Paraphrasing is a way for you to smoothly integrate the ideas of someone else into your own essay.

When a writer
paraphrases a section from a source (for instance, when a student paraphrases a few sentences from a newspaper article
to use in his research paper), what he is actually doing is turning the original text into his own words. He's not adding his
own opinion, and he's not using the original wording: he's "translating" the original text into his own language, to flow better
with his own writing.

A paraphrase is an accurate, thorough restatement of the original text in your own words. It will actually be about as long
as the original work, and it will most certainly retain all of the original ideas. Paraphrases, when they appear within a paper,
must be cited, because they are the author's ideas that come from the original work, not your own ideas.

When to Paraphrase:
• When the ideas are more important than the author's authority or style
• When the original language isn't particularly memorable, but the ideas are
• When the original language is too difficult to understand (for instance, when the particular jargon or complexity of
the original work is so difficult to understand that you need to paraphrase it so that the meaning is immediately
clear)

What is the purpose of paraphrasing?

To know how to paraphrase is very essential because of the following:
✓ We can avoid plagiarism because through paraphrasing, we do not just merely copy and paste the words and ideas
of others.
✓ Paraphrasing is useful in making a summary of the text.
✓ Plagiarism is a serious matter that results from one’s inability to restate the original words used by the author.

The following is the 5C rule that can serve as a guide in paraphrasing:

Rule 1: Comprehend understand the text
Rule 2: Change change the words and the structure of the sentence.
Rule 3: Combine combine ideas.
Rule 4: Check check if the meaning has not changed.
Rule 5: Cite cite the reference/ source of the information.

Examples of Paraphrasing
Here is the original source an author might use in a paper:
Differentiation as an instructional approach promotes a balance between a student's style and a student's ability.
Differentiated instruction provides the student with options for processing and internalizing the content, and for
constructing new learning in order to progress academically.

Here is an example of bad paraphrasing of the source. Even though the student is citing correctly, underlined words are
simply synonyms of words used in the original source. You can also see how the sentence structure is the same for both
the original source and this paraphrase.
Differentiation is a way to encourage equality between the approach and talent of the student (Thompson, 2009).
This type of instruction gives students different ways to deal with and grasp information, and for establishing new
learning to move on in education (Thompson, 2009).
Here is an example of a better way to paraphrase the source. In this example, the author has taken the essential ideas and
information from the original source, but has worded it in her own way, using unique word choice and sentence structure.
The author has condensed Thompson's (2009) information, including what is relevant to her paper, but leaving out extra
details that she does not need.
Teachers use differentiated instruction to help students learn, allowing the teacher to cater lessons to the way each
student learns and each student's skill (Thompson, 2009).
Avoiding plagiarism when you paraphrase
• When paraphrasing, you have to be careful to avoid accidental plagiarism.
• This can happen if the paraphrase is too similar to the original quote, with phrases or whole sentences that are
identical (and should therefore be in quotation marks). It can also happen if you fail to properly cite the source.
• Paraphrasing tools are widely used by students, and can be especially useful for non-native speakers who may find
academic writing particularly challenging. While these can be helpful for a bit of extra inspiration, use these tools
sparingly, keeping academic integrity in mind.
• To make sure you’ve properly paraphrased and cited all your sources, you could elect to run a plagiarism check
before submitting your paper. And of course, always be sure to read your source material yourself and take the first
stab at paraphrasing on your own.

Quotations/Quoting
Quotations are exact representations of a source, which can either be a written one or spoken words. Quotes imbue writing
with an authoritative tone and can provide reliable and strong evidence. However, quoting should be employed sparingly to
support and not replace one’s writing.
How Do You Quote?
1. Ensure that direct quotes are provided within quotation marks and properly cited
2. A Long quote of three or more lines can be set-off as a blockquote (this often has more impact)
3. Short quotes usually flow better when integrated within a sentence
When to Quote Instead of Paraphrase:
• When the wording of the original is memorable or vivid and you can't re-write it to sound any better
• When the exact words of an authority would lend support to your own ideas
• When you want to draw attention to the author's opinion

What are the differences?

Paraphrasing:
➢ does not match the source word for word
➢ involves putting a passage from a source into your own words
➢ changes the words or phrasing of a passage, but retains and fully communicates the original meaning
➢ must be attributed to the original source.
Summarizing:
➢ does not match the source word for word
➢ involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, but including only the main point(s)
➢ presents a broad overview, so is usually much shorter than the original text
➢ must be attributed to the original source.
Quotations
➢ match the source word for word
➢ are usually a brief segment of the text
➢ appear between quotation marks
➢ must be attributed to the original source.

Why is it Important to Quote, Paraphrase, and Summarize?

Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve the purpose of providing evidence to sources of your manuscript. It is
important to quote, paraphrase, and summarize for the following reasons:
✓ It adds credibility to your writing
✓ It helps in tracking the original source of your research
✓ Delivers several perspectives on your research subject

What is an outline in writing?

An outline is like a blueprint for writing. Simple outlines list the topics you plan to cover and the order they will go in. Outlines
are usually broken up by paragraphs along with their supporting details like statistical data or logical evidence. When it’s
time to write the first draft, the writer simply follows the outline so they know what to write about and in what order.

Why create an outline?

