Microprocessors and

Microcontrollers
 Architecture of the 8085
Microprocessor
The Intel 8085/8085AH is a microprocessor, i.e., an 8-bit parallel central processing
unit implemented in silicon gate NMOS/HMOS/C-MOS technology. It is available in a
40-pin IC package fabricated on a single LSI chip. It is designed with higher processing
speed, ranging from 3 MHz to 5 MHz, Lower power consumption and power-down
mode is provided, thereby offering a high level of system integration. This processor
uses a multiplexed address/data bus. The address bus is split between the 8-bit address
bus and the 8-bit data bus.
 Operation of 8085 Microprocessor
Generally, a microprocessor performs four different operations: memory read,
memory write, input/output read and input/output write. In the memory read
operation, data will be read from memory and in the memory write operation,
data will be written in the memory. Data input from input devices are I/O read
and data output to output devices are I/O write operations. Microprocessors
communicate with the memory, and I/O devices through address bus, data bus
and control bus
 Operation of 8085 Microprocessor
Memory read operation: Initially, the microprocessor places a 16-bit
address on the address bus. Then the external decoder logic circuit decodes
the 16-bit address on the address bus and the memory location is identified.
Thereafter, the microprocessor sends MEMR control signal which enables
the memory IC. After that, the content of the memory location is placed on
the data bus and also sent to the microprocessor
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
All arithmetic and logical operations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU). The ALU functioning consists of Accumulator (A), Temporary Register
(TR), Flag Register (FR) and arithmetic logic unit. The temporary register is not
accessible to the user. Therefore, the user cannot read the content of TR.
Actually, this register is used to store or load the operand during arithmetic and
logical operations.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
The sequence of operations in ALU are given below:

(i)One operand is in the A register.

(ii) The other operand may be in the general-purpose register or memory location,
which will be transferred to the temporary register.
(iii) Then contents of the accumulator and temporary registers are considered as
inputs of ALU and the specified operation is carried out in the ALU.
(iv) The result of ALU operation is transferred in the A register through internal
data bus.
(v) The content of the flag register will be changed depending on the result.

Timing and Control Unit: The control unit controls the operations of different
units while the CPU generates timing sequence signals for the execution of
instructions. This unit controls the data flow between CPU and memory and
CPU and peripheral devices. This unit provides control, status, DMA and reset
signals to perform any memory and input–output related operations. Actually, it
controls the entire operation of microprocessors. Therefore, the timing and
control unit acts as the brain of the microprocessor.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Registers: The Intel 8085 has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data
and these registers are identified as B, C, D, E, H and L. When two registers are
combined, 16-bit data can be stored in a register pair. The only possible
combinations of register pairs are BC, DE and HL. These register pairs are used
to perform 16-bit operations. There is an accumulator register and one flag
register. The accumulator is an 8-bit register. Arithmetic and logical operations
are performed in the accumulator and after operation, the result will be stored in
the accumulator. In addition with the above registers, there are two 16-bit
registers, namely, the Stack Pointer (SP) and Program Counter (PC).
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Program Counter (PC):
The program counter is a 16-bit special-purpose register. This is used to hold the
memory address of the next instruction which will be executed.

Stack Pointer (SP):

The stack pointer is a 16-bit register, which is used to point the memory location
called the stack. The stack is a sequence of memory locations in the R/W
memory. The starting of the stack is defined by loading a 16-bit address into the
stack pointer.

Flags/Status Registers (SR):

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) includes five flip-flops, which are set or reset
after an ALU operation according to data conditions of the result in the
accumulator and other general-purpose registers. The status of each flip-flop is
known as a flag. Therefore, there are five flags, namely, Carry flag (CY), Parity
flag (P), Auxiliary Carry flag (AC), Zero flag (Z), and Sign (S) flags.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Program Status Word (PSW): In a flag register five bits (D7 D6 D4 D2 D0)
indicate the five status flags and three bits D5 D3 and D1 are undefined. The
combination of these 8 bits is known as Program Status Word (PSW). The PSW
and the accumulator can be used as a 16-bit unit for stack operation.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Instruction Register (IR): The instruction register holds the operation code
(opcode) of the current instruction of a program during an arithmetic/logical
operation. The instruction is fetched from the memory prior to execution. The
decoder takes the instruction and decodes it. After that, the decoded instruction is
passed to the next stage for execution.

Memory Address Register (MAR): The Memory Address Register holds the
address of the next program instruction. Then MAR feeds the address bus with
addresses of the memory location of the program instruction which will be
executed.

Temporary Register (TR): This is an 8-bit register, which is associated with

ALU. This register holds data during arithmetic and logical operation. This register
can be used by the microprocessor but is not accessible to the programmer.
 Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor
System bus: address bus, data bus and control bus: The system bus is
collection of wires which are used to transfer binary numbers, one bit per wire.
The 8085 microprocessor communicates with memory and input and output
devices using three buses, namely, address bus, data bus and control bus.
Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor
Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor
Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor
Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor
Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor
Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor
Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor
Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor
Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor
Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor