XII ACTIVITY - 1 TOPIC : RELATIONS

AIM : To verify equivalence relation.

OBJECTIVE :
To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, defined by R = {(l, m) : l||m} is an
equivalence relation.

MATERIAL REQUIRED : Scale, colour pens

PROCEDURE :
Draw some straight lines on a plane among which some are parallel, some are perpendicular to each other
and some are inclined as shown in the fig.

DEMONSTRATION :
1. Let the lines are represented by l1, l2, ………… l8.
2. L1 is perpendicular to each of the lines l2, l3, l4.
3. L6 is perpendicular to l7.
4. L2 is parallel to l3, l3 is parallel to l4 and l5 is parallel to l8.
5. (l2, l3),(l3, l4), (l5, l8) ∈R.

OBSERVATION :
1. In fig, every line is parallel to itself. So the relation R = {(l, m) : l||m} is a reflexive relation.
2. In fig, observe that l2||l3 ⇒ l3||l2.
So, (l2, l3) ∈R ⇒ (l3, l2) ∈R. Similarly,
l3||l4 ⇒ l4||l3.
So (l3, l4)∈R ⇒ (l4, l3)∈R and
(l5, l8) ∈R ⇒ (l8, l5)∈R
∴ The relation R is symmetric relation.
3. In fig, observe that l2||l3 and l3||l4 ⇒ l2||l4.
So, (l2, l3)∈R and (l3, l4)∈R ⇒ (l2, l4)∈R.
Similarly, l3||l4 and l4, l2) ⇒ l3||l2
So, (l3, l4)∈R (l4, l2)∈R ⇒ (l3, l2)∈R.
Thus, the relation R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. So R is an equivalence relation.

APPLICATION :
Check whether the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, defined as {(a, b) : a ⊥ b and a, b ∈ ∠} is
equivalence relation or not.
 * * *

XII ACTIVITY - 2 TOPIC :

FUNCTIONS

AIM : One-one mapping and onto mapping of a function.

OBJECTIVE :
To demonstrate a function (i) which is not one-one but is onto (ii) which is one-one but not onto

MATERIAL REQUIRED : Colour pens, Geometry box.

Function is one-one but onto

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION :
1. Cut two different coloured circles and stick them on the white paper. Let set A is represented with
pink colour and set B is represented with green colour.

DEMONSTRATION :
1. Take the set x = {1, 2, 3}
2. Take the set y = {a, b}
3. Join (correspondence) elements of Y as shown in fig.

OBSERVATION & CONCLUSION :

1. (i) The image of element 1 of set A in set B is a.
(ii) The image of element 2 of set A in set B is b. (iii) The image of element 3
of set A in set B is b.
2. The elements 2 and 3 of set A has only one image in set B. So, figure represents a function.
3. The element of set B has a pre-image 1 of set A.
4. The element b of set B has two pre-image 2 & 3 of set A.
5. (i) Each element of set B has a pre-image in set A.
So, the given function is onto. Hence, a function f : A → B, where A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b}
defined as f = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, b)} is not one-one but onto.
(ii) One-one but onto function :
Objective : To demonstrate a function which is but not onto one-one.

Method of construction :
1. Take two sets A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b, c, d}.
2. Join the point 1 of the set A to point a of set B.
Join the point 2 of the set A to point b of set B.
Join the point 3 of the set A to point c of set B.
DEMONSTRATION OBSERVATION & CONCLUSION :
1. The image of element 1 of set A is element a of set B The
image of element 2 of set A is element b of set B
The image of element 3 of set A is element c of set B. and
element d of these B has no pre-image in set A.
This demonstrates that all the elements but one element of the set B has pre-image in set A. So, we
conclude that the function is not onto. Hence, the function from the set A = {1, 2, 3} to set B = {a, b, c,
d} defined as {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c)} is one-one but not onto.

APPLICATION :
(i) Give one example of a function which is one-one and onto.
(ii) Given one example of a function which is neither one-one nor onto.
* * *
 XII ACTIVITY - 3
TOPIC : CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
OBJECTIVE :
To find analytically the limit of a function f(x) at x = c and also to check the continuity of the function at that
point.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION :

