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Collapse Analysis 2
Collapse Analysis 2
Collapse Analysis 2
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w.-.wL.,.fti\,.. ~""'J'"""
...........-.... ...._,,.....
..
l.:>o'llllt.Oioll') ....... • .._1 i\1 U<lil
! ·~·· !~ _,_ ,
..
Lood Seqt.~tn<» Nome ,-----
l SILocdCase '8AS1
Nu-nb•r ot lncrementt: ~
Start "9 Lot~d Fcctor r·---
[1--
End•ng lood Foetor
LDSEQ 1 BASl 1 . !MPJ 10 20 .WAVE 5 ;+-
2nd load Cese fJPJ
Number ollncremer!t r;o-
SIM:l•uJ Lood FaciOI ro---·---
Enchg LoMi Foelof ;ro---
Jrdlo&dCasa jNAVE
For the above collapse input fi le, the analysis is performed for a load sequence wherein, first the
entire gravity load (BAS1) is applied followed by the ship impact (IMP3), which is followed by a
wave (WAVE). The energy is first applied in ENERGY line which is overridden on the IMPACT
line. Unloading of structure is allowed for ship impact. No Ship Indentation curve is specified.
Incremental load factor by which the force of 100kN applied at the impacted joint on the SACINP
fi le shall be multiplied is calculated as= (20. - 0.0)/10 = 2.0.
Thus the force is incremented by 100*2 = 200kN for each load step, starting with zero.
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Output reports including joint deflections, joint reactions, member internal loads and
stresses, collapse summary and member summary reports are available. Salient features
of the output reports are discussed below
Additionally SACS creates analysis results file that is read by Collapse view program . It is
thus possible to view coloured plots of the plasticity levels of the elements in the structure
at each event. A typical plot obtained after complete load sequence for an impact scenario
on a brace is presented on the following page. Also the event history and pile capacity
report can be obtained from the collapse view.
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1
100.0
'75 . 0
N ONt
It is to be noted th at from collapse analysis it is not possible to perform a code unity check
on members that remain elastic. If desired only a post damage static/PSI analysis with the
plasticized members and braces corresponding to joint failures removed (Modulus of
elasticity given a very small value), can be performed with appropriate increase in
allowable stresses.
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17 I 28
COLLAPSE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
If prescribed displacement had been used for collapse analysis, then Collapse view can
report the plots of total work versus force/deflection at a joint for a load sequence. Plastic
members and joints are reported in the event history report.
Typical plots for a loading sequence are presented below. From the graph(s) the
force/deflection corresponding to an energy absorbed by the system can be found out.
..
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As demonstrated the SACS collapse module now allows for the removal of the impact
loading and application of the appropriate envi ronmental loading for a post impact
assessment. Thus for a post impact assessment performed within the SACS collapse
module it possible to retain the residual stresses and have a true representation of the
actual stiffness of damaged members or joints in the post-impact assessment.
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4.1 OVERVIEW
Proper Structural design is based on maintaining member stresses within certain allowable
limits for the selected maximum design event. In addition, it is necessary to ensure that the
structure has proper redundancy and reserve strength to prevent catastrophic failure or
collapse if the selected design event is exceeded.
As per API RP 2A, the Reserve Strength Ratio (RSR) is used as a check of ultimate
strength. RSR is defined as the ratio of a platform's ultimate load carrying capacity to its
100-year environmental condition lateral loading.
The 'Plastic Collapse' mode of assessment offers an improved design concept over linear
'Elastic' theory for analysis/reanalysis of structures. The basic concept of the Plastic
Collapse Analysis is as follows:
The load is applied to the structure incrementally. The nodal displacements and element
forces are calculated for each load step and the stiffness matrix is updated. When the
stress in a member reaches the yield stress plasticity is introduced . The introduction of
plasticity reduces the stiffness of the structure and additional loads due to subsequent load
increments will be redistributed to the members adjacent to th e members that have gone
plastic. The phenomenon (progressive collapse of members) will continue until the
structure as a whole will collapse or is 'Pushed Over' .
