Episode 4

Homage- special honour or respect shown publicly.

Perfidy- the state of being deceitful and untrustworthy.
Wayward- difficult to control or predict because of wilful or perverse behavior.
Edward I- the king of England from 1272 to 1307, the eldest son of Henry III.
He spent a lot of time trying to control Wales and Scotland, fighting, among
others, William Wallace and Robert the Bruce.
Longshanks- Specifically. As the epithet of Edward I, king of England (reigned
1272–1307).
Simon de Montfort- an English nobleman who led the baronial rebellion
against Henry III (1208-1265) synonyms: Earl of Leicester, Montfort. example
of: earl. a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount.
Llewellyn- The name Llewellyn is boy's name of Welsh origin meaning
"leader's image".

1. Why Edward’s nickname was Longshanks?

There were concerns about Edward's health as a child, and he fell ill in 1246,
1247, and 1251. Nonetheless, he became an imposing man; at 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)
he towered over most of his contemporaries, and hence perhaps his epithet
"Longshanks", meaning "long legs" or "long shins".

2. What was Henry’s III gift to the nation?

Among the many marvels the visitor to London could experience in the 1250s
was the “pale” or “white” bear presented to Henry III by King Haakon of
Norway.

3. What did the barons demand from Henry in 1258?

Henry III was criticised for being too generous to his close friends and family,
handing out important jobs to them and protecting them from the law, at the
expense of everyone else. During Henry III's reign, Parliament became
increasingly important. Parliament was the name given to the occasions when
all the barons met with the king and each other, usually at Westminster, but also
elsewhere. The idea grew up after Magna Carta that the king could only gain
extra taxes by asking the barons first. As the king needed money, he called the
barons to parliament much more frequently than ever before. In return for
giving taxes, the barons asked for reforms in government in return. In particular,
they wanted to be able to choose the king's ministers for him, and they wanted
him to follow their advice, which he did not do.

4. What was Simon de Montfort?

Leader of the baronial revolt against King Henry III and ruler of England for
less than a year.
 5. What document did Henry III sign in 1258?
The Provisions of Oxford were created in 1258 by a group of barons led
by Simon de Montfort. The provisions forced Henry III to accept a new form of
government. Written confirmations of the Provisions of Oxford were sent to
sheriffs in all of the contemporary counties of England.

6. How did Edward become a king?

The political situation in England was stable after the mid-century upheavals,
and Edward was proclaimed king after his father's death, rather than at his own
coronation, as had until then been customary. In Edward's absence, the country
was governed by a royal council, led by Robert Burnell.

7. What battle happened between Edward and Llewellyn?

The Battle of Orewin Bridge

8. What were the results of this battle?

However, the war turned in Edward's favour when Llywelyn unexpectedly
marched out of North Wales towards Builth in mid-Wales. He was lured into a
trap and killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge on 11 December 1282.

9. Describe king Edward’s reign.

Shrewdly realistic, Edward understood the value of the “parliaments,” which
since 1254 had distinguished English government and which Montfort had
deliberately employed to publicize government policy and to enlist widespread,
active support by summoning representatives of shires and boroughs to the
council to decide important matters. Edward developed this practice swiftly, not
to share royal power with his subjects but to strengthen royal authority with the
support of rising national consciousness. From 1275 to 1307 he summoned
knights and burgesses to his parliaments in varying manners. The Parliament of
1295, which included representatives of shires, boroughs, and the lesser clergy,
is usually styled the Model Parliament, but the pattern varied from assembly to
assembly, as Edward decided. By 1307, Parliament, thus broadly constituted,
had become the distinctive feature of English politics, though its powers were
still undefined and its organization embryonic.

10.Who was William Wallace?

William Wallace was one of the most prominent leaders during the Wars of
Scottish Independence. He led Scotland to a famous victory at the Battle of
Stirling Bridge which made the Scots believe that they could challenge the
mighty English.