WEEK 6

HEAT
AND
TEMPERATURE
 CONDUCTION
CONVECTION

What concepts of
heat are being
shown in this
RADIATION
picture?
____________________________
____________________________
_______________________
 HEAT TRANSFER
Convection
This is the transfer of heat gas particles
in liquids and gases.

convection currents

liquid particles

Heat is transferred
by the movement
of currents.
HEAT TRANSFER

Methods of Heat Transfer

CONDUCTION –
transfer of heat from
hotter object cooler
object. Energy is
transmitted through
collisions of molecules.

Heat is transferred
by direct contact.
 HEAT TRANSFER
Conduction
This is the transfer of
heat in most solids.

particles of a solid

The kinetic energy of

the particles increases.

Direction of heat
Heat is transferred
by direct contact.
 HEAT TRANSFER

solar
RADIATION- radiation
transfer of heat
by means of
electromagnetic
waves.

radiation
emitted by
plants
 TEMPERATURE

· is the degree of hotness or

coldness.
· is a measure of the average
kinetic energy of molecules.
· can be measured directly
through the use of
thermometer.
 How is temperature related to the kinetic energy of
particles?

Temperature is directly
proportional to the
average kinetic energy of
the molecules in a
substance. If the degree of
motion of the molecules
inside an object doubles,
the temperature will also
double
 In the activity, as time elapses, the temperature of
the water increases. The temperature of the water as it
begins to boil is 100 ºC and remains the same while it is
boiling.
Kinetic molecular theory

● All matter has molecules or atoms which are constantly

moving; thus, they have kinetic energy.
● Molecules are constantly moving but at different speeds and
in the same direction. Moreover, the faster these molecules
move, the more kinetic energy they have. The more kinetic
energy, the higher is the temperature of an object.
● Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of
molecules. When molecules move faster, they have higher
temperatures while when molecules move slower, they have
lower temperatures.
 MEASURING TEMPERATURE
We use a Thermometer to measure
temperature
•Thermometers rely on expansion
• Most objects expand when their
temperature increases
• Alcohol or Mercury Thermometers
use expansion and contraction to
measure temperature.
 TEMPERATURE SCALES
Temperature scales
ºF ºC K Fahrenheit Celsius scale Kelvin or absolute
scale (ºF) (ºC) scale (K)
Boiling point 212 100 373

176 80 353

140 60 333

104 40 313

68 20 293

Freezing point
32 0 273

water
 TEMPERATURE SCALES

Fahrenheit Thermometric Scale

Proposed by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

Celsius Thermometric Scale

Proposed by Anders Celsius

Kelvin Thermometric Scale

Proposed by Lord Kelvin (William Thomson
Kelvin)
There are three temperature scales
1) Fahrenheit Scale: water boils at 212 oF and
freezes at 32 oF, normal body temp is 98.6 oF.
2) Celsius Scale or Centigrade: like the metric
system, it is bases on powers of 10.
- water boils at 100 oC and freezes at 0
oC.

3) Kelvin Scale (Science): water boils at 373 K

and freezes at 273 K. (no degree symbol)
- absolute zero (0 K): motion stops…the
lowest possible temperature you can go. (-273
oC)
Heat is the flow of energy from high
temperature location to a low temperature
location.

Heat is the total energy of molecular motion in a

substance

Heat cannot be measured directly

1 2 3
Heat is the transfer of (thermal) energy between
objects or places due to temperature differences.

The energy that is contained in an object due to

the motion of its particles is called thermal
energy

Heat exists as “energy in transit”

1 2 3
 HEAT
Heat measurement
Heat is measured in units
of joules or calories.

he Units of heat:
at joules (J)
calories (cal)

1 cal = 4.186
1 J = 0.24 cal
J
 If heat is absorbed or given off
by an object, its temperature
changes.

If the object absorbs heat its

temperature rises while if the
object gives off heat its
temperature decreases.

