Ministry of Education of The Republic of Moldova

Free International University of Moldova

Faculty of Letters

Germanic Philology Department

Course Paper

Subject: Bases of the Translation Science

Topic: Translational text analysis

Author:Rozenberg Valentina

Group:192E

Supervisor:Tatiana PODOLIUC

PhD Associate Professor

CHIȘINĂU,2022
Language, as one of the special abilities of mankind, plays an important role in human life. There
are over 5000 languages and dialects in the world. Each of them renders the culture and way of
thinking of their people.

The problem of translation from language to language is one of the most urgent in science. At
present, with the development of technology and science, the faster updating of the language also
introduces more translation problem. New words and terms will appear every day. The term
"understanding" shows the most important goal of the theory of translation, that all translation
rights go about it. To translate specialized texts, you need to understand excellent knowledge of
the language, as well as have practical experience in this field.

Like a normal translation, a successful translation of specialized texts is one that meets two
criteria:

1. Accuracy or reliability. It is characterized by how accurately the translation conveys the

meaning of the source text; whether he does this by adding or subtracting something from the
meaning, by strengthening or weakening any elements of the meaning.

2. Transparency. Here we are talking about the extent to which the translation is perceived by a
native speaker not as a translation, but as an original text in the target language, corresponding to
the grammatical, syntactic and idiomatic norms of the language. But translating specialized texts
is more difficult due to the fact that its highly specialized concepts, such as incomprehensible
jargon.

Specialized texts in different foreign languages have their own peculiarities of words and
syntaxes. Learn these laws helps good luck translation. In this work, we roughly look at the
translation of specialized texts from English into Russian.

In specialized texts in English, there are often terms, motivated words and abbreviations:

1. Term - a word or phrase that is the name of some concept of some area of science,
technology, art, etc. To translate these words, it is necessary to have information of this
specialty.
2. A motivated word always consists of 2 parts: the basis of the generating word and the
affix. For example "anti-", "micro-", "-logy", "-ics".
3. Abbreviations, for example, “APC” have two meanings: “asynchronous procedure call”
and “automatic cutting mechanism”, in order to correctly quote, you also need to look at
their connections with the context. The syntaxes of the English specialized text are as
follows:
 1) often use the passive voice;
2) use nominalization to simplify the sentence structure;
3) often use the non-finite form of the verb;

Understanding the characteristics of the word and syntaxes helps translate more simply and
accurately. In the second, also remember the translation rights:

1) look at the connections with the context, determine the whole meaning of the text;

2) understand grammar in a sentence, especially in a long sentence;

3) determine the exact meaning of the word and sentence depending on the content. On the-

For example, the word "eye" usually means an eye, but in different specialties it has different
meanings, like "eye of the storm" - the center of the storm (meteorology), "eye of flower" - the
center of a flower (phytology).

Therefore, in order to translate specialized texts, it is not only necessary to have a good
understanding of the excellent knowledge of the language, it is also very important to learn the
knowledge and words of different specialties.

In the course of the professional training of translators, a special place should be occupied by
such an aspect as the analysis of translations - both foreign and own. Future translators need to
be taught how to objectively and competently assess the quality of a translation, identify its
strengths and weaknesses, and find possible errors.

Translational text analysis is an active activity of a translator aimed at a deep understanding of

the translated text, at determining its communicative task. For the analysis of a translation from
English into Romanian, I chose a specialized text “The Human Body”. The text belongs to the
medical field.
The original text:

Transport system. The human transport system consists of the heart, blood and vessels and is
involved in the transport of nutrients, gases and wastes in the blood. The transportation system of
the body consists of only one organ, the heart. It has four chambers or cavities, and pumps blood
through the body from before birth and continues to do so, never stopping or tiring, until the
moment of death. The heart is made up of involuntary cardiac muscle but it is modified in
structure as compared to all other involuntary muscle. After all, the heart beats an average of 72
times per minute every minute of your life. The chamber of the heart that contracts most
powerfully is the lower left chamber. This chamber is known as the left ventricle. When the
muscles of the left ventricle contract, blood is forced in a mighty surge or pulse, out of a great
artery that branches into all parts of the body. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood
away from the heart.

