Actual Shear Stress in Steel Beams:

- It is assumed that only the web carries the shear force. The average shear stress, fv
is determined as:
fv = V/(dtw )

Allowable shear stress, Fv :

A) When h/tw ≤ 998/ Fy

Fv = 0.40 Fy on the overall area, d tw , of the web of

fv = V/(dtw )

b) When h/tw > 998/ Fy

Fv = Fy Cv / 2.89 ≤ 0.40 Fy on the clear area of web, htw , between flanges.

fv = V/(htw )

where: Cv = (310,264 kv ) / [Fy (h/tw )2] when Cv < 0.80

Cv = [500/(h/tw )] kv / Fy when Cv >0.80
kv = 4.00 + 5.34/(a/h)2 when a/h < 1.0
kv = 5.34 + 4.00/(a/h)2 when a/h >1.0
 tw = web thickness, in mm.
a = clear distance between transverse web stiffeners , in mm.
h = clear distance between flanges at the section under investigation, in mm.
= d – 2tf
d = overall depth of the beam.

Web stiffeners:

When h/tw > 260 and fv > Fy Cv / 2.89

a < h [ 260/(h/tw)]2

web stiffeners h

a
 NSCP 2010 PROVISIONS ON DESIGN FOR SHEAR:

Design SHEAR strength = фv Vn where фv = 1.00 for LRFD

Allowable SHEAR strength = Vn / Ωv where Ωv = 1.50 for ASD

I. Without tension field action ( only shear yielding and buckling)

Vn = 0.60Fy Aw Cv
Aw = dtw

1. For webs of rolled I-shaped members with h/tw ≤ 2.24 E/Fy

Cv = 1.0

2. For webs of all other doubly symmetric shapes and singly symmetric shapes
and channels, except round HSS.

a. For h/tw ≤ 1.10 kv E/Fy

Cv = 1.0

b. 1.10 kv E/Fy ≤ h/tw ≤ 1.37 kv E/Fy

Cv = (1.51Ekv) / (h/tw)
 c. For h/tw ≥ 1.37 kv E/Fy

Cv = (1.51Ekv) / [(h/tw)2 Fy]

Where kv = web plate buckling coeffecient determined as follows:

1. For unstiffened webs with h/tw < 260

kv = 5 except for stem of tees where kv = 1.2

2. For stiffened webs

kv = 5 + 5/(a/h)2
= 5 when (a/h) > 3.0 or (a/h) > [260/(h/tw)]2
a = clear distance between transverse stiffeners, mm.
h = for rolled shapes, the clear distance between flanges less fillet, mm.
= for built-up welded sections, the clear distance between flanges, mm.
= for built-up bolted sections, the distance between fastener lines, mm.
= for tees, the overall depth
Transverse Stiffeners :

1. Not required when h/tw ≤ 2.46 E/Fy or where the required shear strength
is less than or equal to the available shear strength for kv = 5.0.

2. Where it is required, the transverse stiffeners shall have a moment of inertia about
an axis in the web center for pair of stiffeners, or about the face in contact with the
plate for single stiffeners, which shall not be less than at3w j , where
j = 2.5/(a/h)2 - 2 ≥ 0.5

3. They are permitted to be stopped short of the tension flange, provided bearing
is not needed to transmit a concentrated load or reaction.

- TENSION FIELD ACTION (post buckling strength) is permitted for flanged members
when the web plate is supported on all four sides by flanges and stiffeners.
- It is not permitted for:
1. end panels Afc = area of compression flange
2. members when a/h > 3.0 or [260/(h/tw)]2 Aft = area of tension flange
3. 2Aw /(Afc + Aft ) > 2.5 bfc = width of compression flange
4. h/bfc or h/bft > 6.0 bft = width of tension flange
II. With tension Field Action

1. For h/tw ≤ 1.10 kv E/Fy

Vn = 0.60Fy Aw

2. For h/tw ≥ 1.10 kv E/Fy

Vn = 0.60Fy Aw Cv + 1- Cv .
1.15 1+ (a/h)2
Additional Requirement for Transverse Stiffeners
Subject to Tension Field Action:

1. (b/t)st ≤ 0.56 E/ Fyst Ds = 1.0 for stiffeners in pair

= 1.8 for single angle stiffener
2 . Ast > Fy / Fyst 0.15Ds htw( 1- Cv )(Vr /Vc ) – 18tw2 ≥0 = 2.4 for single plate stiffener

(b/t)st = width-thickness ratio of the stiffener

Fyst = yield strength of stiffeners
Vr = required shear strength
Vc = available shear strength; фv Vn for LRFD or Vn / Ωv for ASD
Problem: The beam below is W21x62, A36 steel with Fy = 248 Mpa. and with
the ff. properties:
rT = 53.34 mm. d = 533.1 mm. tw = 10.20mm
bf = 209.3 mm. tf = 15.6 mm.
Ix = 553,588 x 10 3mm3 E = 200,000 Mpa.
a) Determine whether the beam is safe against shear.
b) If the beam is not safe against shear, design the
the size and spacing the stiffeners.
c) Determine whether the beam deflection is excessive if deflection is
limited to 1/180 of the span.
Figure:
W = 170 kN/m.