1. Take a function
2. Take some values of x on left side of 4, very close to 4 λ = 3.9, 3.99, 3.999, 3.9999, 3.99999, 3.999999,
3.9999999.
3. Workout corresponding values of f(x) for above given values of x with the help of calculator.
f(x) = 7.9, 7.99, 7.999, 7.9999, 7.9999, 7.999999, 7.9999999
4. Now record the above given values of x and f(x) in the following table 1. Table 1
x 3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999 3.99999 3.999999 3.9999999
f(x) 7.9 7.99 7.999 7.9999 7.99999 7.999999 7.9999999
5. Take some values of x on right side of 4, very close to 4 λ = 4.1, 4.01, 4.001, 4.0001, 4.00001, 4.000001,
4.0000001
6. Now workout the corresponding values of f(x) for the above given values of x with the help of a
calculator.
7. Now record above given values of x and f(x) in the following table 2. Table 2
x 4.1 4.01 4.001 4.0001 4.00001 4.000001 4.0000001
f(x) 8.1 8.01 8.001 8.0001 8.00001 8.000001 8.0000001
DEMONSTRATION :
1. The above two tables 1 and 2 are showing the values of x and their corresponding values of f(x).
2. These two tables are demonstrating that when x is very near to 4 either through values of x smaller
than 4 or greater than 4, the values of f(x) is approaching to 8.

OBSERVATIONS :
1. The value of f(x) is approaching to 8 as x → 42. The value of f(x) is
approaching to 8 as x → 4+.

CONCLUSION :

1.
2. f(4) = 8 (given)

3.
⇒ f(x) is continuous at x = 4

APPLICATION :
This activity is useful in understanding the concept of limit and continuity of a function at a given point.
* * *
 XII ACTIVITY - 4
TOPIC : DIFFERENTIABILITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT

OBJECTIVE :
To verify that for a function f to be continuous at given point x 0, Δy = |f(x0 + Δx) - f(x0)| is arbitarily small
provided Δx is sufficiently small.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION :
1. Draw the curve of the given continuous function as represented in the figure.
2. Take any point A(x0, 0) on the positive side of x-axis and corresponding to this point, mark the point
P(x0, y0) on the curve.

DEMONSTRATION :
1. Take one more point M1(x0 + Δx1, 0) to the right at A, where Δx1 is an increment in x.
2. Draw the perpendicular from M1 to meet the curve at N1. Let the coordinates of N1 be (x0 + Δx1, y0 +
Δy1}.
3. Draw a perpendicular from the point P(x0, y0) to meet N1M1 at T1.
4. Now measure AM1 = Δx1 (say) and record it and also measure N1T1 = Δy1 and record it.
5. Reduce the increment in x to Δx2 (i.e., Δx2 < Δx1) to get another point M2(x0 + Δx2, 0). Get the
corresponding point N2 on the curve.
6. Let the perpendicular PT1 intersects N2M2 at T2.
7. Again measure AM2 = Δx2 and record it.
Measure N2T2 = Δy2 and record it.
8. Repeat the above steps for some more points so that Δx becomes smaller ands maller.

OBSERVATION :
1.
S.No. Value of increment in x0 Corresponding increment in y
1. |Δx1|=5 cm |Δy1|=0.7 cm
2. |Δx2|=3 cm |Δy2|=0.4 cm
3. |Δx3|=1 cm |Δy3|=0.2 cm
4. |Δx4|=0.5 cm |Δy4|=0.1 cm
5. |Δx5|=0.2 cm |Δy5|=0.05 cm
6. |Δx6|=0.1 cm |Δy6|=0.01 cm
 7. |Δx7|=0.05 cm |Δy7|=0 cm
8. |Δx8|=0.03 cm |Δy8|=0 cm
9. |Δx9|=0.01 cm |Δy9|=0 cm
2. So Δy becomes 0 when Δx becomes smaller.

3. Thus for a continuous function.

APPLICATION :
This activity is helpful in explaining the concept of derivative (left hand or right hand) at any point on the
curve corresponding to a function.
* * *
 XII ACTIVITY - 5
TOPIC : WORD PROBLEMS ON MAXIMA AND MINIMA

OBJECTIVE :
(SET-1)

To construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet by cutting equal square
pieces from each corner.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION :
1. Take a rectangular chart-paper of size 45 cm x 24 cm and name it as rectangle ABCD.
2. Cut-out four equal square pieces of size 1cm x 1 cm from each corner. Now fold up the flaps to form
an open rectangular box from this chart paper with the help of cellotape. Measure the length, breadth
and height of this open box with the help of scale. Workout the volume of the open box using the
formula V = length x breadth x height.
3. The another rectangular chart paper sheet of same size (45 cm x 24 cm) and repeat the above process
by cutting out squares of size (2 cm x 2 cm) from each corner and measure its length, breadth and
height and find the volume of the open box.

4. Now take a third rectangular chart paper sheet of same size (45 cm x 24 cm). Again remove equal
square pieces of size 3 cm x 3 cm from each corner and measure its length, breadth and height and
find its volume.
5. Go on repeating this process by cutting out equal squares pieces from each corner of sizes 4cm x 4cm,
5cm x 5cm, 6cm x 6cm and 7cm x 7cm. In each case make an open rectangular box by folding up the
flaps. Now measure the length, breadth and height of the each box and calculate their volume.

