Republic of the Philippines

Region VII (Eastern Visayas)

Leyte Colleges
Tacloban City

ACTIVITY 1- 14
THEORIES & CRIMES
CAUSATION
(CRIM 2 – CR 014)

Submitted by:
ABELO T. ABING
BSCRIM 2
CRIM2 CR014

Submitted to:
MS DAISY P. LADRERA
Instructor
 Post Evaluation – 1

Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2

ENGAGE
I. Fill in the blanks. Supply the correct answer of the space provided. (2pts.each)
1. Theory is any system of ideas arranged in rational order that produce general principles which increase
our understanding and explanations.
2. Crime is controlled by wealth, power and position of the upper classes at the expenses of the poor.
3. The objectives approaches deal on the study of groups, social processes and institutions as influences to
behavior.
4. Psychoanalytical Approach the explanation of crimes based on the Freudian Theory, which trades
behavior as the deviation of the repression of the basic drives.
5. Biological Approach the evaluation of genetic influences to criminal behavior.
6. The offender’s decision to commit crime is a matter of Rational Choice Theory.
7. The basic premise of classical theory is that all men and women have the potential to be criminals if not
kept in check by fear of punishment.
8. Offense Specific refers to the offenders react selectively to the characteristics of particular offense.
9. Routine Activities Theory this theory in the pioneering studies of victimization by Michael Hindelang
and his companion and has been subsequently refined by the research of criminologist of Cohen &
Felson.
10. Predatory Crimes violent crimes against by the persona and crime in which an offender attempts to
steal an object directly.
11. Cesare Lombroso the “Father of Modern Criminology”.
12. Lombroso claimed that born criminals suffer from atavistic anomalies.
13. Charles Goring he contradicted that Lombroso’s idea that criminality can be seen through features
alone.
14. Ernest Hooton a supporter of Lombroso, argued that the criminal was biologically and socially
inferior.
15. Katharina Dalton she concludes that females are more likely to commit suicide, be aggressive and
otherwise antisocial before or during menstruation.

EXPLORE
II. True or False (Just write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False) (2pts.each)
T 1. Crime is a violation of social rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by a criminal legal code
created by people holding social & political power.
F 2. The punishment was cruel, prior to the 20th century?
T 3. A theory establish boundaries and domains by which laws and truth statements can be generated.
T 4. A theory without research is not a science.
F 5. Explanation is not sensible way of relating the facts about some particular phenomenon to the
intellectual atmosphere of a people at a particular time or place.
APPLY
III. Essay (10pts. Each)
1. Differentiate Rational Choice Theory from Routine Activities Theory.
Answer:
Routine activities theory and rational choice theory are complementary explanations for the

occurrence and distribution of crime and deviance. Routine activities theory describes the necessary

elements of crime and those who have the potential to prevent it, while rational choice theory articulates

the process by which offenders make decisions. Unlike many other explanations for crime and deviance,

routine activities theory and rational choice theory emphasize the importance of immediate situational and

environmental factors in explaining the distribution of crime and deviance across time and space. These

two perspectives, which share similar theoretical roots and assumptions, have inspired substantial

empirical exploration by criminologists.

2. Explain the three (3) body types according to William Sheldon.

Answer:
Sheldon proposed that the human physique could be classified according to how much they are composed

of three elements. He called these classifications somatotypes, after the three layers of embryos: the

endoderm, which develops into the digestive tract; the mesoderm, which develops into the muscle, heart,

and blood vessels; and the ectoderm, which forms the skin and nervous system (Patwardhan, Mutalik, and

Tilu, 2015). William Sheldon (1942) proposed a strong correlation between personality and somatotype

(i.e. physique). Sheldon deprived the three body types:

- The ectomorph, characterized by a thin, wiry frame. Ectomorph are were quiet, restrained, noon-

assertive, sensitive, introverted, artistic, and self-conscious.

-The endomorph, heavy and rounded. Endomorph (also known as viscerotonic) were seen as relaxed,

sociable, tolerant, comfort-loving, peaceful, good humored, and in need of affection.

-The mesomorph, with a solid, muscular frame. Mesomorph are active, assertive, vigorous, adventurous,

dominant, and competitive.

3. What are the three (3) three variables which reflect the routine activities found in everyday American
life? Explain each.
Answer:
Cohen and Felson clarify this view by linking crime rates to the interaction of three (3) variables which

reflect the routine activities found in everyday American life:

-The availability of suitable targets (such as home containing easily saleable goods).
-The absence of capable guardians (such as homeowners and their neighbors, friends and relatives).

- The presence of motivated offenders (such as unemployed teenagers).

4. Discuss or explain the Earnest Hooton’s Theory.

Answer:
American physical anthropologist who investigated human evolution and so-called racial differentiation,

classified and described human populations, and examined the relationship between personality and

physical type, particularly with respect to criminal behaviour. And, the one who reexamined the work of

Goring and found out that “Tall thin men tend to commit forgery and fraud, undersized men are thieves

and burglars, short heavy person commit assault, rape and other sex crimes; where as mediocre (average)

physique flounder around among other crimes.” He also contented that criminals are originally inferior;

and that crime is the result of the Impact of environment.