For large offshore structures the analysis can be highly CPU intensive since each element
is subdivided into eight sub segments and for tubular elements each sub-segment is
further divided into 12 sub-elements around the circumference. Collapse run time can be
decreased by modeling parts of the structure which have little or no contribution to the
overall stiffness of the structure (such as boat landings) as dummy structures. All elements
contained in a dummy structure are removed by SEASTATE module and the loads on the
dummy structures are transferred to the main structure before the collapse analysis is
initiated. Elements whose stiffness may be of significance to the overall behavior of the
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COLLAPSE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 20 I 28
structure but which are not structurally important (such as conductors and conductor
guides, wishbone elements, topside elements ... etc.) should be kept elastic throughout the
loading history.
Further cutbacks in run time can be achieved by pre-combining loads wherever possible to
cut down the number of loads in a sequence. Also, a structure undergoing high level of
nonlinear behavior can result in an increased number of iterations for the solution to
converge. In such cases, it is better to reduce the step size than to increase the maximum
iteration limit. Reducing the step size effectively linearizes the problem and results in
decrease in the number of iterations.
The steps to be followed to carry out the Pushover analysis are outlined below:
1. Perform linear static/PSI analysis with pile soil interaction to identify the critical 100-
year wave directions. Normally at least three critical wave directions need to be
selected.
• Arranging gravity loads in one load combination and the environmental loads in
other load combination.
3. Run SEASTATE with the modified model file to convert the load combinations to
basic load cases on SEAOC I file.
4. Perform collapse analysis of the platform for the critical wave directions with all
members intact (w/o member removal scenario) to determine Reserve Strength Ratio
(RSR) for the platform . RSR is defined as the load factor applied to the design
environmental load prior to collapse or prior to obtaining maximum
displacement. Overall RSR is the lowest reserve strength ratio for all directions
considered.
7. Repeat the above step for all the critical wave directions.
9. The ratio of RSR0 /RSR for a particular direction wave provides a direct measure of
the degradation in capacity of the damaged structure relative to the undamaged
structure.
10. Normally if RSR 0 /RSR is close to unity and/or if RSRo is greater than 1.5 (or so), then
a relatively low inspection frequency can be employed (particularly for High
Consequence/Unmanned installations). If these criteria are not satisfied, the
inspection frequency is set taking into account probability of member severance.
2. The assessment criteria as per API RP 2A, Table 17.5.2b is reproduced here
for easy reference.
Ultimate Strength
PLATFORM Exposure Category
Ana lysis
LEVEL
Manned-
Reserve strength ratio
Nonevacuated
L-1 High (RSR) ~ 1.6
Consequence (see Section 17.6.2b)
Unmanned
(RSR) ~ 0.8
L-3 Low Unmanned
(see Section 17.6.2b)
Consequence
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COLLAPSE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 22/ 28
The following describe the changes that will be required to a standard SACS/PSI inplace
model file to carry out a Progressive Collapse (Pushover) analysis.
1. Retain the gravity load cases and the identified critical 100-year environmental wave
load cases in the inplace model file. All gravity load cases should be combined into
one single load combination and to be output as one single load case on SEAOCI file
from a SEASTATE run . Environmental loading to be specified as separate basic load
cases for each direction.
Following is a model of a platform and input file that has been used to perform pushover
analysis.