Lymphatic System. The lymphatic system consists of glands, lymph nodes and lymph vessels.
The lacteals are part of a somewhat separate transportation system of the body called the
lymphatic system. The fluid inside the tubes of the lymphatic system is called lymph. Most of
the waste products of the cells is picked up by the lymphatic system. These wastes are finally
poured back into the blood stream in the same way that fatty acids are. Not all of the lymph is in
the lymph vessels. Every living cell of the body is bathed in a constant supply of lymph. It is the
clear, watery substance that fills a blister for example. Lymph is actually just the liquid part of
the blood. When food and oxygen diffuse out of the capillaries and into the cells, they become
dissolved materials in this liquid part of the blood. Once out of the blood stream, the liquid is
called lymph. Not all of the lymph diffuses back into the capillaries again, a considerable amount
of it, filled with waste materials, diffuses into the lymphatic system and is carried back to the
blood stream.

Respiratory System. Every living thing must have a constant supply of materials in order to live.
Some foods can be stored within the body of an animal or a plant. However, no living thing has
ever developed a means of storing supplies of oxygen. Every living cell must be constantly
provided with a supply of oxygen so that life will not cease. Thus, a continuous supply of oxygen
must always be available. The word respiration does not refer solely to breathing. This term
means getting air into the lungs (inhalation) and removing the excess carbon dioxide that has
been returned from the body to the lungs (exhalation). Respiration also includes the oxidation of
food by living cells as well the transportation of oxygen to the cells and the removal of carbon
dioxide, the result of cellular respiration. The term respiration includes the activity inside the
cells, the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and the lungs. It also helps
the exchange of gases between the blood and the lungs, as well as the breathing process.

The translation in Romanian:

Sistem de transport. Sistemul de transport uman este format din inimă, sânge și vase și este
implicat în transportul nutrienților, gazelor și deșeurilor în sânge. Sistemul de transport al
corpului este format dintr-un singur organ, inima. Are patru camere sau cavități și pompează
sânge prin corp încă de dinainte de naștere și continuă să facă acest lucru, fără să se oprească sau
să obosească niciodată, până în momentul morții. Inima este alcătuită din mușchi cardiac
involuntar, dar are o structură modificată în comparație cu toți ceilalți mușchi involuntar. La
urma urmei, inima bate în medie de 72 de ori pe minut în fiecare minut al vieții tale. Camera
inimii care se contractă cel mai puternic este camera inferioară din stânga. Această cameră este
cunoscută sub numele de ventricul stâng. Când mușchii ventriculului stâng se contractă, sângele
este forțat într-un impuls sau puls puternic, dintr-o arteră mare care se ramifică în toate părțile
corpului. Arterele sunt vasele de sânge care transportă sângele departe de inimă.

Sistem limfatic. Sistemul limfatic este format din glande, ganglioni limfatici și vase limfatice.
Lactele fac parte dintr-un sistem de transport oarecum separat al organismului numit sistem
limfatic. Lichidul din interiorul tuburilor sistemului limfatic se numește limfa. Majoritatea
produselor reziduale ale celulelor sunt preluate de sistemul limfatic. Aceste deșeuri sunt în cele
din urmă turnate înapoi în fluxul sanguin în același mod în care sunt acizii grași. Nu toată limfa
se află în vasele limfatice. Fiecare celulă vie a corpului este îmbăiată într-un aport constant de
limfă. Este substanța limpede, apoasă, care umple un blister, de exemplu. Limfa este de fapt doar
partea lichidă a sângelui. Când alimentele și oxigenul difuzează din capilare și în celule, ele
devin materiale dizolvate în această parte lichidă a sângelui. Odată ieșit din fluxul sanguin,
lichidul se numește limfă. Nu toată limfa difuzează din nou înapoi în capilare, o cantitate
considerabilă din aceasta, umplută cu materiale reziduale, difuzează în sistemul limfatic și este
transportată înapoi în fluxul sanguin.

Sistemul respirator. Fiecare ființă vie trebuie să aibă o aprovizionare constantă cu materiale
pentru a putea trăi. Unele alimente pot fi depozitate în corpul unui animal sau al unei plante. Cu
toate acestea, nicio ființă vie nu a dezvoltat vreodată un mijloc de stocare a proviziilor de oxigen.
Fiecare celulă vie trebuie să fie asigurată în mod constant cu oxigen, astfel încât viața să nu
înceteze. Astfel, o sursă continuă de oxigen trebuie să fie întotdeauna disponibilă. Cuvântul
respirație nu se referă doar la respirație. Acest termen înseamnă introducerea aerului în plămâni
(inhalare) și îndepărtarea excesului de dioxid de carbon care a fost returnat din corp către
plămâni (exhalare). Respirația include, de asemenea, oxidarea alimentelor de către celulele vii,
precum și transportul oxigenului către celule și îndepărtarea dioxidului de carbon, rezultat al
respirației celulare. Termenul de respirație include activitatea din interiorul celulelor, transportul
de oxigen și dioxid de carbon între celule și plămâni. De asemenea, ajută la schimbul de gaze
între sânge și plămâni, precum și la procesul de respirație.

