Basic Chemistry 1 Aqueous Solutions

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Basic Chemistry 1 Aqueous Solutions
Solutions

Solution: mixture of two or more substances

Solute: substance in smaller amount

Solvent: substance in larger amount

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Basic Chemistry 1 Aqueous Solutions
Solutions

Solute: substance in smaller amount

Solution: mixture of two or more substances
Solvent: substance in larger amount
Types of Solutions

(c)
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Basic Chemistry 1 Aqueous Solutions

Water: the universal solvent

Polar Substances

Water is a polar substance

charge
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Polar Substances: Structure of Water

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Polar Substances: Structure of Water

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Dissociation in Water

H2 O
NaCl(s) Na+(aq)+ Cl -(aq)

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Basic Chemistry 1 Aqueous Solutions
Solution Concentration
The concentration of a solution is a measure on how much solute is dissolved in a
specific amount of solvent or solution.

Concentration can be described

qualitatively as concentrated or diluted.

Solutions are more often described

quantitatively.

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Solution Concentration: Molarity

Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution.

To calculate the molarity of a solution, divide the moles of solute by the volume of the
solution.

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Solution Concentration: Molality

Molality (m) is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one kg of solvent.

To calculate the molarity of a solution, divide the moles of solute by the mass of
solvent.

Why molality?
The volume of a solution changes with temperature as it expands or contracts. This
change in volume affects the Molarity.

Masses do not change with temperature!

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Basic Chemistry 1 Aqueous Solutions
Solution Concentration: Mole Fraction

Mole fraction (XA) ratio of the number of moles of solute in solution to the total number
of moles of solute and solvent.
XA is the mole fraction for the solute, and XB for the solvent

𝒏𝑨 𝒏𝑩
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐗𝐀 = 𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐗𝐁 =
𝒏𝑨 + 𝒏𝑩 𝒏𝑨 + 𝒏𝑩

Mole fractions are dimensionless.

Mole fractions are temperature independent.

The mole fraction of all components of a solution, when added together, will equal 1.
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Basic Chemistry 1 Aqueous Solutions
Solution Concentration: Percent

Percent by mass (m/m) ratio of the mass of solute in solution to the total solution’s mass,
expressed as a percent.
𝒎Τ 𝒎𝑨 𝐦𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞
% 𝒎 = · 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = · 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝑨 +𝒎𝑩 𝐦𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Percent by volume (V/V) ratio of the volume of solute to the total volume of the
solution, expressed as a percent

𝑽Τ 𝑽𝑨 𝐕𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞
% 𝑽 =𝑽 · 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝐕 · 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑨 +𝑽𝑩 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Percent by volume usually describe solutions in which both solute and solvent are liquids.
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Solution Concentration: Percent

Percent by mass/volume (m/v) mass of solute dissolved in a volume of solution,

expressed as a percent

𝒎Τ 𝐦𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐠
% 𝑽 = · 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐕𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐋

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Solution Concentration: Parts per million/billion

Units used in Environmental Analysis

Representation Example Typical Units
mass pollutant / total mass mg/kg in soil ppmm
mass pollutant / total volume mg/L in water mg/L
volume pollutant / total volume volume fraction in air ppmv
moles pollutant / total volume moles/L in water M

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Diluting Solutions
In the laboratory, you might use concentrated solutions of standard molarities, called
stock solutions.
Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more
concentrated one.

You can prepare a less-concentrated taking only a portion of the stock solution and
adding solvent.

𝑴 𝒊 𝑽𝒊 = 𝑴 𝒇 𝑽𝒇 𝑪𝒊 𝑽𝒊 = 𝑪𝒇 𝑽𝒇

Adding more solvent to a given amount of the stock solution changes (decreases) the
concentration of the solution without changing the number of moles of solute present in the
solution
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Preparing Aqueous Solutions: Glassware

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Preparing Aqueous Solutions

By dilution of stock solution

n
C C
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Preparing Aqueous Solutions

By weighing a chemical compound

FeSO4·5(H2O)

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Calculations
Calcium chloride, CaCl2, can be used instead of road salt to melt
the ice on roads during the winter. To determine how much calcium chloride
had been used on a road, a student took a sample to analyze. The sample had a
mass of 23,47 g. When the solution was evaporated, the residue had a mass of
4,58 g. (Assume that no other solutes were present.)
What was the mass/mass percent of calcium chloride in the slush? How many
grams of calcium chloride were present in 100 g of solution?
𝒎𝑨 𝐦𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞
• Use the Formula % 𝒎Τ
𝒎 =
𝒎𝑨 +𝒎𝑩
· 𝟏𝟎𝟎 =
𝐦𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
· 𝟏𝟎𝟎

