Music of Medieval, Reinassance and Baroque Periods

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

 SACRED MUSIC

Often accompanied by instruments and its rhythmic character was marked but the sung prayers were often unaccompanied.

Exclusion of women, elevation of unison singing and exclusion of instruments served to establish a clear differentiation between the musical
performance on the synagogue and that of the street.

Choir – group of singers, composed solely of men and boys who assumed the musical role of answering and contrasting the solo singing of the pries

 SECULAR MUSIC

Several groups of Medieval performers developed literary and musical genres based on vernacular texts (Jongleurs)

Travelling performers in Western Europe sang, did tricks and danced to earn their living

Troubadours in the south of France, Trouvere in the North and Minnesingers (a class of Artist-Knights) sang love songs with religious fervour.

 RENAISSANCE PERIOD

Invention of Music Printing helped in the concept improvisation within the performance practice

Printed descriptions of instruments and their discussions of tuning and technique supplied the needs of professional and non-professional musicians

Instrumental, vocal and combined performance both on Sacred and Secular Music

Dissemination of Chansons, Motets and Masses of polyphonic practice into the fluid style

Churches and aristocratic courts hired musicians as composers, performers and teachers

Composers found ways to make vocal music more expressive of the texts they were setting

Secular music absorbed techniques from Sacred music and vice versa

 BAROQUE PERIOD

Common-practice tonality (Harmony, Rhythm and Duration)

Composers experimented with finding a fuller sound for each instrumental part (Orchestra)

Orchestra consists of Strings, Woodwinds, Brass, Keyboards and Percussions (Harpsichord, Organ, Recorder, Cello, Cornett, Timpani, Tambourine,
etc

#1 : Music of Medival, Reinassance and Baroque Periods Music of the Medieval Period (700 – 1400)
• Also known as the Middle Ages or Dark Ages

• Started with the fall of Roman Empire

• During this time, the Christian Church influenced Europe’s culture.

Characteristics of Gregorian Chants

• Monophronic • Free Meter

• Modal

Secular Music is not bound by Catholic Traditions emerged.

Most of these songs were performed across Europe by groups of musicians called Troubadours.

Troubadour Music :

• Usually Monophonic

• Tells of Chivalry and courtly love

• Originated in France

Medieval Music Composers and Singers

1. Heligard Von Bingen

2. Adam de la Halle

3. Guillaume de Machaut

4. Tylman Susato

Music of the Renaissance Period (1400 – 1600)

• Renaissance comes from the word “renaitre” which means “rebirth,revival and rediscovery”

• Is a period of looking back to the Golden Age of Greece and Rome

• Also known as golden age of acapella choral music

Characteristics of Renaissance Music :

• Mostly polyphonic

• Imitation among the voices is common

• Use of word painting in texts and music

 Vocal Music of Renaissance Period

1. Mass – is a form of sacred musical composition that sets texts of the Eucharistics liturgy into music

Five Main Sections of Mass:

 1. Kyrie (Lord Have Mercy

2. Gloria (Glory to God in the Highest)

3. Credo(I Believe in One God)

4. Sanctus and Benidictus (Holy, Holy and blessed is He)

5. Agnus Dei (Lamb of God)

2. Madrigal – a secular vocal polyphonic music composition which originated from Italy.

Characteristics of Madrigal

• Polyphonic • Sung a cappella

• Frequently in 3 to 6 voices

Famous Composers of the Renaissance Period

1. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

2. Thomas Morley Music of the Baroque Periods (1685 – 1750)

• It is derived from the Portuguese word “barroco” which means pearl of irregular shape

Characteristics of Baroque Music

• Melodies sound elaborate and ornamental

• Orchestra consists of strings and continuo

• Melodies are not easy to sing or remember

Music Genres of Baroque Music

1. Concerto - A form of orchestral music that employs solo instrument.

2. Concerto Grosso – Music between a small group of solo instruments called concertino and the whole orchestra called tutti

3. Fugue – a contrapuntal piece

4. Oratorio – a large scale musical compositions for orchestra

5. Chorale – harmonized version of hymnal tunes

Famous Composers of the Baroque Period

1. Johann Sebastian Bach 2. Antonio Vivaldi

3. George Friedrich Handel 4. Claudio Monteverdi

Western and Classical Art

Prehistoric Art – Art has existed since man learned to draw.

• Cave Paintings – prehistoric image found on the walls of the cave all over the world.
Prehistoric Cave Murals

1. Cave of Altamira

2. Cave of Lascaux

3. Cave of Chauvet

• Pre Historic Sculpture – Sculpture is one the oldest arts of man.

• Venus Figurines - considered by late 19th century archeologists to represent the prehistoric idea of feminine beauty called “venusses”

Animal Sculpture – common subject in prehistoric sculpture is the animal. • Prehistoric Architecture - Prehistoric builders moved earth.

Example of Prehistoric Architecture

1. Menhir or Monolith – consists of single upright stone.

2. Dolmen – monument of two or more upright stones

3. Cromlech – monument consisting of one large flat stones.

Egyptian Art - is the aesthetic expression of the Egyptian people.

