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Toaz - Info Fermentation of Carrot Juice Wheat Flour Gram Flour Etc PR
Toaz - Info Fermentation of Carrot Juice Wheat Flour Gram Flour Etc PR
Submitted by
b
2019-2020
SUNFLAG SCHOOL
Zb b Bhandara road , warthi
SRI VIJAY VIDYASHRAM SR.SEC. SCHOOL
VIJAY NAGAR, DHARMAPURI – 636701
(Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi, Affiliation Code – 1930307)
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
BIOLOGY PROJECT
Certified project work done by ARUN.A of class XII in Sri Vijay Vidyashram
Dharmapuri.
Registration No :
Held on :
Center Code :
vv
I extend my hearty thanks to Vishal Borkar sir Chemistry teacher.
who guided me to the successful completion of this project. I take this opportunity
to express my deep sense of gratitude for his invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement, constructive comments, sympathetic attitude and immense
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stages of this project work.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my classmates who helped me to carry
out this project work successfully and for their valuable advice and support, which
I received from them time to time.
bBhumika sahu
b
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i I INTRODUCTION
History
Since fruits ferment naturally, fermentation precedes
human history. Since ancient times, however, humans have
been controlling the fermentation process. The earliest
evidence of winemaking dates from eight thousand years
ago in Georgia, in the Caucasus area. Seven thousand years
ago jars containing the remains of wine have been
excavated in the Zagros Mountains in Iran, which are now on display at the
University of Pennsylvania. There is strong evidence that people were fermenting
beverages in Babylon circa 5000 BC, ancient Egypt circa 3150 BC, pre-Hispanic
Mexico circa 2000 BC, and Sudan circa 1500BC.There is also evidence of
leavened bread in ancient Egypt circa1500 BC and of milk fermentation in
Babylon circa 3000 BC. French chemist Louis Pasteur was the first known
zymologist, when in 1854 he connected yeast to fermentation. Pasteur originally
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defined fermentation as "respiration without air".
Contributions to biochemistry
"Alcoholic fermentation is an
act correlated with the life and
organization of the yeast cells,
not with the death or
putrefaction of the cells," he
wrote. Nevertheless, it was
known that yeast extracts
ferment sugar even in the Louis Pasteur
absence of living yeast cells. While studying this process in 1897, Eduard Buchner
of Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany, found that sugar was fermented even
when there were no living yeast cells in the mixture, by a yeast secretion that he
termed zymase. In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research
and discovery of "cell-free fermentation."One year prior, in 1906, ethanol
fermentation studies led to the early discovery of NAD+.
Yeast
Food fermentation has been said to serve five main purposes:
Enrichment of the diet through development of a diversity of flavors,
aromas, and textures in food substrates.
Food that is improperly fermented has a notable risk of exposing the eater to
botulism. Alaska has witnessed a steady increase of cases of botulism since 1985.
Despite its small population, it has more cases of botulism. This is caused by the
traditional Eskimo practice of allowing animal products such as whole fish, fish
heads, walrus, sea lion and whale
flippers, beaver tails, seal oil, birds,
etc., to ferment for an extended period
of time before being consumed.
LIMITATIONS
Owing to the different criterion on which the rate of fermentation depends, if the
experiment is not carried out in the optimal temperature range, the rates will turn
out to be different than the actual rates of the juices that have been taken. It is not
possible to get the exact theoretically estimated value due to impurities in the
reagents as well as the compounds. Another point to be noted is that the rates
calculated from this experiment is just one case and this can’t actually access the
rate of fermentation of the fruit. An average needs to be taken to access its actual
value.
Theory
Wheat flour, gram flour, rice flour, potato juice and carrot juice contain starch as
the major constituent. Fermentation is the slow decomposition of complex organic
compounds into simpler compounds by the action of enzymes. Enzymes are
biological molecules that catalyze (i.e, increase the rates of) chemical reactions.
Fruit and vegetable juices contain sugar such as sucrose, glucose and fructose. The
chemical equations below summarize the fermentation of sucrose, whose chemical
formula is C12 H22 O11. One mole of sucrose is converted into four moles of
ethanol and four moles of carbon dioxide:
(Glucose + Fructose)
Sucrose is hence first converted to glucose and fructose with the enzyme invertase,
while enzyme zymase converts glucose and fructose to ethyl alcohol.
Invertase
Invertase
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Sucrose Glucose Fructose
Zymase
Zymase
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Glucose Fructose Ethanol
To test for the presence reducing sugars to the juice, a small amount of Fehling’s
solution is added and boiled in a water bath. During a water bath, the solution
progresses in the colors of blue (with no glucose present), green, yellow, orange,
red, and then brick red or brown (with high glucose present). A colour change
would signify and the presence of glucose.
Sucrose (table sugar) contains two sugars (fructose and glucose) joined by their
glycosidic bond in such a way as to prevent the glucose isomerizing to aldehyde, or
the fructose to alpha-hydroxy-ketone form. Sucrose is thus a non-reducing sugar
which does not react with Fehling’s solution.(Sucrose indirectly produces a
positive result with Benedict’s reagent if heated with dilute hydrochloric acid prior
to the test, although after this treatment it is no longer sucrose.) The products of
sucrose decomposition are glucose and fructose, both of which can be detected by
Fehling’s as described above.
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Addition of yeast
Pasteur’s salt
The Pasteur’s salts in solution act as a buffer to any acids the yeast may create.
Since yeast only converts sugar (most likely sucrose or glucose) to ethanol under
anaerobic conditions, and it is unreasonable to assume that there will be no oxygen
present in the laboratory, some acetic acid is created as a result. The Pasteur salts
act as buffers to the acidity so that the proteins in the yeast do not become
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denatured.
EXPERIMENT
To compare the rates of fermentation of wheat flour, gram flour, rice flour potato
juice and carrot juice and determine the substance which has the highest rate of
fermentation amongst the various samples taken.
Requirement:
a. Chemical Requirement
Pasteur’s salts
Yeast
Fehling’s solution
b. Apparatus Requirement
Conical flasks
Test tubes
Beaker
stand
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PROCEDURE
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All apparatus should be clean and washed properly.
Observation
Conclusion
Carrot juice with the highest content of sucrose among the given samples takes the
least time to get fermented.
Bibliography:
Wikipedia - The free encyclopedia - ( http://en.wikipedia.org)
Comprehensive Practical Chemistry
Chemistry manual
www.icbse.com
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Index
S.No Topic Page number
1. Introduction 1
2. History 2
3. Contributions to biochemistry 3
4. Uses 4
5. Risks of consuming fermented foods 4
6. Safety of fermented foods 5
7. Limitations 5
8. Theory 6
9. Experiment 8
10. Bibliography 12