5. Who is Franz Joseph Gall & Johann Spurzheim? Discuss their contributions.
Answer:
Gall (1758-1828) and Spurzheim (1776-1832) were among those who developed the basic ideas of

biological psychiatry. They attempted to identify a relationship between the structure and function of the

brain. Although this led to speculation regarding physiognosis, it simultaneously represented a decisive

step towards a scientific approach in psychiatry, which was then in its infancy. The patient was freed of

gult. Mental illnesses were considered to be healable, because they were of organic origin, and this led to

therapeutic optimism. The emphasis placed on endogenic factors, however, nourished biologistic views.

And they studied the shape of the skull and bumps on the head to determine whether these physical

attributes were linked to criminal behavior.

 Post Evaluation – 2
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
APPLY
Essay: (10pts.)
Explain the family studies of each personalities.
1. Juke Family (Richard Dugdale)
Answer:
Jukes family explained that factors of anti-social behavior (like criminality) could be determined by

environmental conditions. The Jukes traces the origins of imprisoned members of the same family back to

the colonial period to examine inherited and environmental tendencies to poverty, crime, and disease.

Richard Louis Dugdale (1841-1883) published a study of a family in 1877, they were the Juke family. He

followed the Juke family ancestry back to a notorious character named Max, a Dutch immigrant who

landed in New York in the early 1700s. Two of Max’s sons wed into the notorious “Juke family of girls,”

six sisters, all of whom was noted to be illegitimate. Max’s male ancestors were alleged to be vicious, and

one woman known as Ada had a real bad reputation and had an alias of “the mother of criminals.” At the

time of the study, Dugdale was able to identify about 1,200 of Ada’s ancestors; amongst them were seven

murderers, 60 habitual thieves, 90 or more other type criminals, 50 prostitutes, and 280 paupers. This

research shows that a penchant for crime could be in the genes.

2.Kalikak Family (Henry Goddard)

Answer:
Kalikaks family explained that mental retardation and intellectual disability are inherited traits. The name

Kallikak is a pseudo name created by psychologist Henry Goddard for good (Kallos) and bad (Kakos).

The study documents over a two-year span the aspect of feeble-mindedness in the Kallikak family tree

consisting of two family lineages. Goddard traced the history of the family first from an early sexual

relationship between Martin Kallikak Sr. and a “feeble-minded” bar maid, which resulted in an

illegitimate son. This lineage from the “feeble-minded” bar maid were plagued by illegitimacy, immoral

people, epileptics, alcoholics, paupers, thieves, and people of ill repute. Later, Martin Kallikak Sr.

married a “respectable” Quaker woman with a good family lineage that resulted in what was considered

society’s finest citizens. The children of the second union gave rise to children who had good moral

values and the majority became wealthy. Goddard believed that the behaviors in the inferior lineage were

the result of hereditary (e.g. tendency for being a criminal was inherited), just as intelligence was

inherited; although each family lineage were from radically different environments (Plucker & Esping,
2014). Another major criticism of Goddard is that some of photographs of the families were retouched in

order to make those from the bad family lineage look more menacing (Elks, 2005).

3. Study of Sir Jonathan Edward’s Family

Answer:
Jonathan Edwards, was a Puritan Preacher in the 1700s. He was one of the most respected preachers in

his day. He attended Yale at the age of thirteen and later went on to become the president of Princeton

College. He married his wife Sara in 1727 and they were blessed with eleven children. Every night when

Mr. Edwards was home, he would spend an hour conversing with his family and then praying a blessing

over each child. Jonathan and his wife Sarah passed on a great, godly legacy to their eleven children. An

American educator, A.E. Winship decided to trace the descendants of Jonathan Edwards almost 150 years

after his death. His findings are remarkable, especially when compared to another man from the same

time period known as Max Jukes. Jonathan Edwards’ legacy includes: 1 U.S. Vice-President, 1 Dean of a

law school, 1 dean of a medical school, 3 U.S. Senators, 3 governors, 3 mayors, 13 college presidents, 30

judges, 60 doctors, 65 professors, 75 Military officers, 80 public office holders, 100 lawyers, 100

clergymen, and 285 college graduates. How may this be explained? Edwards was a godly man, but he

was also hard working, intelligent and moral. Furthermore, Winship states, “Much of the capacity and

talent, intensity and character of the more than 1,400 of Edwards’ family is due to Mrs. Edwards.”

4. In your own words, distinguish Family Studies from Adoption Studies.

Answer:
Family studies are mostly used to identify the degree of risk of relatives developing mental disorders that

other family members suffer from. Case-control family studies are employed, including estimates of

relative risk and population relative risk of a mental illness. Relative risk compares how large the

likelihood is that one relative of a person with a mental disorder will also develop the disorder than the

relative of a person with no mental disorder. Population relative risk calculates approximately how much

risk there is that the relatives of a person suffering from mental illness will also be affected as opposed to

relatives of a person who does not suffer from any mental illness. The limitation of family studies is the

inability to separate the genetic and environmental sources of variation. Therefore, given the limited

utility of family studies to separate issues of nature versus nurture, this section will focus on two other

epidemiological research designs that are better equipped to test for genetic effects. Researchers use

adoption studies to determine the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the development

of alcohol problems. These studies generally compare the outcomes of adoptees who have biological

parents with alcohol problems and who grow up in various adoptive environments with the outcomes of
adoptees without such family backgrounds but raised in similar environments. Using certain statistical

approaches, adoption studies also allow for the evaluation of specific gene-environment interactions in

determining an outcome such as alcoholism. To obtain data that allow meaningful and generalizable

conclusions, however, scientists must select a representative group of study subjects, obtain valid

information about these subjects from a wide variety of sources, and consider biases inherent in adoption

practices. Keywords: adoption study, AODR (alcohol and other drug related) problems, hereditary

factors, environmental factors, research and evaluation method, behavioral problem, gene. Adoption

studies are a powerful tool for evaluating the interactions of genetic and environmental factors in eliciting

human characteristics, such as intelligence (i.e., IQ), and disorders, such as alcoholism. The relative

importance of “nature” (i.e., genetic inheritance) versus “nurture” (i.e., the rearing environment) in human

behavior was first debated at the beginning of this century. Simultaneously, some techniques were

developed that are still used to study the inheritance of behaviors.

