Hydrogen bond

Hydrogen bond - attraction between a covalently bound

hydrogen atom to covalently bound electronegative atom (O, N, F,
Cl).
This amazing fact has not yet found an unambiguous
explanation. Of course, water plays a huge role in the origin and
existence of life on our planet. This is largely due to properties that
its closest neighbors and analogues do not have. First of all, you
need to understand why water can be in a liquid and even in a solid
state under conditions in which similar compounds of hydrogen
with heavier elements are gaseous. A hydrogen bond requires two
polar covalent bonds, of which one involves a hydrogen atom
bearing an effective positive charge, and another – an
electronegative atom (oxygen, nitrogen, halogen) with an effective
negative charge. Normally, the hydrogen bonds play a crucial role
in the intermolecular interaction, although there are numerous
examples of intramolecular hydrogen bonds (e.g. in proteins). The
hydrogen bond is a key interaction in supramolecular chemistry. It
defines the structure of proteins, DNA double helix, water and ice,
supramolecular assemblies and polymers, and influences the
properties of many solutions.
For the formation of hydrogen bonds, it is important that the
molecules of the substance contain hydrogen atoms associated
with small but electronegative atoms, for example: O, N, F. This
creates a noticeable partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms.
On the other hand, it is important that electronegative atoms have
lone pairs. When the electron-depleted hydrogen atom of one
molecule (acceptor) interacts with the lone electron pair on the N,
O, or F atom of another molecule (donor), a bond appears similar
to a polar covalent bond.
The energy of a hydrogen bond varies within a wide range
from 5 to 100 kJ / mol, but usually a hydrogen bond is much
weaker than a covalent bond Depending on the energy, the
hydrogen bond has a different character: from purely electrostatic
(weak bond) to predominantly covalent (strong bond).
References:

G.C.Pimentel, A.L.McClellan. Hydrogen bond,M.,1964

Epshtein L.M., Shubina E.S. The many-sided hydrogen bond. "Nature", 2003, No. 1