• The Pyramids – grandest monuments of Egyptian old kingdom.

• The Sphinx of Gaza – has a body of lion and the face of a Pharaoh Khefre.

• The Lighthouse of Alexandria – it is another wonder of the ancient world.

• The palette of King Narmer – early stone relic from the Egyptian Culture.

• The Hieroglyrophics – is an ancient Egyptian system of writing.

• The Rosetta Stone – stone with text written by a group of priests in Egypt

• Egyptian Pottery – mostly made of reddish brown clay

• Tutankhamen’s Golden Death Mask – is made from solid gold and is ornamented with blue glass.

• Nefertiti Bust – is a 3,300 year old painted limestone bust of Nefertiti

• Frontalism – style used by Ancient Egyptian.

Greco-Roman Art – the art of Greeks and Roman is called classical art

• Greek Art – the ancient Greek believed in living in perfect life.

• Greek Vase Paintings – knowledge of Greek paintings comes from painting on vases

• Greek Sculpture – portrayed figures of gods, goddesses, and human being.

Three distinct figures of Greek Sculpture

1. The Archaic Period – sculpture created large.

2. The Classical Period – this was the Golden Age of Greece.

3. Hellenistic Period – aesthetic beauty was less important to the sculpture of this period.

Greek Architecture – one of the Greek’s greatest contributions was in architecture. Three different styles of Greek Architecture

1. Doric – it is the first in the Greek orders.

2. Ionic – second of the three styles developed.

3. Corinthian – most ornate of the three.

• Roman Art – style of artistic expression that flourished in Rome.

Roman Architecture – the roman adopted certain features of Greek Architecture.

1. Pantheon – built as temple of Roman God but eventually became a church.

2. Colosseum – the Romans also devised the round arch.

3. Roman Triumphal Aches – were constructed across the Roman Empire.

4. Aqueduct –is a network of channel used by Romans to bring water down out of the mountains.

The Medieval Art – the word medieval comes from the Latin words medium (middle) and aevum (age)

1. Byzantine Art – it reflects the difference between the development of Catholic Religion. Hagia Sophia – which stands in Constantinople (Istanbul,
Turkey) The Church of San Vitale – another representation of Byzantine Architecture.

2. Romanesque – term to describe structure with round, solid and heavy arches. The Cathedral of St. Sernin in Toulose, France – splendid and
important example of roamnesque.

3. Illuminated Manuscripts – during the medieval period, it is considered as a high art form. 4. Gothic Period – is essentially defined by Gothic
architecture.

4. Gothic Period – is essentially defined by Gothic architecture.

Community and Environmental Health

- A healthy community reflects a sense of well being.

- It is the foundation for achieving all other goals and is essential for a productive society.
- Thus, it also helps in building our country’s economy and in equipping our students to be healthier in order to learn and succeed
academically.

 Community refers to the people of a district or country considered collectively, especially in the context of social values and
responsibilities; society.

 A Healthy Community is one where people have the opportunity to make healthy choices, in environments that are safe, free
from violence, and designed to promote health.

 Health is the condition of having freedom from illness and injury. It allows the individual to effectively deal with the demands of
daily life through a sound body, mind, or spirit..
  On the other hand, Environmental Health includes preventing disease and creating
health – supportive environments.

Importance of Environment to Human Health

We need safe, healthy and supportive environments for good health. The environment

in which we live is a major determinant of our health and wellbeing. We depend on the

environment for energy and the materials needed to sustain life, such as:

• clean air

• safe drinking water

• nutritious food

• safe places to live

• Community Health – is the status of health of a defined group of people.

• Population Health – deals with the health status of different communities.

• Healthy Community – is on that continuously creates and improves both its physical and social environments.

• Environmental Health –is concerned with the analysis and control of the environmental factors that may affect health.

Elements of Environmental Health – for a community to be healthy and for its members to reach their full potential

. 1. Outdoor Air Quality

2. Surface and Groundwater

3. Toxic Substance and Hazardous Waste

4. Homes and Communities

5. Infrastructure and Surveillance

6. Global Environmental

Health Environmental Health Issues – common to all environmental health issues is the lack of political will.

1. Improper Waste Disposal – people produce a significant amount of trash.

2. Air Pollution – All pollution comes from natural and man-made sources.

3. Deforestation –is the purposeful clearing of forested land.

4. Illegal Mining – lack of appropriate certificates and permit to excavate and transport minerals.

5. Soil Erosion – is the weaving away of the topmost soil of a land.

6. Cyanide Fishing – is the use of sodium cyanide (NaCN) to capture a fish in the sea.
7. Pesticide Drift – when pesticides used in agriculture are sprayed, they may be spread in the wind.

8. Oil Spill – may come from the waste of factories.

9. Coral Reef Degradation

10. Global Warming and Climate Change – is the increase of temperature of the earth’s atmosphere.