ST R UCT URE AN D ST YL E

Th e s t u dy a n d a n a ly sis o f m usica l for ms

ST R U C T U R E
AN D S T Y L E
The s t udy an d an alys is of mus icalforms

L E O N S T E I N
D ire c t o r o f t h e G r a d u a t e D i v is io n D e
, P aul U n i v e rs ity S ch o o l o f M u s ic

Summy Bir ehafd Comp any

‘

E va ns to n I ll in o is
,
 o r t 1 9 62
C py igh
S umm y B ir h a r d C omp a ny
-
c

S mc 5 4 8 1
u o

Int rn a tion a l C pyrigh t S ec re d

e o u

P r int d i th U S A
e n e . . .

L ib r ry f C
a o g ess C t l g C rd N 6 2 1 2 8 7 8
on r a a o a o .

MUS IC LIBRARY .
AN N E RO B E R T
,
AN D K E NN E T H
 A l l t h i n gs are b o u n d t o ge t h e r
by o r d e r , an d t his is f orm ,
w h ich b r in gs t h e u n i ve rse

in to t h e lik e n e ss o f God .

D AN T E
~

str ct re f rm f c mp sit i
Th e u u or o o a o o on

is it patt rn pl an T h f cti f f m
s e or . e un on o or

is t m k m sic i t lligibl d c mm ic tiv

o a e u n e e an o un a e

by th rderly
e o g m t f it m t i ls
ar r an e — m l dy h a rmony
en o s a er a e o , ,

c ount rpo int hythm m t t mp dy m ics d o lor

e ,
r ,
e er , e o, na ,
an c .

yl f s St e re er

t o th e dis i c iv ch c is tics f a w rk
t n t e ar a t er o o ,

ac mp s o p id o er , or a er o .
 P f
re ace

l he au t h or p blish g f lly c k wl dg h p m issi f

an d
i s p blish s c di d b l w h m sic mpl s
ou u er
u

re
er

p dc p
te
rat e u

e o t e
a no

u
e

ex a
e t e
e
er

t o re r o u e
on o v ar

or

i s f h i c py i gh s
, ,

t on o t e r o r t .

Th h al s o Wish s h k h f ll wi g f h i c p
e au t or e t o t an t e o o n or t e r oo er a

i
t on an d ssis c a t an e:

Th dmi is i f D P l U i sity f h i g
e a n t rat on o sp i e au n v er or t e r e n e r ou rov

si f s g ph ic d s c i l ssis c
on o t e n o ra an e r et ar a a t an e .

D W y r B l w F Fid lis S m i h
. a ne d D E dwi W
ar o f r e t an r n arren or

h i di g d c it ic l i w f h m sc ip
. .
, ,

t e r re a n an r a rev e o t e an u r t .

D K l Ji k d M H m P dt f p f di
r . ar ra
l an g t h r er an e <e or roo rea n e

m sic mpl s i
.

u h
exa e n t e t ex t .

D A h y D
r . t f p f di g h x
nt on on a o or roo r e a n t e te t .

Fi ll y I w ou l d b
na ,miss i d d if I did ck wl dg h
e re ,
n ee n ot a no e e t e
si l i s s s che s f t ch s— w h sh m
,

m
t f h
u at on d — o t o e tu en t tea r o ea er o are e

th i m p s p bl m s
u s as s, d k q sti
o e s T h s d m di g s l
ro e an as ue on e e, e an n o u

ti s d v ki g sw s h lp d cl ify h c s bj ct
, .

on an e o n an f er e e ar t e on t e n t o a u e
—
w ic i ll h b ch s f m sic s dy—m k s m sic ly
_ ,

h h o a t e r an e o u tu a e u n ot on

m s c mp h sibl b
o t o m s m
re i gf l
en e, ut o t e an n u .

Le on S t e i n

Ch ic ago , Illi is no
 C on t e n ts

Pre fca e VII

In tr od u t ci on XI

F orms an d c mp i i
o os t on al p cd s
ro e ur e at t h e p i
e r od of t h ei r

u se in m us ic hi y s t or XV II

Se ct io n Un its of t
s r u c ur e t
Th e fi gu re m ot v e i an d se m i ph s
-
ra e 3
c
, ,

Th e ad en ce 1 0
Th p h
e 22 r as e

I g l ph
rr e u ar r as es 28
Th p i d
e er o or sen t en e c f m 37 or

E l g m
n ar e e n ts an d c mbi
o i f p i d forms
n at ons o er o

Song forms
S gf m i g
on or l ds i li y m m b s
n e n era an aux ar e er

Th w —
e tp g f m 64
o art son or

Th h e p g f m 69
t r ee -
ar t so n or

E xp si f h h p song f m d
an ons o t e t r ee - art or an

i gl p
rr e u ar
g oup f m 7 5
ar t o r r or s

S ec ti o n —
3 S ingle movemen t
S g f m Wi h i 8 1
on or t tr o
R on d o form s 8 5
V i i f m 92
ar at on or