DEMONSTRATION :
1. When x = 1, l = (45 - 2) cm = 43 cm, b = (24 - 2) cm = 22 cm and height = 1 cm Volume
V1 = (43 x 22 x 1) cm3 = 946 cm3.
2. When x = 2 cm, l = (45 - 4) cm = 41 cm, b = (24 - 4) cm = 20 cm and height = 2 cm
Volume V2= (41 x 20 x 2) cm3 = 1640 cm3.
3. When x = 3 cm, l = (45 - 6) cm = 39 cm, b = (24 - 6) cm = 18 cm and height = 3 cm
Volume V3 = 43 x 18 x 3 cm3 = 2106 cm3.
4. When x = 4 cm, l = (45 - 8) cm = 37 cm, b = (24 - 8) cm = 16 cm and height = 4 cm
Volume V4 = 37 x 16 x 4 cm3 = 2368 cm3.
5. When x = 5 cm, l = (45 - 10) cm = 35 cm, b = (24 - 10) cm = 14 cm and height = 5 cm
Volume V5 = 35 x 14 x 5 cm3 = 2450 cm3.
6. When x = 6 cm, l = (45 - 12) cm = 33 cm, b = (24 - 12) cm = 12 cm and height = 6 cm
Volume V6 = 33 x 12 x 6) cm3 = 2376 cm3.
7. When x = 7 cm, l = (45 - 14) cm = 31 cm, b = (24 - 14) cm = 10 cm and height = 7 cm
Volume V7 = 31 x 10 x 7 cm3 = 2170 cm3.
OBSERVATION :
1. When x = 1 cm, then V1 = 946 cm3
2. When x = 2 cm, then V2 = 1640 cm3 3. When x = 3 cm, then V3 = 2106
cm3
4. When x = 4 cm, then V4 = 2368 cm3
5. When x = 5 cm, then V5 = 2450 cm3 (Maximum volume)
6. When x = 6cm, then V6 = 2376 cm3
7. When x = 7 cm, then V7 = 2170 cm3
From the above values, we conclude that volume is maximum = 2450 cm 3 when size of square to be
removed from each corner is 5 cm x 5 cm.
* * *
 XII ACTIVITY - 5
TOPIC : WORD PROBLEMS ON MAXIMA AND MINIMA

OBJECTIVE :
(SET-2)

To find the time when the area of a rectangle of given dimensions become maximum if the length is
decreasing and breadth is increasing at given rates.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION :
1. Take a rectangular piece of chart paper R1 of dimensions 16 cm x 8 cm.
2. Assume that length of the rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 1 cm/sec and the breadth is increasing
at the rate of 2 cm/sec.
3. Take other rectangles R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 R7 R8 and R9 of dimensions 15 cm x 10 cm, 14 cm x 12 cm, 13 cm x
14 cm, 12 cm x 16 cm, 11 cm x 18 cm, 10 cm x 20 cm, 9 cm x 22 cm and 8 cm x 24 cm.
4. Paste these rectangle on the card board and find their areas.

DEMONSTRATION
1. Rectangle R1 has the dimensions 16 cm x 8 cm and its length is decreasing at the rate of 1 cm/sec and
breadth is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec.
2. (i) Area of the rectangle R1 = 16 cm x 8 cm = 128 cm2
(ii) Area of the rectangle R2 = 15 cm x 10 cm = 150
cm2 (iii) Area of the rectangle R3 = 14 cm x 12 cm = 168
cm2 (iv) Area of the rectangle R4 = 13 cm x 14 cm = 182
cm2 (v) Area of the rectangle R5 = 12 cm x 16 cm = 192
cm2
(vi) Area of the rectangle R6 = 11 cm x 18 cm = 198 cm2
(vii) Area of the rectangle R7 = 10 cm x 20 cm = 200 cm2
(viii) Area of the rectangle R8 = 9 cm x 22 cm = 198 cm2
(ix) Area of the rectangle R9 = 8 cm x 24 cm = 192 cm2

OBSERVATION :
1. Area of the rectangle R2 (after 1 sec) = 150
cm . 2. Area of the rectangle R3 (after 2 sec) = 168 cm2
2

3. Area of the rectangle R4 (after 3 sec) = 182

cm .
2

4. Area of the rectangle R5 (after 4 sec) = 192 cm2

5. Area of the rectangle R6 (after 5 sec) = 198 cm2
6. Area of the rectangle R7 (after 6 sec) = 200 cm2 → maximum area
7. Area of the rectangle R8 (after 7 sec) = 198 cm2
8. Area of the rectangle R9 (after 8 sec) = 192 cm2
Rectangle of maximum area (after 6 sec) = 200 cm2.
Area of the rectangular is maximum after 6 sec.
2