4,58 g
% (m/m) = × 100 =19,5 %
23,47 g
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Calculations
Rubbing alcohol is commonly used as an antiseptic for small cuts. It is sold as a
70% (v/v) solution of isopropyl alcohol in water. What volume of isopropyl
alcohol is used to make 500 mL of rubbing alcohol?
𝑽𝑨 𝐕𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞
• Use the Formula % 𝑽Τ
𝑽 =𝑽 · 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝐕 · 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑨 +𝑽𝑩 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Vsolute
% (V/V) = × 100 = 70 %
500 mL

Vsolute = 70 · 500 mL = 350 mL

100

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Calculations

A pharmacist adds 2,00 mL of distilled water to 4,00 g of a powdered

drug. The final volume of the solution is 3,00 mL. What is the
concentration of the drug in g/100 mL of solution? What is the percent
(m/v) of the solution?
𝐦𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐠
• Use the Formula % 𝒎Τ
𝑽 =𝐕 · 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐋

4,00 g
% (m/V) = × 100 = 133 %
3,00 mL

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Calculations
A saline solution contains 0,90 g of sodium chloride, NaCl, dissolved in
100 mL of solution. What is the molar concentration of the solution?

• Use the Formula

• Convert all data to the required units!!!

1,54·10-2 mol
M= = 1,54·10-1 M
0,100 L

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Calculations
At 20 ºC, a solution of calcium sulfate, CaSO4, has a concentration of
0,0153 mol/L. A student takes 65 mL of this solution and evaporates it.
What mass (in g) is left in the evaporating dish?

• Use the Formula

• Convert all data to the required units!!!

Amount of solute = Molarity × Volume of solution

nsolute = 0,0153 mol/L × 0,065 L = 9,94·10-4 mol CaSO4

msolute = nsolute·Msolute = 9,94·10-4 mol · 136,14 g/mol = 0,135 g CaSO4

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Calculations
For a class experiment, you must make 2,0 L of 0,10 mol/L sulfuric acid.
This acid is usually sold as an 18 M concentrated solution. How much of
the concentrated solution should be used to make a new solution with the
correct concentration?
• Use the Formula 𝑪𝒊 𝑽𝒊 = 𝑪𝒇 𝑽𝒇

0,10 mol/L · 2,0 L

Vi = = 0,011 L
18 mol/L

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Calculations
To prepare a very dilute solution, it is advisable to perform successive dilutions of a single
prepared reagent solution, rather than to weigh out a very small mass or to measure a very
small volume of stock chemical.
A solution was prepared by transferring 0,661 g of K2Cr2O7 to a 250,0-mL volumetric
flask and adding water to the mark. A sample of this solution of volume 1,000 mL was
transferred to a 500,0-mL volumetric flask and diluted to the mark with water.
Then 10,0 mL of the diluted solution was transferred to a 250,0-mL flask and diluted to
the mark with water.
(a) What is the final concentration of K2Cr2O7 in solution?
(b) What mass of K2Cr2O7 is in this final solution? (The answer to the last question gives
the amount that would have had to have been weighed out if the solution had been
prepared directly.)

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Calculations
A solution was prepared by transferring 0,661 g of K2Cr2O7 to a 250,0-mL volumetric
flask and adding water to the mark. A sample of this solution of volume 1,000 mL was
transferred to a 500,0-mL volumetric flask and diluted to the mark with water.
Then 10,0 mL of the diluted solution was transferred to a 250,0-mL flask and diluted to
the mark with water.
(a) What is the final concentration of K2Cr2O7 in solution?
• Count the number of solutions: 3 Solutions 1,000 mL 10,0 mL

• Use the Formula 𝑪𝒊 𝑽𝒊 = 𝑪𝒇 𝑽𝒇

C3 = 7,20 ·10-7 M

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Calculations
(b) What mass of K2Cr2O7 is in this final solution? (The answer to the last question gives
the amount that would have had to have been weighed out if the solution had been
prepared directly.)

• Use the Formula

n3 = 1,80 ·10-7 mol

• Use the Formula msolute = nsolute·Msolute

m3 = 5,30 ·10-5 g

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