Th s e i f m 1 00
o n at n e or

Th fl g f m 1 03
e son at a - a e ro or
C o n t e n ts

S e c t io n 4 Con tr ap un tal forms

C p l ch iq s 1 2 1
on t r a u n t a te n ue

I mi i c p l form s
t at v e on t ra u nt a

C —i v i —f g 1 2 7
an on n e n t on u ue

XV III O s i f rm s
t n at o o

Gr d m iv —g
ou n d b ss—p ss c gli
ot e r ou n a a a a —ch ac on n e
a

O h si gl m v m f m s
t er n e- o e en t or

T cc —ch l p l d 1 4 6
o at a ora e re u e

S e c t ion
—
Mull i movemen t
—
and multi se c tion a l farms

Th s et wh l —cyclic m 1 5 1
on a a a s a o e t r e at en t

Th s ie 1 56
u te
C c yp s
on e rt o t e

C c g ss —s l c c 1 6 1
on e rt o ro o o o on e rt o

Th ve o 1 66
e r t u re

F f m s d p g m m sic 1 6 9
re e or an ro ra u

S ec t io n 6 Vocal typ es
XXV Sa c d c l yp s 1 7 7
re vo a t e

XXVI Se c l c l yp s 1 8 8
u ar v o a t e

S ec t io n 7 P as t forms an d pr esen t tr ends

XXV II F m s i m sic b f 1 600 1 9 9
or n u e ore

XXV III T w i h c y ch q s 2 09
en t et -
en t u r te ni ue

XXIX The f ci
un t on o f f orm an d the c re at iv p c ss m sm 22 6
e ro e in u

G l ss ry f d fi iti 2 3 7
o a o e n on s

I d f m sic mpl s i A
n ex o u ex a e n n th o logy o f Mu sica l F
o r ms 242
Bibli g ph y 24 5
o ra

I d 249
n ex
 In t r od u c t ion

n ee d f or a n ew x
ly ic l ch iq is i p t th s l f
t e t in an a t a te n ue n ar e re u t o

th d v l pm
e e f m sic i
e o h p s h lf c
en t o — u y This d v l pm t
n t e a t a en t u r . e e o en

h as k w
t a en t di c i s o h re h d i i v lv s p s t d y
t on : on t e on e an t n o e re en -
a

i
o r an zat on
g i i c m p si i n; h
o h i
o i v l
t on s p bi on t
g i e ot er , t n o ve a ro n n to

an d ga wi g w ro ss n f h a m sic f
ar e n e f g
ol c dt ep s I u o an o t en -
ne e te a t . n

re g dar c m
to p y m
on t e sic l y
orar w c c u d wi t h w n ot on are e on ern e ne

p s m difi i f s blis h d f m s b
,

at t ern or o c at o n s o w fi d i e ta e or ut e n t n e ce s

s y i p c c p s d ms wh ich w p
,

ar d
t o r e n t er r e t an d fi re e ne on e t an t er e re re

i
v ou s ly k f t a en
g d dori s m c s s
r an t e w v
an ss m d t n o e a e e re e en a u e o

ch i v d c i fi l i y F h m h d l f m
, , ,

h av e a e e a e rt a n na t u rt er or e , t e n ee t o re at e or

s yl is mph si d by h e m f f ms i li s
.

to t e e a ze t t re at en t o or n e ar er t ex t as

a bs c p t ra t s diss ci d f m h is ic d s ylis ic d mi s
at t e rn o at e ro t or an t t et e r n an t .

Th f q
e dis eg d f m sic c m p s d b f h igh h
re u en t r ar o u o o e e or e t e e t een t
c y is p ly h s l f
en t u r ar t i d wh ich
t e re u t o tim id
an att t u e at on e e c on s

ere d c mp s s f h s li c i s
o o er o f
t e e ear e r s d en t u r e as
“
or e ru n n e r
”
an as

s m d h h i m sic w c ss ily p p
u e t at t e r u y Thas n e e siv ar
“
re ar at or .
”
e ex t e n e

s ch i
r e e ar ly B qn t o e ar d p B q m sic c mb i d wi h
ar o u e an re - ar o ue u o ne t
i dit h p blic i d p f m c f m sic f
,

h
t e r ev v e i n e r e st n t e u at on an er o r an e o u o

h s p i ds h
t e e er o m ph si d t h as e d f cl a zed st di g e n ee or a e ar e r u n er an n

f h t m sic c l s l i f v l s Th
,

o t a d h u l d an as e t o an a t u a t ran v a u at o n o a ue e

f c h ( f l ps f c i s ) d ic s d i s m c s s p
.

a t t at a t er a a e o en t u r e ev e an n o e a e at

si ci i B iss c v ic sic
, ,

t e rn n a t ve q R
u se n d
ar o G t h
ue, m en a an e , an e en o u

are e m g c g i i w i h c y m sic m k s h s dy
e r en t on e a a n
“

n t en t e t -
en t u r u a e t e tu
o f h s t e e e ar ly f ms p ic l ly p t i or dy art u ar er n en t to a
y c ys lli d f m h w f ld sp c t Th stylis ic
.