Analysis of translation:

Firstly, this translation of the text differs significantly from literary and colloquial translation.
Secondly, the translation is made with accuracy, since this element is inherent in specialized
texts. The accuracy of the translation is the main requirement for the translation of a specialized
text. Accuracy should be understood as brevity, expressiveness, logical sequence, completeness
of presentation of the original material and compliance with the norms of the Romanian/Russian
language.

When translating this text, the dominants of the translation, ensuring the invariance of the text,
that is, its correspondence to the original, will be the following means: terms, general scientific
vocabulary without evaluative coloring, verb forms of the present tense, compound words, the
predominant expression of the process through a noun, abbreviations, numbers, formulas,
schemes , maximum complexity and variety of syntactic structures.

When defining a special medical text, it is important to take into account the various features of
this text. After studying them, I can come to the conclusion that it belongs to the scientific style.

Achieving translation equivalence (adequacy of translation) is possible using translation

transformations. Transformation is the transfer of the concepts of a foreign text by language units
and forms of the translated text in order to achieve communicative equivalence.

As for the division of transformations into types, all translation transformations are divided into
lexical, grammatical and mixed (or complex). In the process of translation activity,
transformations are most often of a mixed type.

With the help of transformation, I translated this text. I used grammatical transformation as
translation from one language to another without grammatical transformation. Grammatical
transformations are primarily the restructuring of a sentence (changing its structure) and all kinds
of substitutions, both syntactic and morphological. Grammatical transformations are caused by
various reasons - both purely grammatical and lexical in nature, although grammatical factors
play the main role, that is, differences in the structure of languages:
The word respiration does not refer solely to breathing - Cuvântul respirație nu se referă doar la
respirație.

First of all, we will focus on the article, because the article (both definite and indefinite), despite
its extremely abstract meaning, often requires semantic expression in translation. In this sentence
we have the article “the+word”, when translating into Romanian, we translate just
"Cuvantul"with the ending "ul",it replaces the English article "the", it points to something
specific.

Permutation as a type of translation transformation is a change in the location (order) of language

elements in the translation text compared to the original text. Elements that can be rearranged:
words, phrases, parts of a complex sentence, independent sentences. The permutations are due to
a number of reasons, the main of which is the difference in the structure (word order) of the
sentence in English and Romanian/Russian:

Every living thing must have a constant supply of materials in order to live. - Fiecare ființă vie
trebuie să aibă o aprovizionare constantă cu materiale pentru a putea trăi. In this sentence we
do not translate the phrase "living thing" as "vie ființă" but we translate "ființă vie", because in
Romanian we pronounce such combinations putting the subject first and then the adjective
follows. This method has been used in almost every sentence of this text.

I also used some of the sentences in the text the method of Syntactic assimilation (literal
translation) this translation is a translation method in which the syntactic structure of the
original is converted into a similar structure of the TL. This type of "zero" transformation is used
in cases where there are parallel syntactic structures in FL and TL. Syntactic assimilation can
lead to a complete correspondence between the number of language units and the order of their
location in the original and translation:

The human transport system consists of the heart, blood and vessels and is involved in the
transport of nutrients, gases and wastes in the blood. -Sistemul de transport uman este format
din inimă, sânge și vase și este implicat în transportul nutrienților, gazelor și deșeurilor în
sânge;

Every living cell of the body is bathed in a constant supply of lymph. - Fiecare celulă vie a
corpului este îmbăiată într-un aport constant de limfă;

The term respiration includes the activity inside the cells, the transport of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the cells and the lungs. - Termenul de respirație include activitatea din
interiorul celulelor, transportul de oxigen și dioxid de carbon între celule și plămâni
In conclusion, my analysis of the translation was based on the specialized text “The Human
Body”. The text specializes in medicine. Even though the others authors deal with back
translation than is my case I believe that the general foundations can be considered suitable even
for my analysis. The topics that should be taken into account during an analysis of the original
are: intentionatily, acceptability, situationality, intertextuality, informativeness and coherence. I
also used the same topics for the description of translation problems and strategies.

I began the study of the theoretical material of this work by considering the concept of
"translation". According to Nelyubin, translation as one of the types of linguistic activity is a
process of adequate, full-fledged transfer of thoughts expressed in one language by means of
another language.

In the course of the study, the types of translations were determined, the features of the
translation of special texts were studied. I used the methods of Grammatical transformations
Permutation, Syntactic assimilation. These methods have helped me to make a concrete and clear
translation. Having studied translation transformations, we came to the conclusion that they are
the main means of translation.