Heat transfers from an object of

higher temperature to an object of
lower temperature.
Upon collision, the particles of the body with
higher temperature transfer energy with the
particles of the body with lower temperature.
 CONVERTING TEMPERATURE
Celsius to Kelvin: TK = T C + 273

Kelvin to Celsius: T C = TK - 273

Celsius to Fahrenheit: TF = 9 (TC) + 32

5

Fahrenheit to Celsius: TC = 5 (TF – 32)

9

Kelvin to Fahrenheit: TF = 9 TK - 459.67

5

Fahrenheit to Kelvin : TK = 5 (TF+ 459.67)

9
 CONVERTING TEMPERATURE
1.Celsius to Fahrenheit TF= 9 TC+32
Convert 37°C to °F 5
9 ( 37) + 32
5
= 333 + 32
5
= 66.6 +32 = 98.6°F

2. Fahrenheit to Celsius TC= 5 (TF-32)

9
Convert 98.6°F to Celsius.
Tc = 5 (98.6°F - 32)
9 = 333
Tc = 5 ( 66.6 ) 9
9 = 37 0C
 CONVERTING TEMPERATURE
3.Celsius to Kelvin TK = T C + 273

Convert 37°C to K
TK = 37 + 2 73

TK = 310 K

4. Kelvin to Celsius T C = TK - 273

Convert 333 K to Celsius.

TC = 333 - 273
TC = 60 0C
 CONVERTING TEMPERATURE
5.Fahrenheit to Kelvin TK = 5 (TF + 459.67)
9
Convert 100°F to K
TK = 5 (100 + 459.67) TK = 2798.35
9 9
TK = 5 (559.67) TK = 310.93 K
9

6. Kelvin to Fahrenheit TF = 9 TK - 459.67

5
Convert 300 K to Fahrenheit.
TF = 9 300 - 459.67
5
TF = 9 (300) - 459.67
5 TF = 540 - 459.67
TF = 2700 - 459.67 TF = 80.33 0F
5
 CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE

1. What is the temperature in Celsius scale if the reading

of the air temperature is 83 ºF? What is the
temperature in Celsius?
Fahrenheit to Kelvin: TK = 5 (TF+ 459.67)
9
TK = 5 (83 +459.67)
9
TK = 5 (542.67)
9
TK = 2713.35
9
TK = 301.48 K
 CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE

2. Convert 40 °C to the Fahrenheit scale.

Celsius to Fahrenheit : TF = 9 (TC) + 32

5

TF = 9 (40) + 32
5
TF = 360 +32
5
TF = 72 + 32

TF = 104 0F
 CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE

3. Convert 27° C to Kelvin.

Celsius to Kelvin : TK = T C + 273
TK = 27 + 273

TK = 300 K
4. Convert 353 Kelvin to Celsius

Kelvin to Celsius : T C = TK - 273

TC = 353 - 273

TC = 80 0C
Thermal Energy –
energy associated
due to the motion of
particles contained
within a system that
is responsible for
its temperature

Heat also used to refer to the

measure of thermal energy
transferred.
 Temperature
Number of
Particles
Thermal
Energy

Phases of
Matter
1. Number of Particles in Body
A pail of water has more thermal
energy than a cup of water
provided that both have the same
temperature and arrangement of
molecules
pail cup

2. Temperature of the object

A 400K object has more thermal
energy than a 50K object
provided that they have the
same number of particles and
same phases.
A. 400 K B. 50 K
3. Phases of Matter
Solid Liquid

Material in liquid phase has more thermal

energy as compared to solid phase
provided that these phases have the same
temperature and number of particles

Physical Science materials from College of St. Benilde

 The amount of heat
transferred is proportional
to the change in
temperature. The greater
the amount of heat
transferred to an object,
the greater the increase in
its temperature.
 THERMODYNAMICS
The study of the transfers of heat energy is
called thermodynamics.
Thermal Equilibrium - is
the state at which two
objects in an isolated
environment gain the
same temperature after
the process of heat
transfer from the body
containing more heat to
the other.
 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

The law of conservation of

energy states that the total
amount of energy in a system
remains constant ("is conserved"),
although energy within the
system can be changed from one
form to another or transferred
from one object to another.
Energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but it can be
transformed.
 EFFECT OF HEAT TRANSFER

Thermal Expansion
is the tendency of matter to change
in volume in response to a change
in temperature through heat transfer.