E v er r ta ze or as a t o o a e er e are t
f s wh ich ch c i h f m d i g p ic l p i d d
.

e at u re ar a t er ze t at or ur n a art u ar er o an

c i b sic ch c is ics wh ich d ch g f m

,

h
t ere are e rt a n a ar a ter t o n ot an e ro

p id p id F
er o to mpl
er o h f g
. i foun d i t h w k s f
or e xa e, t e u ue s n e or o

B ch B h
a , R ic h d S
e et ov e n , ss d Hi d mith Th t f har t rau an n e e n a u re o t e
s bj c d h i v ls f s bj c sw l i ship m y diff
, .

u e t an t e n ter a o u e t - an er re at on a er

i n h f g s f
t e u ch f h s c mp s s— h es
ue o ea o t e h s ylis ic ch
e o o er t e ar e t e t t ar
In t ro du c t io n

ac t e rist ic s—b u t t h e e ss e n t i al fu gu e p ro c e d u re is ret ai n e d in e ac h c a s e .

d is i
ish b w h stylis ic d h ss i l m
.

In or er to d t n gu et e en t e t an t e e en t a n or ,

s m k wl dg f h his y f f m is c ss y His ic l i
o e no e e o t e t or o a or ne e ar t or a n

f m i is b i sly c ss y al s o i d
.

or at on o v ou k w h hw ne e ar n or er to no t e
“
o
”

d wh l i he m g c f p ifi f m s H w
,

“ ”
an i en n r e at on to t e er en e o s ec c or o ev er ,

b k f m h h is ic l t m m s c ss ily b
.

i n a t ext oo on or t e t or a t re a en t u t ne e ar e

c cis d c sid d b ckg d h f m s h ms lv s

,

on e an on e re as a r ou n to t e or t e e e .

T h f m s wi h wh ich h is b
e or k is c c t d h s f di t oo on e rn e ar e t o e ou n n

W s m sic T h idi m f m
e t e rn u d s h ics f O i t l mus c
e o or an ae t et o r en a 1

m k dly diff f m W s m sic h t l y p

.
, ,

m k ia e t so ar e eren t ro e t e rn u t a on a se

ar at e s dy c l d d i j s ic
tu ou o t u t e .

C c i g h bl f F m d mp i i l p d
on ern n t e ta e o ar s an co os t o na r oc e u re s

wh ich follo ws s v l p ssibl g m e t s f

era t h v i s p ott s e ar ran e en o e ar ou a e rn

s gg s d h m s l s ; s c l — s c d si gl c mp d ; m ph ic
,

u e te t e e ve e u ar a re n e- o ou n on o on

h m p h ic p lyp h ic V c l i s m l t B h f ct th t
,

o o on -
o on o a -
n t ru en t a e c . ut t e a a

m y d mb ig i i s i v lv d i s ch
, ,

t h e re t ar e l ppi g
oo an ov e r a n s an a u t e n o e n u

l
c a ss ifi t i — c
ca on s m yb s c l a f s c d an t at a cc si gl a e e u ar o a re a to at a a n e

c mp d f m hym m ph ic h m ph ic p lyph i c
,

or o ou n or a n on o on o o on or o on

v c l f c ld f did i v lv
, , , ,

an d m a h gh
ot et , m
t ou a d t a i o a or ou n o en n o e n

h c cl si h t th l st c f si g d
,

t
s ru m — l d t
en t s e o t e on u on t a e ea on u n an c on

i l g m f h f ms ( l st f m h d i w
’
t r ov e r s a en t o t e at t e st u en t s v e
“ ‘

arr an e or ea ro

p i ) woul d b lph b ic l lis i gs wi h i h sp ctiv s

o nt e a a et a t n t n t e re e e era .