5. As a student, do you believe that criminality was inherited? Explain your answer.
Answer:
I don’t know. I have heard from multiple sources throughout college that being criminal is possibly

hereditary not because there is an actual gene called the crime gene, but because you have genes that

make you more aggressive or vulnerable to commit crimes that you inherited from your parents. I agree

with this to a certain point but I also believe that how you were raised factors into whether or not you are

a criminal/ someone who breaks the law. I took note that Robert Dugdale was one of the first to propose

that crime was hereditary. I also believe in the social learning theory. If a child grows up watching their

parents steal and harm others the child will most likely repeat the behavior and even be praised by their

parents causing them to be pushed towards crime. I also believe that children that grow up in neglectful or

abusive homes are more likely to be rebellious and cause trouble which can push them towards crime. I

found an article on a web that stated that “Evidence is brought together to indicate that much criminality

can be traced to environmental factors, but findings from family studies, twin studies, and adoption

studies indicate that hereditary factors are also implicated in criminality.” (Barker, 2011) For example I

think that you can take a child out of a troubled home and they can be adopted by a prosperous wealthy

family and still cause trouble because they have genes or hereditary disabilities such as ADHD that can

cause children to be extra aggressive, vocal or hyper, possibly getting them into trouble. Most article that

I have found online and databases for crime being hereditary are outdated because it has been proven that

crime isn’t a gene itself there are just certain behavioral characteristics someone can inherit that can

predispose them to crime.

 Post Evaluation – 3
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
EXPLORE
I - True or False Just write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False) 2pts. Each
F 1. Neurophysiology is the study of blood activity.
2. Dyslexia is a condition in the brain that makes it hard for a person to read, write & spell.
T 3. Minimal brain dysfunction is related to an abnormality in cerebral structure.
F 4. EEG, means electroeconomicground that impulses given off by the brain.
T 5. Brain tumors lead brain dysfunction.

APPLY
II. Define the following: 5 pts. Each
1. Neurophysiology
Answer:
Neurophysiology is a branch of neuroscience that studies the physiology of the nervous system. It makes

use of the physiological techniques in its research, e.g. electrophysiological recordings (using voltage

clamp, patch clamp, etc.), calcium imaging, optogenetics, and molecular biology. Some of the topics of

interests are electroencephalography, neuroplasticity, chemical synapse, brainstem, electromyography,

exocytosis, transcranial magnetic stimulation, long-term potentiation, nerve conduction study, and

transcranial direct current stimulation. Neurophysiology is also concerned with studying disorders

affecting the brain, e.g. meningitis, strokes, dementia, encephalitis, etc., as well as the nerve and the

muscle such as myasthenia gravis and motor neurone disease.

2. Minimal Brain dysfunction

Answer:
Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD) is an obsolete term used in the early 1960s to describe what we know

today as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD.) The original term was changed in the late

1960s to Hyperkinetic Disorder of Childhood, later on to Attention Deficit Disorder, and most recently to

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD) or ADHD refers to an

impairment of brain functions that affects the area of the brain associated with perception, behavior, and

academic ability. More specifically, ADHD affects one or more of the basic psychological processes

involved in understanding or in using spoken or written language, and is characterized by dyslexia,

difficulty in writing, hyperactivity, or mental retardation. The original term made reference to the degree

of lesion or damage to the brain causing the dysfunction. As opposed to the big brain damage found in the

diagnosis of cerebral palsy or retardation, the damage in Minimal Brain.

3. EEG abnormality
Answer:
An abnormal EEG means that there is a problem in an area of brain activity. This can offer a clue in

diagnosing various neurological conditions. Abnormal results on an EEG test may be due to:

-Abnormal bleeding (hemorrhage).

-An abnormal structure in the brain (such as a brain tumor.

-Tissue death due to a blockage in blood flow (cerebral infarction). Drug or alcohol abuse.

4. Brain tumor

Answer:
A brain tumor, known as an intracranial tumor, is an abnormal mass of tissue in which cells grow and

multiply uncontrollably, seemingly unchecked by the mechanisms that control normal cells. More than

150 different brain tumors have been documented, but the two main groups of brain tumors are termed

primary and metastatic.

5. Senile dementia
Answer:
Senile dementia (from Latin de- “apart, away” + mens (genitive mentis) “mind”) is the progressive

decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the brain beyond what might be expected from

normal aging. Although dementia is far more common in the geriatric population, it may occur in any

stage of adulthood. This age cutoff is defining, as similar sets of symptoms due to organic brain

dysfunction are given different names in populations younger than adulthood (see, for instance,

developmental disorders). Senile dementia is a term that was previously used to describe memory loss

and confusion in older adults. It was believed to be caused by the normal consequences of aging instead

of by disease processes but this viewpoint and term are considered outdated. Dementia is still used in a

clinical fashion but someone now would be diagnosed with a specific disorder like Alzheimer’s instead of

being classified as having senile dementia.

