Particularly on breast meat of chickens in
order to increase speed in production of
manufacturers. Mostly practiced in
agricultures and crops so when you are in
the field of genetics there is many
procedures and opportunities. It is very
emerging.
TRIPLOIDY
All chromosomes are 3. Again in humans, it
is very lethal wherein babies or fetus will
not survive.
Causes of Polyploidy
2 ways:
- Nondisjunction
o Meiotic nondisjunction
o Mitotic nondisjunction (occur
in early embryo)
- Genome duplication
There are 2 possible causes in polyploidy
which are nondisjunction and genome
duplication. Unlike on aneuploidy it is solely
a nondisjunction in meiosis.
Here in polyploidy it could be meiotic and
mitotic (happens in mitosis). For example
the sperm and egg cell of parents unite, it is
normal and produced a zygote. From the
zygote since this will undergo mitosis, here
nondisjunction will occur. Again, it occurs
in early embryo. In fetus stage, it will lead to
miscarriage that is the mitotic non
disjunction.
Next is, genome duplication. The word
duplication, in meiosis, since we have 2 cell
division in meiosis, there is only 1 DNA
replication during interphase. In this case, in
genome duplication, after meiosis 1, there is
a replication again of the genetic material or
chromosome causing more chromosomes
given to the baby.
For example on the illustration on Meiosis I
and it undergo again on replication. All
chromosomes are the same, when divided
and when united on the egg cell there will be
an extra set of the chromosome. Or for
example there are 2 abnormal where the egg
cell and sperm cell are abnormal, it will
yield 4 times of offspring.
Other Term: Numerical Abnormalities
 Hypodiploid – cell with fewer than 46
chromosomes
o When we say diploid it is 46
chromosomes. Hypo is under or
below normal. So below or fewer
than 46 chromosomes.
 Near-haploid - cells have from 23 up to
approximately 34 chromosomes
 o Haploid is the 23 so half. So near,
this is 23. So cells have from 23
up to 34 chromosomes.
 Hyperdiploid – cells have more than 46
chromosomes
o Hyper above or beyond the normal
diploid (46) chromosomes.
 High hyperdiploidy – chromosome
number of more than 50
o High and hyper is more than 50
chromosomes
Disease Associations
Most syndromes have the following clinical
manifestations or associations.
 Infertility and sterility
o Infertility is unable to become
pregnant and sterility is unable to
conceive a child.
 Intersexes
o The baby or the person is born with
a male and female biological
traits
 Multiple congenital malformations
 Mental retardation