain the dependent

straight line ,
series
of organisms
on one another .
TROPHIC Levee
Flow of unidirectional in chain
is
food
→
en
energy a .

→
There is gradual decrease in the amount of from one
energy
trophic level in a
food chain .

→
Green plants capture 9% of sun 's
energy .

i
"

9014J
T p
900kt Trophic
Renee
T
Energy 9000k 's
flow
Energy
* 90% law
→ The
energy
available at each successive trophic levels ,
is 90%
of level .

→ So , only 90% Energy is transferred to next trophic level while

90% of energy is used by present trophic level in its
life
processes .

→ The concentration of harmful chemical increases with next

every
trophic level in a
food chain .

-
It is called Bio -

magnification .
→ Maximum concentration of such chemicals gets accumulated in
human bodies .

Since humans the top level in

food chain
occupy any
-

9% 90% 90%
Solar energy → 900J ( plant)→9 Joule ( Deer) → 0.9 Joule # on)
( 9000 Joule)

ANSWERS
9) Various steps where
transfer of energy takes place called
a trophic level .

E.
g. Food chain present on land .

Grass →
Grasshopper →
Frog →
Eagle .

1) Grass first trophic level

represents .

ii) Grasshopper
represents second trophic level .

iii) Frog represents third trophic level .

iv)
Eagle represents fourth trophic level .

2) Role of decomposes are as

follows :

1) Help decomposing the dead bodies of plants and animals .

%) Help in
putting back the various elements made by dead plants
into the soil to
and animals , back ,
air and water for producers
reuse .

nutrients
Help in
recycling of .

iv) Also decomposes dead and for life to settle

,
remains provide space new .
 BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION
to The by which the harmful and toxic substances enter the
process
food chain and
get concentrated in the body of living organisms
level in chain is
at each successive food called
biological magnification .

-
The maximum concentration is accumulated at the top carnivore 's
level .

Since , man is an omnivore and has access to all trophic levels

for
food ; he gets the toxic substances into his
body in
large
amounts .

①zonk
Ozone Layer and Now it is
Getting Depleted
•
Ozone (G) is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen
.

•
While Oz ,
which we
normally refer to as
oxygen ,
is essential for
all aerobic forms of life .

Ozone highly
Is
actually deadly poison it is toxic might
•
, ,
cause

irritation
eye
.

•
At higher levels , shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet CUD
radiation from the Sun .

-
These radiations can even cause skin cancer in humans .

• The higher energy UV radiations split apart some molecular oxygen Cod
into free oxygen CO2 atoms .

These atoms then combine with the molecular

oxygen to form
ozone .

Oz # 0 TO

① + Oz→ 03
( Ozone)
•
The amount of ozone in the atmosphere began to drop sharply
in 99805 .

→( uf asf diseased E)

•
Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFC) which are used as
refrigerants and in fire
extinguishers are linked to this .

How to Protect Ozone Layer

1) Reducing use of air conditioners .

ii) the CFCs

Reducing release
of .

iii)
Reducing pollution .

Garbage Disposal
→
Industrialisation and
improving lifestyle has resulted in accumulation
of large amount waste materials
of .

Biodegradable Waste

→
Which can be decomposed by bacteria or other natural
organisms and
not be adding to pollution .

Example :
Vegetable peels ,
dung etc .

Problems
-
Slow decomposition of biodegradable waste release
foul smell and

harmful gases
which can be harmful for humans .

A Non -

Biodegradable Waste

→ Which cannot be broken down down by natural organisms and

acts as a source
of pollution .

Example :
plastic , polythene etc .
Problems
→
Some of the non
biodegradable
-
waste like pesticides enter food
chain health problem to humans
causing .