 Post Evaluation – 4
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
ENGAGE
I - Answer Briefly: (10 pts.)
1. Define physiognomy
Answer:
Physiognomy is a pseudoscience based on associating personal characteristics and traits with physical

differences, and especially with elements of people’s faces. One common example is associating a high

brow with intelligence and a greater affinity for cultural life. The word is derived from the ancient Greek

word for nature, physics, and the one for judge, gnomon.

2. Explain XXY Supermale Studies?

Answer :
XYY syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that affects males. It is caused by the presence of an extra

Y chromosome. Males normally have one X and one Y chromosome. However, individuals with this

syndrome have one X and two Y chromosomes. Affected individuals are usually very tall. Many

experience severe acne during adolescence. Additional symptoms may include learning disabilities and

behavioral problems such as impulsivity. Intelligence is usually in the normal range, although IQ is on

average 10-15 points lower than siblings. XYY syndrome are often subtle and do not necessarily suggest

a serious chromosomal disorder. Thus, males with this condition are often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.

The most common physical difference is increased height, which usually becomes apparent after the age

of five or six, and results in an average height of about 6 feet, 3 inches by adulthood. Some individuals

with XYY also develop severe cystic acne during adolescence. Fertility and sexual development are

normal. Besides the potential for increased height, most affected individuals typically have a normal

physical appearance (phenotype).

Boys with XYY syndrome typically have normal intelligence, although, on average, IQ is 10 to 15 points

lower than siblings. Affected boys may exhibit mild delays in reaching developmental milestones.

Learning disabilities have been reported in up to 50 percent of cases, most commonly speech delays and

language problems. Reading difficulties are common due to an increased incidence of dyslexia.

In some cases, affected individuals develop behavioral problems such as an explosive temper,

hyperactivity, impulsivity, defiant actions, or, in some cases, antisocial behavior. There is a higher rate of

attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and a smaller increased risk for having an autism spectrum

disorder. XYY syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of an extra Y

chromosome. Normally, males have 46 chromosomes including one X and one Y chromosome. Males

with XYY syndrome have 47 chromosomes, two of which are Y chromosomes. Most cases of XYY
syndrome are due to a cell division error in the sperm prior to conception. Rarely, the cell division error

occurs after conception resulting in a mosaic of cells with 46 chromosomes and 47 chromosomes. The

exact cause for why these errors in cell division occur is not understood.

3. Discuss or elaborate Twin Studies and Adoption Studies, and how do it differ?
Answer:
Twin studies and adoption studies are ways to investigate the effects of nature and nurture on behavior.

Nature refers to biological causes for behavior: this means the influence of genes that have been inherited

from biological parents. Nurture refers to the environmental causes of behavior: this means the

importance of upbringing, regardless of who the parents are. In general, twin studies investigate the role

of nature (genes) and adoption studies investigate the role of nurture (upbringing). Adoption studies and

twin studies are always natural experiments. This is because the IV being investigated (whether you are

biologically related to your family or what type of twin you are) is a naturally-occurring variable. You

can’t manipulate variables like these: it would be morally wrong to force children to be adopted to see

what happens to them and it’s scientifically impossible to cause twins to be born (though certain fertility

treatment can increase the likelihood). Adoption studies look at the impact of nurture on children who are

raised by parents who are not their biological parents. Because there is no biological connection between

the parent and the child, if the child grows up to share the parents’ traits (or the traits of their step-brothers

or step-sisters who are biologically related to the parents), then these traits are probably produced by

nurture. In order to understand twin studies, you need to understand the two types of twins: Monozygotic

(MZ) twins were conceived in a single egg, which later split. These twins share the same genes. This

means they MUST be the same sex. They are also called identical twins – and they usually look identical,

although development in the womb and later health and diet can make them look different. Dizygotic

(DZ) twins were conceived when two or more eggs were fertilized at the same time. These twins share the

same amount of genes as any brother or sister, up to 50% in the case of same-sex DZ twins, but DZ twins

may be of different sex. They are also called fraternal twins and they don’t have to look identical –

although they may be very hard to tell apart. Twin studies are much better at studying the effects of nature

(genes). This is because MZ twins share 100% of their genes, whereas adopted children do not share

100% of their genes with either of their biological parents. High concordance between MZ twins tells us

more about genetic influences than high concordance between children and their biological parents. On

the other hand, adoption studies are much better at studying the effects of nurture (upbringing). This is

because we cannot be sure how much or how little twins share the same environmental influences (or

phenotype). However, we can be sure that adoptive parents provide almost all of the upbringing for

adopted children, but the biological parents contribute little or nothing. Adoption studies don’t face the
problem of assigning zygocity to twins, which can be unreliable. However, modern DNA testing has

greatly increased the reliability of this. Twin studies don’t face the problem of tracking down biological

parents and persuading them to take part in the study. Because of migration and ease of travel in the 21st

century, this problem may be greater now than it used to be.