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SACINP File
LDOPT NF+Z 1. 030 7 . 85 -9 . 00 8 . 93GLOBMN E'LDCI<B Following l oad combination are selected to
ZCSC-CSP - PUSHOVER ANALYSIS-REVO - 200 7
OPTIONS l·lN D UC 4 4 CP SE PT
be output as basic load cases:
LCSEL ST BASl ENl O ENll EN12 El'N8 +- - --------------1 =
BAS1 All gravity loads
SECT EN10 Wave (270°) load ing
SECT 26108 BOX 60 . 961.190 60 . 961.970 EN11 = Wave (310°) loadi ng
SECT 305C198 \'E' 31.<113.140 33 . 991.920 1.52
EN12 = Wave (330), l oadi ng
ENV8 = Wave (220 ) loadi ng
GRUP
GRUP CN1 CONNECT 20 . 00 8 . 00 24 . 50 1 l. 001.00 N 7 . 8 49
MEHBER2841499 1 5 NOFRP
MEMBER OFFSETS 87 . 00
PST IF
PSTIE' ANG 155Xl15 15 . 500 0. BOO 11 . 500 0 . 800 o. 80o
PSTIF IBM T9X6HI 24 . 700 l. 200 15 000 . 200 1 . 900
PGRUP
PGRUP 8 0 4 1. 9050 20 . 000 0 . 25024 . BOO 9 . 551
PLATE
PLATE VAHV 98<1198489064 TY3SK
PLATE VAII 905190729824 TY3SK
JOINT
JOINT 12 . 192-10 . 668 3 . 650
JOINT 12 . 192 10 . 668 3 . 650
AREAY2 30 . 7 22 . 70 7 . 20 13 . 50 1. 0099BB99BA99BC99BD99BM99 BO
COM
COM l. 00 0 . 650 1 . 600 1. 050 1. 200
CDI·l 500 . 00 0 . 650 1. 600 1. 050 l. 200
MGROV
I-1GROV 0 . 000 3 . 000 5 . 000 1. 40 0
HGROV 3 . 000 9. 000 7 . 500 1. 400
GRPOV
GRPOV DS2 40 .640 40 . 640
DUV.t1Y RISRFENl
KEEP 1221 1220 1219 1 2 1 8 12 17 12 1 6 1215 1214 1213 1 ~12 1 14 20 141 9 1419 1417
KEEP 1416 1415 1414 1413
DELETE 1121 112:0 1119 111 8 1117 111 6 1115 11 1 4 1113 1521 1520 1519 1518 1517
DELETE 1516 1515 1514 1 513
DUHHY RI S RfEN2
KEEP 1426 14 25 1424 1423 1422 1226 1225 1224 1 22 3 1222 1401 1402 14 03 1404
KEEP 14 05 14 06
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COLLAPSE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 24/ 28
DELETE 152 6 1525 1524 1523 1522 11 26 1125 1124 11 23 1122 1 501 1502 1503 150 4
DELETE 1505 1 506
DUMMY RISRFEN3
LOA D
LOAOC N
LOADLB GENERATED DEAD LOAD • BUOYAIICY
DEAD
DEAD -z 11
LOAOCII 2
LOAOLB 2 GENE RATED DEAD LOAD - UO BUOYANCY
DEA D
DEAD -z 0 . 001 11
LOAOCN 3
LOADLB 311011- GENERATED DEAD LOADS (EKSTG)
LOAD 9416 - 12 . 268 GLOB JOIN SEP- SUP
LOADCN
LOADLB 5PIPING OPERATING L OAD(EKIST)
LOAOCN 6
LOADLB 6ELECTRICAL BULK
LOAOCtl
LOADLB 7 FIRE • SAFETY
LOAOCN
LOADLB 8IIlSTRUMENTATIOII
LOAOCN
LOADLB 9BRIDGE - REACTIONS
LOAOCII 10
LOADLB 101\REA LIVE LOADS
LOAOCII 13
LOADLB 13110 11 - GE tiERATED DE.~D LOADS (110 DS )
LOADCN 14
LOADLB 1411ECIIAOI I CAL-EQUI PI1ENT (MODS l
LOADCN 15
LOADLB 15PIPING OPERATI NG LOAD (MODS)
LOAOCN 31
LOADLB 31\"HND LOAD ON BRIDGE (li TO E \·JitlO )
LOA DCII 32
LOAOLB 32Nltl0 LOAD 001 BRIDGE (S N TO NE NINO)
LOAOCN 33
LOADLB 33\·HND LOAD 0!~ BRIDGE(S TO N ~-liHOl
LOAOCII 34
LOADLB 34WINO LOAD OH BRIDGE (SE TO IIW InN D)
LOAOCII 52
LOADL B 52EXTR STORM - r1AXI ~~. o 220 . 0 OEG
~lAVE
WAVE! . OOSTRE 4. 79 10 . 11 8 . 8 4 220 . 00 0 0 . 00 4 . 00 90>!Ml0 1 0
CURR
CURR 0 . 000 0 . 300 220 . 000 0 . 850 NL 'tlOP M~ P
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COLLAPSE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 25/ 28
\H ND 22 . 51 10 . 00 310 . 00 I\P08111A2
~·JIND
VHND I 22 . 51 10 . 00 310.00 APOBYl Y2
LOADCN 86
LOADLB 86EXTR STORM - t-II ND 330 DEG
'i1INO
~·li ND 28 . 85 10 . 00 330 . 00 ,\ P08 ALA2
WI ND
WIND I 28 . 85 10 . 00 330 . 00 AP08YlY2
LCOMB All gravity lo ads applied under load
LC0!1BBAS! 1 1. 000 20 . 0600 1. 080 4 1.1 00 1. 100 1.150
LCCMB BASI 7 1. 150 8 1.1 50 9 1. 060 13 1.100 14 t.L50 15 1.150 c o mbi nation BAS1.