∴ Maximum are of the rectangle is 200 cm . This can be verified using theoretical description given in
notes.
* * *
 XII ACTIVITY - 5
TOPIC : WORD PROBLEMS ON MAXIMA AND MINIMA

OBJECTIVE :
(SET-3)

To verify that amongst all the rectangles of the same perimeter, the square has a maximum are.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION :
1. Take the drawing board and fix the white paper sheet with the help of board pins on it.
2. Take perimeter of the rectangle = 48 cm and draw the rectangles on white paper sheet in such a way
that perimeter of rectangles is 48 cm and different lengths and breadths.
3. Cut all the rectangles of following dimensions :
4. P = 48 cm, l1 = 16 cm, b1 = 8 cm ⇒ A1 = l1 x b1 = 16 cm x 8 cm = 128 cm2.
5. P = 48 cm, l2 = 15 cm, b2 = 9cm ⇒ A2 = l2 x b2 = 15 cm x 9 cm x 135 cm2 6. P = 48 cm, l3 = 14 cm, b3 =
10 cm ⇒ A3 = l3 x b3 = 14 cm x 10 cm = 140 cm2.
7. P = 48 cm, l4 = 13 cm, b4 = 11 cm ⇒ A4 = l4 x b4 = 13 cm x 11 cm = 143 cm2.
8. P = 48 cm, l5 = 12 cm, b5 = 12 cm ⇒ A5 = l5 x b5 = 12 cm x 12 cm = 144 cm2.
9. P = 48 cm, l6 = 11 cm, b6 = 13 cm ⇒ A6 = l6 x b6 = 11 cm x 13 cm = 143 cm2.
10. P = 48 cm, l7 = 10 cm, b7 = 14 cm ⇒ A7 = l7 x b7 = 10 cm x 14 cm = 140 cm2.

DEMONSTRATION :
1. Area of rectangle R1 = 128 cm2
2. Area of rectangle R2 = 135 cm2
3. Area of rectangle R3 = 140 cm2
4. Area of rectangle R4 = 143 cm2
5. Area of rectangle R5 = 144 cm2
6. Area of rectangle r6 = 143 cm2
7. Perimeter of each rectangle R7 = 140 cm2
8. Perimeter of each rectangle is same but their areas are different. Area of rectangle R 5 = 144 cm2, this is
maximum area. This can be verified theoretical description in the note (given at last).
OBSERVATION :
1. Perimeter of each rectangle R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 = 48 cm.
2. Area of the rectangle R2 is greater than the area of the rectangle R1.
3. Area of the rectangle R3 is greater than the area of the rectangle R2. 4. Area of the rectangle R4 is greater
than the area of the rectangle R3.
5. Area of the rectangle R5 is greater than the area of the rectangle R4.
6. Area of the rectangle R6 is smaller than the area of the rectangle R5.
7. Area of the rectangle R7 is smaller than the area of the rectangle R6.
8. The rectangle R5 has the dimension 12 cm x 12 cm and hence it is a square.
9. Of all the rectangles with same perimeter the square has the maximum area.

APPLICATION
This activity explain the concept maximum value of a function. This concept can be used in preparing
economical packages.
Notes : The following mathematical proof verifies that the above activity is correct.
Given Perimeter = 48 cm
⇒ 2(l + b) = 48
⇒ l + b = 24
Let b = x cm, then l = (24 - x) cm
Hence area A = lb = x(24 - x)
2

⇒ A = 24x - x

For maximum or minimum value of x,

24 - 2x = 0
∴

⇒ x = 12

Now
⇒
⇒ x = 12 maximises A
Thus, b = 12 cm and l = 24 - x = 24 - 12 = 12 cm.
Hence the rectangle of perimeter 48 cm becomes a square of perimeter 48 cm and side = 12 cm when its
area is maximum.
* * *
 XII ACTIVITY -
6 TOPIC : INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE
INTEGRAL
 XII ACTIVITY - 7(A) TOPIC :
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

XII ACTIVITY - 7 (B) TOPIC :

THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
 XII ACTIVITY - 8
TOPIC : EQUATION OF PLANE IN NORMAL
FORM

XII ACTIVITY - 9 (A)

TOPIC : PROBABILITY
 XII ACTIVITY - 9(B)
TOPIC : EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTION
 XII ACTIVITY - 10
TOPIC : RELATION BETWEEN COMMON LOGARITHM AND NATURAL
LOGARITHM