4. Explain Chromosome Studies the XXY controversy.

Answer:
Sex chromosome abnormalities like XYY syndrome are some of the most common chromosome

abnormalities. Other names for the condition are 47,XYY syndrome, Jacob’s syndrome, XYY karyotype,

or YY syndrome. XYY syndrome, also known as Jacobs’s syndrome, is an aneuploid genetic condition in

which a male has an extra Y chromosome. There are usually few symptoms. These may include being

taller than average, acne, and an increased risk of learning disabilities. The person is generally otherwise

normal, including typical rates of fertility. The condition is generally not inherited from a person’s parents

but rather occurs as a result of a random event during sperm development. Diagnosis is by a chromosomal

analysis, but most of those affected are not diagnosed within their lifetime. There are 47 chromosomes,

instead of the usual 46, giving a 47, XYY karyotype. The term ‘superman’ refers to the presence of the

additional male-defining Y chromosome and affects approximately 1 in every 850 males. The 47, XYY

karyotype, which describes the number and appearance of the chromosomes in a cell, is associated with

neurodevelopmental impairments, including symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The 47, XYY

condition is the most common of all aneuploidies and has generated much scientific interest given early

research, which suggested an association between this karyotype and the likelihood of violent crimes.

Later research, which examined the association between violent crime and the condition in larger cohorts,

debunked this. Instead, these studies uncovered the stronger correlation between the risk of

neurodevelopmental difficulties and the possession of the 47, XYY karyotype. Efforts to make use of

increasing knowledge about the genetic component of human development and behavior have been a

frequent source of serious ethical controversies. Support among geneticists, other scientists and the

educated public for the eugenics movement, which advocated efforts to improve the human race by

controlling presumed heritable characteristics, resulted in such misguided governmental policies early in

this century as the large-scale sterilization of “inferior” individuals. Legislation authorizing such forms of

social engineering was met with increasing criticism from those who questioned the morality of such

practices as well as those who doubted the validity of simplistic biologically determinist models of

complex human social behavior.

5. What are the identity of a person’s that tends to show supermale?
Answer:
-Are taller than the average male, often standing 6’1’ or more

-Suffer from acne or skin disorder

-Are of less than average intelligence

-Are overrepresented in prisons and mental hospitals

-Come from families with less history of crime or mental illness

 Post Evaluation – 5
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
ENGAGE
ESSAY: (5pts.)

1. Why people engaged in violence and aggression?

Answer:
Aggression can happen as a natural response to stress, fear, or a sense of losing control. You might also

respond with aggression when you feel frustrated, mistreated, or unheard especially if you never learned

how to manage your emotions effectively. You might also be more likely to behave aggressively if your

upbringing exposed you to aggression and violence. This could happen if you: Had abusive parents and

caregivers or siblings who bullied you. Grew up in a neighborhood or community where violence and

aggression happened frequently. Experienced cruel or unfair treatment from teachers and classmates.

2. Do you believe that mental illness and insanity of person was inherited? Explain your answer.

Answer:
Maybe. The chance of an individual having a specific mental disorder is higher if other family members

have that same mental disorder. Even though a mental disorder may run in a family, there may be

considerable differences in the severity of symptoms among family members. This means that one person

in the family may have a mild case, while someone else has a more severe case of the mental disorder.

Mental disorders, however, do not follow typical patterns of inheritance. But maybe mental illnesses in

parents represent a risk for children in the family. These children have a higher risk for developing mental

illnesses than other children. When both parents are mentally ill, the chance is even greater that the child

might become mentally ill.

3. Define psychology.
Answer:
Psychology is a discipline that studies the mental processes and behaviors of people in a scientific way

and refers to the study of mental illness, which includes the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and

management of mental illness. It is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Behavior

includes all of our outward or overt actions and reactions, such as verbal and facial expressions and

movements.

4. What is meant by maladjusted person?

Answer:
‘Maladjustment’ is a process whereby an individual is unable to satisfy his biological, psychological or

social needs successfully and establishes an imbalance between his personal needs and expectation of the

society resulting in the disturbance of psycho-equilibrium. Maladjustment refers to disharmony between

the person and his environment. Contrary to adjustment, maladjustment represents a condition or a state.

In which one feels that one‘s needs are not fulfilled and he has been a failure. In establishing harmony

with his self and the environment.

5. Who are the authorized person that able to explain the behavior of criminal?
Answer:
I would say the Psychiatrist and Psychologist because they tried to find out whether criminal behavior is

caused by such personality factors as emotional problems, mental disorders, sociopathy, and thinking

patterns.
 Post Evaluation – 6
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
ENGAGE
I - ESSAY: 10 pts.

Discuss Henry Maudsley

Answer:
Henry Maudslay, (born Aug. 22, 1771, Woolwich, Kent, Eng.—died Feb. 14, 1831, London), British

engineer and inventor of the metal lathe and other devices. Maudslay, who left asylum psychiatry early in

his career, preferred a theoretical understanding of mental illness, emphasizing universal benevolence and

the principles of non-restraint on the one hand and a pessimistic biological view of illness on the other (if

insanity was inherited, cure might be a hopeless task). Maudsley held that criminality was an inherited

disease or condition, a product of degenerate characteristics handed down from generation to generation,

tending eventually to the extinction of the morbid type. He warned of a class of incorrigible, degenerate

criminals, a morbid variety of humankind infesting English cities. Each one of these degenerates was a

