Hydrogen Fuel Cells summary and Important Parameters

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890422001972
Hydrogen storage – maximum pressure: 300bar,
Minimum pressure: 25bar,
Geometric storage volume: 200,
Temperature: 288.15K
Hydrogen compressor- Electric power consumption per unit: 980 kW
Electrolyser power consumption: 600 kW to 12 MW
For reinforcement learning:
State of Charge (SOC) of storage vessel: 1200-4228kg
Hydrogen consumed by gas turbine: 2001kg max
Grid feed-in revenue: 10302-13225 euro.
Gamma: 0.9998
∊: clipping parameter: 0.3
Lr: SGD learning rate: 5e-05
num_sgd_iter:SGD iterations in each outer loop: 10
train_batch_size: time steps collected for each SGD: round 4000
entropy_coeff: coefficient of entropy regularizer: 0.001

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319920344074
Proton Exchange Membrane elctrolyser efficiency: 75%
5°-tilted GaAsPV panels with a 68 m2 area, 18% efficiency, and 10 kW nominal power is considered.
high current densities, high gas purities.
H2 production potential based on renewables 4.55 × 108 kg/year.
a total of 2.073 × 1010 kg/year hydrogen can be produced with a 95% contribution from solar energy.
With total annual Hydrogen Production of 77.87 m³ the fuel cell can generate a total of 779 kW h of
electricity annually.
The rectified linear unit (ReLU) AF is used in this study.
The most successful model is the DL model at a 0.9626 (R2) performance.
The EAP model also successful model with performance values of 0.083244 (RMSE) and 0.9476 (R2).
The ANFIS model proved is the least successful with values of 0.119588 (RMSE) and 0.8918 (R2).
While an average of 0.7798 kg/day of hydrogen can be produced based on the observation data, an
average of 0.7722 kg/day can be produced according to the DL model.
According to the DL and EAP models, annual yields of 281.853 kg/year and 278.933 kg/year hydrogen can
be produced, respectively which researched in this paper.
the electrolyser's efficiency is assumed to be 88% during the working period

https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/7/7/434/htm
Hydrogen- highest energy content per unit weight (142 kJ g−1)
Hydrogen+Oxygen⇒Electricity+Water+Heat
Low-power PEM fuel cell operating temp: 80 °C
ANN model R2 score = 0.999; the SVM model R2 score = 0.980.
Experiments to be carried out on the PEM stacks under constant or variable operating conditions.
The stack was formed by five cells with active area of 100 cm2.
The nominal current density of the cells: 0.70 A/cm2, maximum current density: 1 A/cm2.
Load current: (around 1020 h). 70 A with oscillations of 10% at a frequency of 5 kHz.

https://github.com/dravendr/Applying-Machine-Learning-to-Boost-the-Development-of-High-
performance-Membrane-Electrode-Assembly/blob/master/Module%20IV/Online-Optimization-Module-
IV.ipynb
Main parameters-'Pt at% in metal element'
'Co at% in metal element',
'total metal mass ratio wt%',
'C wt%',
'Particle diameter （nm）',
'support BET surface area(m2/g)'
'Reduction Temperature',
'Reduction Time/min',
'Annealing Temperature',
'ECSA m2/g',
'Mass Activity mA mg-1',
'I/C Ratio(ionomer/catalyst)',
'Area cm2',
'Cathodic Loading Amount mgPt cm-2',
 'Anodic Platinum Loading Amount mgPt cm-2',
'Anodic catalyst type x wt% Pt/C',
'membrane thickness',
'Hot Press Temperature',
'Hot Press Time min',
'Hot Press Pressure Mpa',
'Humidity %',
'GDE for 1',
'celltemp',
'Flowing rate of H2 ml min-1',
'flowing rate of cathode gas(O2/air)',
'Back Pressure Mpa',
'Cathode gas oxygen ratio',
'Maximum Power Density mW cm-2'
'IC_ratio':IC_ratio, 'HP_Temp':HP_Temp, 'HP_Time':HP_Time, 'HP_Pressure':HP_Pressure,
'FLA':FLA,'FLC':FLC.
For genetic algorithm:
func - Target Function
n_dim - Dimension
size_pop 50 Size of the Population
max_iter 200 Maximum Iteration Number
prob_mut 0.001 Probability of Mutation
lb -1 Low Boundary
ub 1 Upper Boundary

https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/green-hydrogen-explained
Green Hydrogen:
Hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water where the current is supplied from renewable energy. Then
it is Green Hydrogen.
the International Energy Agency put the cost of green hydrogen at $3 to $7.50 per kilo, compared to $0.90
to $3.20 for production using steam methane reformation.
Green hydrogen can be added to natural gas to use in power plant. It can directly power fuel cells in cars
and ships.
According to the prediction of Woodmac By 2027, the average size of electrolyser systems will likely
exceed 600 megawatts.
Portugal unveiled a national hydrogen strategy which is said to be worth €7 billion ($7.7 billion) up to 2030.
There are roughly 7,600 hydrogen fuel-cell cars on U.S. roads, compared to more than 326,400 plug-in
electrics.