L = 8m
Solution:
h = (d – 2tf ) = 533.1 – 2(15.6) = 501.9
h/tw = 501.9/10.20 = 49.205
2.24 E/Fy = 63.61 2.46 E/Fy = 69.86
thus, h/tw ≤ 2.24 E/Fy ≤ 2.46 E/Fy

For webs of rolled I-shaped members with h/tw ≤ 2.24 E/Fy

Cv = 1.0 (no tension field action)
Vn = 0.60Fy Aw Cv = 0.60(248)(533.1)(10.20)(1.0) N
= 809.11 kN

Using ASD, the available shear strength, Vc = Vn / Ω = 809.11/1.5

= 539.41 kN < 680 kN (beam not safe in shear)
At beam support, V = wL/2
= 170(8)/2
= 680 kN 680kN Shear diagram
539.41
539.41 = 680 - 170(x)
x = 0.827 m.

Region where 0.827m

stiffeners are needed 4m -680kN
Design of end panel stiffeners: ( tension field action is not permitted )
- Required shear strength Vr = 680 kN at beam support
- at kv = 5.0; 1.10 kv E/Fy = 69.8 ; and h/tw < 1.10 kv E/Fy , ; Cv = 1.0
- Available shear strength, Vc = 539.41 kN < 680 kN , stiffeners needed. web
- using a = 410 mm,
the aspect ratio, a/h = 410/501.9 = 0.817 stiffeners
j = 2.5/(a/h)2 - 2 = 1.746 ≥ 0.5
Iw ≥ atw3 j = 410(10.2)3 (1.746) = 759,822.4 mm4
using a pair of stiffeners with b = 60mm 60mm 60mm
759,822.4 ≈ 2[ tb 3/12) + t(b)(b/2)2 ] ≈ 2 (tb 3/3)
t = 5.27 mm, say 6mm.
- provide a pair of 6mm x 60mm stiffeners @ 410mm from end bearing stiffener
(note: the first pair of stiffeners is designed as bearing stiffeners)

Design of intermediate stiffeners:

- @ 410mm from support, V = 680 - 170(0.41) = 610.3kN
Check if tension field action is permitted:
- 2Aw /(Afc + Aft ) = 2(533.1)(10.20) / [2(209.3)( 15.6)] = 1.66 < 2.5 ok
- h/bfc or h/bft = (533.1 – 2(15.6)/ 209.3 = 2.398 < 6.0 ok
- a/h < 3.0 or [260/(h/tw)]2
[260/(h/tw)]2 =[260/ 49.205]2 = 27.92
use a/h < 3.0 so that tension field action is permitted
 kv = 5 + 5/(a/h)2 = 5 + 5/1.52 = 7.222
1.10 kv E/Fy = 83.948
thus h/tw (= 49.205) < 1.10 kv E/Fy (= 83.948)

When tension field action is permitted and h/tw < 1.10 kv E/Fy
Vn = 0.60Fy Aw = 809.11 kN
Using ASD, the available shear strength, Vc = Vn / Ω = 809.11/1.5
= 539.41 kN < 610.3 kN , stiffeners needed
try a = 410mm, a/h = 0.817; j = 2.5/(a/h)2 - 2 = 1.746 ≥ 0.5
Iw ≥ atw3 j = 410(10.2)3 (1.746) = 759,822.4 mm4
using a pair of stiffeners with b = 60mm
759,822.4 ≈ 2[ tb 3/12) + t(b)(b/2)2 ] ≈ 2 (tb 3/3)
t = 5.27 mm, say 6mm. (b/t)st = 60/6 = 10; Ast = 2(60)(6) = 720mm2

Additional Requirement for Transverse Stiffeners

Subject to Tension Field Action:

1. (b/t)st ≤ 0.56 E/ Fyst Ds = 1.0 for stiffeners in pair

10 ≤ 15.9 (ok) Cv = 1.0
2 . Ast > Fy / Fyst 0.15Ds htw( 1- Cv )(Vr /Vc ) – 18tw2 ≥ 0
720 > 0 (ok)
 410 mm 410mm midspan

end 6mm x 60mm

bearing intermediate stiffeners
stiffener

4.00m

δmax = (5/384) (wL4 /EI)

= (5/384)(170,000)(84) (1000)3 / (200,000x 553,588 x 10 3mm3 )
= 81.89 mm
δall = L/180
= 8000/180
= 44.44 mm < 81.89 mm therefore, deflection is excessive.
section needs to be redesigned.
( section with higher Ix is needed)