‘precocious prodigy of evil proclivities’. He argued that there is a very fine line between criminality and

insanity, a shadowy ‘borderland between insanity and crime’. Sometimes crime is a product of a neurosis

linked to mental disease or epilepsy. Sometimes crime leads to insanity, immoral actions causing

physiological changes, which can be passed on to the next generation. Maudsley counselled tolerance,

however, arguing that the truly insane must be treated in mental hospitals rather than confined in prisons,

and pointing out that the degenerate criminal has little or no control over his or her behaviour, which is

simply a product of defective ‘organization’. But he also wanted to quarantine these natural-born

criminals and the congenitally insane in order to prevent them from infecting normal society; and he

believed that severe and condign punishment is justified because it can sometimes act as a deterrent. He

would welcome a policy of selective breeding (eugenics) in an ideal world, but he thought the practical

problems were insurmountable. Importantly, Maudsley did not believe that all criminals were

degenerates. At an individual level, criminal behaviour can be caused by psychological motivations such

as frustration, teasing, imitation, coercion, the provocation of circumstances, and so on. A strong will, the

ability to control one’s emotions, is thus important. At a social level, he linked increasing crime to

socialism and cosmopolitanism and the overall progress of civilization. General environmental

circumstances play an important role in some criminal behaviour, and so each nation has a responsibility

to educate its citizens, to encourage class affection, and to promote moral and physical hygiene. But it is a

debatable how much faith Maudsley actually had in these measures. At least one of his contemporaries

thought his later writings little more than a ‘hymn for pessimism’. To him, heredity and inheritance were
keys to understanding the disease. Maudsley was a pessimist. Lunatics were simply by-products of

evolution, not fit for treatment. Not even education could alter the inevitable process of decay and

degeneration. In the latter part of his career Maudsley had no contact with asylum life. He was openly

critical of the ‘medical’ role played by asylum superintendents. He was hostile to what he perceived as

flawed systems of therapeutic treatment in lunatic asylums, and critical of the chemical sedatives

administered in asylums. Asylums themselves, he argued, could further damage rather than cure their

patients.

EXPLORE
I. True or False (Just write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False) 2 pts. Each
F 1. Hysteriod component is the third component & has something to do with sociability.
F 2. Maniac component is a component that has a great interest in acquiring wealth.
T 3. Epiliptoid component, these component belongs to a people that are quiet irritated when interrupted
and may display great anger when distracted.
T 4. Paranoid component is closely allied with Autistic component.
F 5. The normal component is likely to worry about things which are unrelated to his immediate interest.
 Post Evaluation – 7
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
ENGAGE
I – Fill in the blanks. Supply the correct answer on the space provided after the number. (2 pts. Each)
1. ID this inquires instant gratification without concern for the rights of others.
2. Ego the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality.
3. Sigmund Freud a psychologists that have considered a variety of possibilities to account for individual
differences.
4. Superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards & ideals that we
acquire from both parents and society.
5. The super ego begins to emerge at around in the age of five?

APPLY
II – ESSAY: Explain the following: (10 pts.)
1. Psychoanalytical Theory
Answer:
Sigmund Freud is said to be the founder of psychoanalytic theory. Psychoanalytic theory is a method of

investigating and treating personality disorders that is commonly used in psychotherapy. Included in this

theory is the idea that things that happen to people during childhood can contribute to the way they later

function as adults. Discover some psychoanalytic theory examples and learn more about this approach to

understanding personality and behavior. Psychoanalytic Theory? Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the

mind-body connection to personality. Freud believed that the mind is made of two parts — the conscious

mind and the unconscious mind — and that the unconscious mind often prompts people to make certain

decisions even if they don’t recognize that they are doing so on a conscious level.

• ID, Ego and Superego

According to Freud, personality has three parts — the id, the ego and the superego. These three elements

of personality are largely driven by a person’s unconscious mind. These three different parts of

personality interact to influence the decisions a person makes and how that person behaves.

• A person’s id seeks instant gratification and pleasure.

• At the opposite extreme, the superego seeks to follow the rules of society and morality.

• The ego is in a constant struggle to balance the id and superego.

According to Freud, a person’s personality is formed by the process and results of struggles. He posits

that most of an individual’s personality is formed by the age of five.

2. Psychoanalytic perspective.
Answer:
The psychoanalytic approach focuses on the importance of the unconscious mind (not the conscious

mind). In other words, psychoanalytic perspective dictates that behavior is determined by your past

experiences that are left in the Unconscious Mind (people are unaware of them). This perspective is still

based on Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective about early experiences being so influential on current

behavior, but the focus on sex is not as great. It is built on the foundational idea that your behavior is

determined by experiences from your past that are lodged in your unconscious mind. While the focus on

sex has lessened over the decades since psychoanalysis was founded, psychology and talk therapy still

place a big emphasis on one’s early childhood experiences (Psychoanalytic Perspective, n.d.).
 Post Evaluation – 8
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
I. Fill in the blanks. Supply the correct answer on the space provided after the number. (2 pts.
Each)
1. Adolphe Quetelet he discovered that crimes against persons increased during summer & crimes
against property tends to increase during water.
2. Robert King Merton he argued that crime is a means to achieve goals and the social structure is the
root of the crime problem.
3. David Emile Durkheim the theory that focused on the sociological point of the positivist school,
which explains that the absence of norms in a society provides a setting conductive to crimes & other anti
– social acts.
4. Albert Cohen he advocated the Sub-Culture Theory of Delinquency.
5. Differential Opportunity Theory this theory explained that society leads the lower class to want
things & society does things to people.

APPLY
II – Essay: Explain the following theories below: (10 pts.)
1. Social Learning Theory

Answer:

Social learning theory (SLT) is a leading explanation of criminal behavior which maintains that crime is

learned and more likely to occur when individuals differentially associate with people who are criminally

involved, experience greater exposure to delinquent models, anticipate or actually receive more rewards

and fewer punishments for crime, and have a greater number of definitions favorable to crime. Empirical

tests have garnered moderate to strong support for the theory. SLT serves as the foundation for many

delinquency prevention and offender treatment programs, and has recently been merged with social

structural concepts into a social structure–social learning model. The main concept in social learning

theory is that learning occurrences by individuals observing others, especially one’s peers. Additionally,

social theory blends behavioral concepts of reinforcement and punishment with cognitive concepts of

awareness and expectations. A reciprocal causation between environmental conditions and cognitive

variables explain the how of learning from this perspective.