https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen
Demand of Hydrogen is growing from 1975. Demand of 6% of global natural gas and 2% of global coal are
going to hydrogen production. Production of hydrogen is responsible for CO2 emissions of around 830
million tonnes of carbon dioxide per year, equivalent to the CO2 emissions of the United Kingdom and
Indonesia combined. At 2018 total global demand of hydrogen was 4.2Mt.
The main uses of green hydrogen are emerging in decreasing order of passenger cars, vehicle refuelling
stations, Buses, electrolysers, Trucks, Building heat &power, Power generation, and in Industry.
Hydrogen can be extracted from fossil fuels and biomass, from water, or from a mix of both. 3/4 th of total
global hydrogen production comes from natural gas and that is 70million tons. Fuel costa accounts 45 to
75% of total costs. With CCUS in Russia and Middle East the production cost is around 2.3 USD/kgH where
for China it is 1.6 USD/kgH and in US it is 1.55USD/kgH.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121004688
Different types of electrolysers of hydrogen preparation are as follows:

Type Operating Stack voltage Pros and cons

temperature efficiency
Alkaline electrolyser <80 °C 62%–82% Pros: good durability and maturity. Cons:
(AEL) low partial load range, low current
density.
Proton exchange <80 °C 67%–82% Pros: good compactness and efficiency,
membrane fast response. Cons: more expensive and
electrolyser (PEMEL) lower durability.
Solid oxide >700 °C Around 100% Pros: high efficiency and operation
electrolyser (SOEL) pressure, reusable heat. Cons: low
maturity, not widely commercialised.

The main technologies for production include electrolytic hydrogen production, hydrogen re-electrification
using fuel cell, hydrogen storage and converter technologies. methods like steam reforming, coal
gasification and electrolysis of water are majorly used.
Water electrolysis principle- Acids and solid polymer electrolytes are commonly used in water
electrolysis, and use different ions as charge carriers: H+, OH-, O2- , etc.
hydrogen can be converted into its liquid form at a low temperature (20–21 K) and ambient pressure,
liquid hydrogen is another way to store hydrogen in a small volume and the realised volumetric density can
reach 70.8 kg/m3, which is even a little bit higher than that of solid hydrogen, i.e. 70.6 kg/m 3.
https://github.com/jschneidewind/pyH2A
Cost analysis:

Monte carlo analysis:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
355111399_HydDown_A_Python_package_for_calculation_of_hydrogen_or_other_gas_pressure_vessel_fi
lling_and_discharge
HydDown is a Python package for calculation of pressure vessel of hydrogen behaviour during filling
(pressurisation) or discharge (depressurisation/blow-down).
Coolprop is used as thermodynamic backend. Storage is only in gas phase with no temperature
stratification and no temperature gradient on vessel wall. It can simulate the filling and emptying of the
pressure containers holding the fluid is indeed present both for operational reasons, but even more importantly
for safety reasons.
https://github.com/coresresearch/p2d_pemfc
Two pseudo-2D Newman-type models of a PEM Fuel Cell simulates the cathode of a proton exchange
membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). two common microstructures have been used to represent the Catalyst Layer
of PEMFCs: core-shell and flooded-agglomerate. The model incorporates structure-property relationships
in an attempt to capture and explain performance losses at low Pt loading, to determine how the modelled
catalyst layer (CL) geometry affects transport parameters.
The flow diagram is shown below.

https://github.com/zer0Kerbal/OnDemandFuelCells
On Demand Fuel Cells (ODFC) is a plugin to simulate fuel cells in Kerbal Space Program (KSP), and do a
better job of it than stock's use of a resource converter.It only generates electricity when it is necessary. It
is powered by solar.
It has multiple modes of use.
Activation threshold is variable.
It takes very less memory and the bi-products can be configurable.
fuel cell stops working if vessel total electric charge falls to close to zero (0f) and will not start until there is
more electric charge. Fuel cells require EC to work.
https://www.volts.wtf/p/long-duration-storage-can-help-clean#details
LDES (Long duration Energy Storage):
Technology parameters:
1)energy storage capacity cost (using a bathtub as an analogy, think of the cost of increasing the size of the
tub); 2) charge power capacity cost (cost of enlarging the faucet); 3) discharge power capacity cost (cost of
enlarging the drain); 4) charge efficiency (how much water is lost when filling the tub), and 5) discharge
efficiency (how much water is lost when draining the tub).
average capacity costs of LIB battery packs at $137 per kilowatt-hour.
LDES could hope for is to reduce system costs 50 percent.
LDES displaces the most clean firm generation involve storage durations of 100 hours or more, up as high
as 650 hours (concentrated in 100 to 400 hours).
“air-breathing aqueous sulfur flow battery” with $10-$20/kWh energy capacity costs at 100+ hours
duration with 10 or 20 percent system cost reductions.
Chemical Storage Energy capacity costs range from $1 to $5/kWh.
Mechanical storage energy capacity costs in the $20 to $30/kWh range.
Thermal storage energy capacity costs potentially as low as $5 to $10/kWh and round-trip efficiency over
50 percent.