Phase Change
occurs when heat is added to or taken out
from an object
 EFFECTS OF HEAT TRANSFER
Effects of heat

Heat produces the

following effects on
matter:

Expansion Expansion: The increase in volume which occurs

when a system gains heat.

Contraction
 Effects of heat
Heat produces the
following effects on
matter:
Contraction: the decrease in
Expansion volume which occurs when a
system loses heat.

Contraction
 Expansion and contraction
The gas inside a
Solids Liquids Gases balloon expands
Mercury expands
when heated.
Expansion when heated.
joints expand
when it is hot.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WHAT HAPPENS WHEN

RAILS CONTRACT? A GAS EXPANDS?

The particles move more The particles are far apart

The particles are not free
freely than in solids. and move more freely than
to move. Solids do not
Liquids usually expand in liquids. Gases usually
expand much.
more than soilds. expand more than liquids.
 EFFECTS OF HEAT TRANSFER
Phase Change
Heat changes can be:
LIQUID
When a state endothermic
of matter gains
or loses heat,
it undergoes exothermic

a change.

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SOLID
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 EFFECTS OF HEAT TRANSFER

Phase Change

Melting solid to liquid

Freezing liquid to solid
Vaporization liquid to gas
Condensation gas to liquid
Sublimation solid to gas
Deposition gas to solid
 HEAT CAPACITY

Heat capacity- refers to

the amount of heat
required to increase the
temperature of one
unit mass of a given
material by one celsius
degree.
Heat capacity of an object depends on the:

• Mass
• Type of material
He observes that
the water in the pail
is hotter than the
water in the pool
 The larger the mass of an
object, the larger the
amount of heat it can store.
A cup of coffee has more
heat capacity.
The crust and
the apple jam
have different
heat capacity
The values of some specific heat capacities are given in the
following table.

Material Specific Material Specific heat

heat capacity
capacity Jkg-1K-1
Jkg-1K-1
Water 4200 Copper 385
Ethanol 2500 Lead 126
Paraffin oil 2130 Aluminium 913
Turpentine 1760 Sodium 1240
Hydrogen 14 300 Iron 106
Air 993 Steel 420
Helium 5240 Concrete 880
Oxygen 913 Polypropylene 900
Granite 820 Marble 2100
Beryllium 1970 Glass 600
 Boiling point elevation occurs when the
boiling point of a solution becomes higher
than the boiling point of a pure solvent. The
temperature at which the solvent boils is
increased by adding any non-volatile solute.
A common example of boiling point
elevation can be observed by adding salt to
water. The boiling point of the water is
increased.
HEAT VS TEMPERATURE
Heat and temperature are related but they are not the
how fast molecules vibrate
same. Heat depends on (1) ______________________ and also on
(2) number of molecules
_______________ that vibrate. More vibrating molecules
more internal energy
usually mean (3) _________________. Fewer vibrating molecules
less internal energy
usually mean (4) ___________________. Faster vibrating
higher temperature
molecules mean (5) __________________. Slower vibrating
lower temperature
molecules mean (6) __________________. Heat is measured in
units called (7) ________and
joules (8) ___________.
calories Temperature is
measured in units called (9) celsius
__________________,
fahrenheit
(10)___________ kelvin
and (11)______________. When matter is heated,
it (12) _________.
expands
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the best answer

1. Which of the following energies is transferred

from one object to another because of the
temperature differences between objects?
A. heat C. temperature
B. kinetic energy D. internal energy

ANSWER: A. HEAT
2. The natural flow of heat is always from
________.
A. hot to cold
B. cold to hot
C. lower temperature to higher temperature
D. both A and

ANSWER: A. Hot to cold

3. Which of the following is NOT TRUE
A. Heat can be measured directly
B. All materials have thermal energy.
C. Heat is energy in transit
D. Matter contains heat.

ANSWER: A
4. What happens to the temperature of an object when
the particles are moving faster?
A. reduces
B. increases
C. remains constant
D. increases then reduces

ANSWER: B. increases
5.When a substance undergoes thermal
expansion, its _________.
A. mass increases
B. volume increases
C. particles get colder
D. particles spread out

ANSWER: B. volume increases

Thank you for not
sleeping!!