2. Strain Theory
Answer:

Strain theories state that certain strains or stressors increase the likelihood of crime. These strains involve

the inability to achieve one’s goals (e.g., monetary or status goals), the loss of positive stimuli (e.g., the

death of a friend, the loss of valued possessions), or the presentation of negative stimuli (e.g., verbal and

physical abuse). Individuals who experience these strains become upset, and they may turn to crime in an

effort to cope. Crime may be a way to reduce or escape from strains. Strain theories are among the

dominant explanations of crime, and, certain strain theories have had a major impact on efforts to control

crime. All strain theories acknowledge that most individuals cope with strains in a legal manner. For

example, most individuals cope with monetary problems by doing such things as cutting back on

expenses, borrowing money, or working extra hours.

3. Social Ecology Theory

Answer:

Social ecology examines the differential developmental of individuals in various environments and the

role of the environment in their propensity to engage in criminal behaviour. It is a broad interdisciplinary

field which references studies of regional, cross-national, and urban-rural differences in criminal activity,

and provides quantitative research into documenting variation in urban crime. Through a mix of

theoretical and empirical contributions, the perspective of social ecology offers new insights into studying

crime causation and gaining a fuller understanding of the role of environmental instigators in matters of

criminal behaviour.

4. Differential Association Theory

Answer:

Edwin Sutherland’s theory of differential association assumes that criminal behavior is learned through

contact with individuals who are themselves criminal. It is therefore also called the “theory of differential

contacts”. The term “association”, however, refines this idea by the realization that it is not sufficient to

merely contact criminal persons, but that during these contacts the criminal definitions and attitudes must

also be successfully conveyed. In his differential association theory Edwin Sutherland proposes that

criminal behaviour is learned. A person will be delinquent if there are prior attitudes that favor violations

of the law, as opposed to attitudes that negatively evaluate violations of the law.
5. Subcultural Theories

Subcultural Theory proposes that those living in an urban setting are able to find ways of creating a sense

of community despite the prevailing alienation and anonymity. The cultural structure is dominated by the

majority norms, which forces individuals to form communities in new and different ways. Subcultural

theory emphasizes how criminals in their own view do not act criminally. As members of subcultures,

criminals have different behavioral requirements and values and norms than those of mainstream society.

These criminals conform to their own subculture. Thus, what is considered deviant or criminal for one

person can be normal for another, even necessary, as it is prescribed by one’s own system of values and

norms. Because deviant behavior is a result of conformity, subcultural theories believe that deviation

from mainstream society is inherently more common in some groups than others.
 Post Evaluation – 9
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
EXPLORE
Enumerate and explain the five (5) principles of Differential Association. (7 pts. each)
1. Criminal behavior is learned
Through the process of communication, and not inherited

2. Learning is by-product of interaction

Meeting the external objective of instruction with a measurable change in behavior.

3. Learning occurs within intimate groups

Primary groups such as family, friendship networks, peer groups. The specific direction of motives,
drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.

4. Criminal techniques are learned

Of committing crimes, motive and attitude

5. Perceptions of legal code influence motives and drives 

Are learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.
 Post Evaluation – 10
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
EXPLORE
ESSAY: Answer Briefly. (10 points each)

1. Explain the statement ‘’why do people do not become criminal”?

Answer:
Because if people have the four main characteristics, attachment to others, and belief in moral validity of

rules, commitment to achievement and involves in conventional activities they will not become a

criminal.

2. What are the four (4) main characteristics that people might become criminal? Explain each.
Answer:
-Attach to others

-Believe in moral validity of rules

-Commitment to achievement

-Involvement in commitment activities

3. Discuss the three (3) major types of control? Elaborate your thoughts.
Answer:
Direct control - it involves monitoring the person's behavior to ensure that they comply with rules and do

not engage in crime.

Stake in comformity- someone should loose something to engage into a crime. This means that when we

try to engage in a crime we should always bear in mind that we would have a lose.

Internal control- this is the human belief in controlling thyself of engaging in a crime. This may refer to

the conscience we have as a humn.

4. What is the importance of social disorganization theory?

Answer:
It links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics. Residents in this areas, experience conflict
and despair, and as a result, anti behaviour.
5. Can you explain the advantages and disadvantages of Social Disorganization Theory?
Answer:
Advantages - It links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics.
Disadvantages - a disorganized area is one in which institutions of social control, such as the family,
commercial establishments and schools have broken down and can no longer carry out their expected
functions.
 Post Evaluation – 11
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
ENGAGE
ESSAY: Answer Briefly. (10 points)

1. Do you believe that crimes against persons are more in summer than in rainy season? Elaborate your
idea.
Answer :
Yes, because during dry season, people get out of the houses more, and there is more contact and

consequently more probability of personal violence

2. What month of the year that crimes are more likely to occur? And why? Explain.
Answer:
April to July having its peak in May, because this is due to May festivals, picnics, and other sorts of

festivities wherein people are more contact with one another.

3. What is the difference between Social Contract Theory from Social Structure Theory?
Answer:
Social Contract Theory – this contract says that in order for everyone to receive justice each person must

give up some of his or her freedom.