Topic outlines let you focus exclusively on the structure and fitting everything in the right place. That way, when you’re
writing the first draft, you can focus on details like sentence structure and clarity without getting distracted by the big picture.
Knowing how to write an outline for a paper is particularly important if you want to keep track of your prior research. When
outlining, you can decide the best way to put your findings into sections and paragraphs. The outline not only organizes your
research but also ensures you don’t forget anything when writing the first draft.

Outline structure: What is the outline format?

Easy outlines are structured by paragraph: You list the topic of each paragraph along with a few bullet points about what
goes into that paragraph. This allows you to easily rearrange the order of the paragraphs to find the perfect arrangement
before you begin writing.
✓ The standard outline format uses an alphanumeric system, which alternates letters and numerals at the start of each
section.
✓ Main topics like sections or chapters are listed as Roman numerals.
✓ Paragraphs are usually listed as capital letters.
✓ Points and subtopics within a paragraph are listed as Arabic numerals.
✓ Specific details are listed as lower-case letters.

SPARROWS, ROBINS AND YOU

Early one summer, city workers in Hamilton, Ontario were trimming limbs from trees along the streets. In one tree marked
for cutting, they found nest of baby robins. The workers decided not to touch the limb until the young ones flew.
Later, when the nest was abandoned, they examined it and discovered in the bottom a little scrap of paper. The robins had
used, it along with the dried twigs to build their nest. On the paper were these three words: “We trust in the Lord God”. Now
we don’t know if the workers saw the remarkable significance of these words, but their concern for sparing the tiny robins
was God’s way of caring for his creatures.

Likewise, our heavenly Father takes special care to protect us from dangers we cannot foresee. Sometimes we are not even
aware of His guarding hand, and at other times, His care is evident in unusual ways. Therefore, we can “trust in the Lord”.
The hymn writer John Sammis wrote “He daily spread a bounteous feast and at His table dine the whole creation, man and
beast , and He’s a friend of mine”. Our loving God, who takes care of the sparrows and robins, will most surely protect and
provide for His own children. No wonder Jesus said, “Do not fear.” The trust in God is the perfect cure of fear.
Outlining is one of the reading strategies because...
an outline organizes materials hierarchically and
sequentially by classifying the main topics, subtopics and
the supporting details.
There are two types of outline, and these are:
1. Topic Outline and;
2. Sentence Outline
Topic Outline is a list of words or phrases. It arranges the
ideas hierarchically (showing which are main and which
are sub points) in the sequence one wants and shows
what one will talk about. Topic outlines help a writer see a
larger structure through a series of short ideas. This type
of outline is particularly helpful when writing about a
variety of ideas or issues that could be ordered in any
number of ways.
In making a topic outline, remember:
➢ Recall all the headings and subheadings must be
words or phrases not sentences.
➢ The wording within each division must be parallel.
➢ Remember that a division or subdivision cannot
be divided into one part; therefore, if there is an
“A”, there must be a “B” and if there is a “1”, there
must be “2”.
Sentence Outline is an outline composed of sentences.
Sentence outlines go into the little details of the paper and
are particularly useful when the topic is complex in nature.
All headings and sub-headings must be in sentence form.
It is the type of an outline typically used to plan the
composition of books, stories and essays.
Note:
➢ Roman Numeral (I, II, III) indicates the start of a
new paragraph. I is the first sentence of the
introduction. II. Is the first paragraph of the body,
III is the first sentence in the second paragraph
and so on.
➢ Capital Letter (A, B, C…) indicates a main point
within the structure of the paragraph
➢ Arabic Numeral (1,2,3…) indicates a sentence for
each main point
Basic Pattern
First main point
A. First Sub-point under I
B. Second Sub-point
1. Sup-point B has its own sub-points
Second main point
A. First Sub-point under II

Example of Topic Outline Example of Sentence Outline

I. Trimmings of limbs of trees I. City workers were trimming limbs of trees.
A. A nest of baby robins A. They found a nest of baby robins.
B. Didn’t touch the limbs B. The workers did not touch the limbs until young
II. As the nest was abandoned birds flew.
A. discovered a scrap of paper II. When the nest was abandoned, they examined it.
B. Use of scrap paper and twigs A. They discovered a scrap paper.
C. Words contained in the paper B. Birds used the scrap paper along with the dried
1. significant words twigs for nest.
2. spared the robins C. The paper contained three words, “We trust in
III. Protection of our Heavenly Father the Lord our God”.
A. unaware of His guiding hand 1. The words re significant for them to spare
B. Evident care in unusual ways robins.
IV. John Sammi’s song 2. They spared the tiny robins.
A. Feast of the Lord III. Our Heavenly Father protects us from danger.
B. Dining of the whole creation A. We are not aware of His guarding hand.
C. Friendship between God and His creation B. His care is sometimes evident I unusual ways .
D. Caring of the sparrow and robins IV. John Sammis wrote a song.
E. Protecting and providing for us A. He spread as feast.
F. No to fear B. The whole creation dines.
C. Man and beasts are God’s friends.
Never forget that….
D. He takes care of sparrows and robins.
Topic outline and sentence outline has the same parts and structure;
however, they differ on how the ideas are presented. The topic outline E. He protects and provides for us.
makes use of phrases, while the sentence outline makes use of the F. “Do not fear.”
complete sentence in outlining the idea and details of the text.