LCOI1BBASI 1 0 1. 000
LCOMB E:N1 0 33-1.000 54 1.000 84 1. 000
34- l. 000
~~ :: ~~~ :~ :: ~~~ ·------------------1
LCOMB EN l l Environmental l oading (Wind and Wave)
LCOMB EN1 2 34-1.000
LCOMB ENV8 32-1.000 52 l. 000 82 1. 000 summed up for each direction.
END
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Collapse analysis requires a collapse input file (CLPINP), wherein the loading sequence on
the structure is to be defined along with other options and data. It is important to note that
the structure is first loaded with the gravity loads followed by environmental load and then
followed by incremental environmental load till the time the structure collapses.
The criterion for collapse is either when the structure collapses as a whole or reaches a
specified maximum displacement limit.
Each loading sequence defines a set of load steps that will be applied in the sequence. A
load step defines the SACS basic load case to be applied, the initial load case factor and
the final load case factor. For each load step, the magnitude of each load increment is
constant and is determined as:
A sample CLPINP file for pushover analysis is presented below with explanations.
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~a.----~~-----
f~rO!Mto'1'1ttiSt Qtr.-.r.'S
...CU',..,f<llol!'ffl}l'... ~,wl'
r- T••~•j.puar:wtN~&tS6s ~nre , ~.~ ..IMOniCJ..':etctd
l)yr..,<l'.~o\l~#.f)f~
t·(10JdHOUIO~JII'9(hef. t: 't(~ r NO
loml&~~ ::V I' U".t''
~ lx.illd• Joc:llflt ·iboi ';U'ft:M ~ ~U• PM~•·'~
Q -~~nngfflCi'tttY ... 411 Mwmb•n floitt
·:~ c...:• rr.od•'"' "'Jfit~Wdd ·~·
C\ef'f'(lll'l'lo T'*t~<:e f(IAi ~
f:«•'!~o-I!T(I(f11111'f:rt 1PJ'II"''; ,, ·r;or~-
RS E'AC 2 . 11 2 . 57 2 . 81 2 . 61 . 11 2 . 57 2 . 81 2 . 61 2 . 51 2 . 51 2 . 8 1 2 . 6 1 1.00
END
,
Axial T ens•on-K 3rd Load Case jENV8
~
Axial Comp_-K
Number of Increments
IN-Plane Bend -K
Starting Load Fador
Oui-O~Piena Bend.-K
Yield Stress Resis . Fodor Ending Load Fader jzoo
-----
< Prev Next > I o_K_...J __c_on
L l_ _ _ cs_l__, __H_•_IP_...J < Prev Next >
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COLLAPSE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 28 / 28
Output reports including joint deflections, joint reactions, member internal loads and
stresses, collapse summary, pile detail report, pile head summary and member summary
reports are available. Salient features of the output reports are discussed below.
Additionally SACS creates analysis results file that is read by Collapse view program . It is
thus possible to view coloured plots of the plasticity levels of the elements in the structure
at each event. The event history and pile capacity report can be obtained from the collapse
view. The event history report helps identify the structure failure sequence. Graphs can
also be plotted in collapse view. Typically graphs for Load Factor or Load step versus joint
X or Y displacement for a particular joint may be plotted.