4. Enumerate the four (4) types of Sociological Theories? Explain each.

Answer:
Social Structure Theory

– is the idea of “social stratification, which refers to the idea that society is separated into different strata

(levels) guided (if only partially) by the underlying structures in the social system.

Social Process Theory

– are 3 major classes namely; social learning theory, social control theory, and social reaction theory.

Each of these theory seeks to explain criminality and the perpetration of criminal’s act through the

viewpoint of criminality as a social process.

Social Conflict Theory

– Both of homes viewed humanity cynically. In its current from conflict theory attempts to refute the

functionalist approach, which considered that societies, and organizations functions so that its individuals

in group play specific role, like organs in the body.

Rational Theory

– adopts a utilitarian belief that a person is reasoning actor who weighs means and end cost and benefits

and makes rational choice. A rational Choice has a sprung from older and more experimentally

collections of hypothesis surrounding what have been essentially.

5. Discuss Rational Theory.

Answer:
In criminology, rational choice theory adopts a utilitarian belief that humans are reasoning actors who

weigh means and ends, costs and benefits, in order to make a rational choice. This method was designed

by Cornish and Clarke to assist in thinking about situational crime prevention. The rational choice theory

has sprung from older and more experimental collections of hypotheses surrounding what has been

essentially, the empirical findings from many scientific investigations into the workings of human nature.

The conceiving and semblance of these social models which are hugely applicable to the methodology

expressed through the function of microeconomics within society are also similarly placed to demonstrate

that a sizable amount of data is collated using behavioral techniques which are tweaked and made

adjustable in order to ensure compatibility with the spontaneous motivational drives displayed by the

consumer. It adopts a utilitarian belief that a person is reasoning actor who weighs means and end cost

and benefits and makes rational choice.

 Post Evaluation – 12
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
APPLY
ESSAY: 20 points
1. In your own words, explain how the criminal have the opportunity to commit crime. Elaborate.
Answer:
If it has opportunity or situational inducement to commit crime, and if the expected gain from criminal

activity exceeds the gain from illegal activity; generally work. A crime of opportunity is crime that is

committed without planning when the perpetrator sees that they have the chance to commit the act at the

moment seizes it. Such acts have little or no premeditation. A criminal who is an opportunist may not be

looking to commit a crime but will commit a crime but will commit one when the opportunity arises. For

instance, a car that is parked on the side of the road or in the driveway running; or garage door that is

open, but no one is around tending to either situation.

 Post Evaluation – 13
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
EXPLORE
I – True or False (Just write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False) 2 pts. Each
F 1. Psychological criminal behavior refers to action that violates the norms of society.
T 2. Legal criminal behavior these are the actions that are prohibited by the state & punishable
F 3. Social criminal behavior refers to the actions that may be rewarding to the persons.
T 4. Crime is a breach of law and rules.
F 5. Crime is originated from the Greek word “I decide”.

APPLY
II. – Essay: 10 points each
1. Why do people commit crime? Explain from your own words.
Answer:
Because of his/her necessity, emotional, convenience, ignorance of the law and mental illness & pre-
disposition.

2. Explain the statement “Ignorance of the Law Excuses no One”.

Answer:
is derived from Roman law. Essentially, it means that if someone breaks the law, he or she is still liable
even if they had no knowledge of the law being broken.

3. Why is that males are more likely to commit violent crime than girls? Explain
Answer:
Because males are stronger and better able to commit violent crime, hormonal differences make males
more aggressive, grateful greater personal freedom and therefore have more opportunities to commit.
 Post Evaluation – 14
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
ENGAGE
I - Fill in the blanks. Supply the correct answer on the space provided below. (2 pts. Each)
1. Professional Criminals are those who practice crime as a profession for a living.
2 .Chronic Criminals he plans the crime ahead of the time.
3. Criminal by Passion are individuals who are easily influenced by great emotions like fit of danger.
4. Deviant behaviors is a behavior which does not adhere to widely accepted social or cultural norms.
5. Social disruption a term used alternation or breakdown of social life, often in a community setting.

EXPLORE
II-True or False (Just write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False) 2pts. Each
T 1. Some people commit crimes just because of greed and revenge?
T 2. Is gansterism create to commit crimes?
F 3. Taking drugs and alcohol helps to prevent crimes?
F 4. A social definition of crime is a person who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral
maladjustment.
F 5. Acute criminal are those who continue to commit crime because deficiency and lack of self –control?

APPLY
III-ESSAY: 1O points each
1. Who are the Recidivist? Explain
Answer:
Is one who, at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final judgement
of another crime embraced in the same title of the Revised Penal Code?

2. Who are the most likely to commit crime like robbery, theft, drug trafficking and shop lifting? Explain.
Answer:
Drugs are related crime in multiple ways. Most directly, it is a crime to use, possess, manufacture, or

distribute drugs classified as having a potential for abuse. Cocain, heroin, marijuana, and aphetamines are

examples of drugs classified to have abuse potential. Drugs are also related to crime through the effects

they have on the user's behavior and by generating violence and other illegal activity in connection with

drug trafficking.
3. Differentiate Active Criminals from Habitual Criminals? Elaborate.
Answer:
“Active Criminals” are still out in the wild, robbing and stealing and murdering and committing fraud of

all kinds. This are those who commit crimes due to aggressiveness. While Habitual criminals are those

who continue to commit crime because of deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control.