Coordinate Geometry

7.1 Division of a Line Segment

 
 

 
A point P (x, y) that divides a line segment joining 

A(x1 , y1 ) and
​ ​

B(x2 , y2 ) in the ratio of

​ ​

m : n is given by

 
nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2
P =( , )
​ ​ ​ ​

m+n m+n
​ ​ ​

 
 
 
For the case m = n, the point is a midpoint and is given by
 
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
M =( , )
​ ​ ​ ​

2 2
​ ​ ​

 
Example:

Find the coordinates of point P  which divides the straight line AB  in the ratio AP : P B.

 
A(−3, 2), B(7, 17);
​ ​

AP : P B = 2 : 3

 
2(7) + 3(−3) 2(17) + 3(2)
P =( , )
2+3 2+3
​ ​

​ ​

= (1, 8).

 
 

 7.2 Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines

 
 
 
If two straight lines are parallel, then their gradients are equal, that is m1 ​ = m2 , and vice versa.
​

 
Example:

Given that the following pair of straight lines are parallel, find the value of k .

 
3x + ky = 2

and
​ ​

4y + x − 8 = 0

 
Write in the gradient form.
 
3x + ky = 2

ky = −3x + 2

3
​

2 ​

 y = − x +​

k k

3
∴ m1 = − .
k
​ ​

 
and
 
4y + x − 8 = 0

4y = −x + 8

1 ​ ​

y =− x+2
4
​

1
∴ m2 = − .
4
​ ​

 
Since the following pair of straight lines are parallel, hence
 
m1 = m2 .
​ ​

 
Therefore,
 
3 1
− =−
k 4
​ ​

​ ​

k = 12.

 
 

 
If two straight lines are perpendicular, then the product of their gradients is −1, that is m1 m2
​ ​ = −1, and vice versa.
 
Example:

Given that the following pair of straight lines are perpendicular, find the value of p.

 
px + 6y = 8

and
​ ​

y − 6x = 24

 
Write in gradient form.
 
px + 6y = 8

6y = −px + 8

p 4 ​ ​

y =− x+
6 3
​

p
∴ m1 = − .
6
​ ​

 
and
 
y − 6x = 24

y = 6x + 24
​ ​

∴ m2 = 6. ​

 
Since the following pair of straight lines are perpendicular, hence
 
m1 m2 = −1.
​ ​

 
Therefore,
 
p
(− ) (6) = −1
6
​

−p = −1 ​ ​

p = 1.

 
 

7.3 Areas of Polygons

 
 
 
Area of ΔABC

 
∣x1 x2 x3 x1 ∣∣
1 ∣ ​ ​ ​ ​

= ∣ ↘
↗ ↘
↗ ↘
↗ ∣
2
​

∣
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

∣ ​ ​

∣ y1 y2 y3 y1 ∣∣
∣ ​ ​ ​ ​

 
1
= ∣(x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 ) − (x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 )∣
2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

 
 
 
Area of quadrilateral P QRS

 
∣x1 x2 x3 x4 x1 ∣∣
1 ∣ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

= ∣ ↘
↗ ↘
↗ ↘
↗ ↘
↗ ∣
2
​

∣
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

∣ ​ ​

∣ y1 y2 y3 y4 y1 ∣∣
∣ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

 
1 ∣ (x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y4 + x4 y1 ) ∣
= ∣ ​ ​

∣ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2
​

∣ −(x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x4 y3 + x1 y4 )∣
​ ​ ​

∣ ​ ​

∣ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

 
 
In general, when the coordinates of each vertex of a polygon are known, we can determine the area of the polygon using
 
∣x1 x2 x3 ... xn x1 ∣∣
1 ∣ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

= ∣ ↘
↗ ↘
↗ ↘
↗ ↘
↗ ↘
↗ ∣
2
​

∣
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

∣ ​ ​

∣ y1 y2 y3 ... yn y1 ∣∣
∣ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

 
1 ∣ (x1 y2 + x2 y3 + ... + xn y1 ) ∣
= ∣ ​ ​

∣ ​ ​ ​

2
​

∣ −(x2 y1 + x3 y2 + ... + x1 yn )∣
​ ​ ​

∣ ​ ​

∣ ​ ​ ​ ​

 
Example:

Find the area of the triangle with the vertices given.

A(−7, 5), B(2, −4), C(4, 3)

 
Based on the question,
 
A(−7, 5), B(2, −4), C(4, 3)

 
Then, the area of the triangle ΔABC

 
∣ −7 2 4 −7∣∣
1 ∣
= ∣ ↘
↗ ↘
↗ ↘
↗ ∣
2
​

∣
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

∣ ​ ​

∣ 5 −4 3 5 ∣∣
∣
 

∣ ∣
 1 ∣ (28 + 6 + 20) ∣
= ∣ ∣
2
​

∣ −(10 − 16 − 21)∣
​ ​ ​

∣ ∣

1
= ∣54 + 27∣
​ ​

2
​

= 40.5 unit2 .

 
 

7.4 Equation of a Locus that Involves Distance Between Two Points

 
Locus of a point P (x, y) is the path travelled by the point which moves under a given condition.

The equation of a locus involving the distance between two points can be determined by using the distance formula.

 
Example:

Find the equation of the locus of a moving point P (x, y) such that its distance from a fixed point A is r cm.

 
A(2, −3); r = 6
 
AP = 6

(x − 2)2 + [y − (−3)]2 = 6 ​

(x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 36 ​ ​

x2 − 2x + 4 + y 2 + 6y + 9 = 36

x2 + y 2 − 2x + 6y − 23 = 0.

Chapter : Coordinate Geometry

Topic : Divisor of a Line Segment
Form 4
Additional Mathematics

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