Th m j i y e f w ks
a or b t ly d o h s wh ich or th to e an a ze ar e t o e u se e

t on al t i dic idi m c mp s d g lly b tw 1 600 d 1 9 00

-
r a o o o e en era e e en an .

s s f h is s l i s l f s
,

Th ( ) m f h t m t m
“

e r e a on or t g ar e : a o t o t e ar e r .
n ru en a or

w c ys lli d d i g h is p i d ; ( b ) h i di m is h m s f ni
e re r ta ze ur n t er o t e o t at o t ar

li ar tos d s wh h v c mpl t d h h y c s s s lly p

t u en t o a e o e e t e t eor ou r e u ua re

re q isi
u h d
te t o t e
y f f orm ; d (
'

) i is
st u t h s w ko s w h ic h an c t e e or are

m s f q
o t ly p f m d H w
re u en t dis g d w k s c mp s d
e r or e o ev e r , to re ar or o o e

b f 1 6 00 f 1 9 00 i ly p d g gic lly s d b
.

e or e or a t er -

s n ot on e a o a u n ou n ut ,

ev en f m th s a dp i f c
ro e p i
t n lis ic Th f
o nt o u rr e n t re e rt o r e , u n re a t . e r e o re ,

on e ch p is d d f ms b ef 1 6 00 d h to we
a ter e v ot e to or ore an an ot er t n

i h c n y ch i q s H w v ; h h c sid w i th
,

t et -
e tu r te n ue o e er r at er t an on er t en t e

c y m si i l g h sp c g y we i h c n y
.

"

en t u r u c n an a to et er e arat e at e or t n t et -
e tu r
p cd s ds c s w p s wh
,

ro e u re an l d k t ru t u r e i ar e re at e to no n at t ern e rev er t
h asb p ssibl t d I s m i s c s this h i v lv d b d
een o e o o so n o e n t an e as n o e roa

d v visi g di i l c c pt s S ch visi b c m s
.
,

en ni g an e en r e n t ra t on a on e u a re on e o e

c ss y f e mpl if w wish t m i i th c c pt f c d c
.

ne e ar or xa e, e o a nta n e on e o a en e

k i d f st c l p c i v wh diss i dic
,

as a n o ru t u ra un t u at on e e n en on an t or n on -
tr a

g ro u i
p g s cc n i h fi
o l c h d
ur f p h s n t s c i e O h
na t h or o a ra e o r e t on . u t e o er

h d an i q t ch i q s c h h
a un ue e w sys m m s t b
n ue, u as t e t on e - r o te u e c on

d by i s lf
, ,

s id e re t e .

Ambi g i y d l ck f
u t if mi y i mi l gy h v lw ys b
an a o un or t n t er no o a e a a ee n

p bl m s i
ro e lysis F th n an a s h m s g lly cc p d or at re a on , t e o t en e r a a e te
ms s d ; h s wh ich might b q i c l bsc h v b
.

t er ar e u e t o e e e u vo a or o u re a e e en
 In tr od u c t io n

j c d d p s l si g l m cl
re e te an h b v id d A
e r on a or n u ar n o en at u re as e en a o e .

lg ss y f d fi iti f b ic t m s h b p vid d si c
,

o ar o e n on s o as er as ee n ro e n e, as

m y i s an c s h v f d m s ft t k f g d f
n t ru t or a e ou n t er o en a en or ran t e are re

ly is d s d T f w il is l ss y b pl c d
,

q u en tm h h un h g er h t oo e r e o re , e t o ar as een a e

d f h b k i w ld b l g th f sibl disc ss h s
.

at th e en o t e oo t ou e a to e er ea e to u t e e
y b gi i g f h c s
,

d fi i i
e n ht on s at t e v er e nn n o t e ou r e .

A ss ci t d wi th h io x is s ppl m y A h l gy f M i l
a e t s te t a u e en t ar nt o o o u s ca

F m c i i gm i l b
or s ly d d p ll li g h f ms
on t a n n at er a to e an a ze an ar a e n t e or

i
n h tt e R f c c mp si i s i A h l gy f M i l F m
ex t e ere n e to o o t on n nt o o o u s ca ar s

f bb vi d c v i c is d by c sp di
.

( o t en a A M F f re ) m
at e g or on en e n e a e orr e on n

ara bic m l ; i AMF N 6 ( m s 1

nu era Th gh t th
e o ea rou ou e

s f cs m sic l x mpl s wh ich w ill

. . . .
, ,

e
t ex t ar m nuh er ou r e e r en e t o ot e r u a e a e

f h b d th f d i
u rt er d
roa d st di g f th i q i i g
en e oun at on an un er an n o e n u r n

s d t u en t .

an d p r o c e
Ze chn i q u es du r es in qn
qb s is

For p pss
c i is dvis bl th t th m s s i th
ur o e of re eren f e t a a e a e ea u re n e

lysis b mb d T h mb i g sh ld b
‘

m ic ass ig d f
fl

us ne o r an a e nu ere e nu er n ou e

sic p i i s
.

wi m m
'

h fi f fi
'

i
g ;
n h t
p l i t e I t t
rst co t e te n easu r e o u n re e on or rs

d sec d di gs h mb i g sh ld c i i c s c tiv
.

an on en n t e nu er n ou on t n u e n on e u e

d ill st d b— lw
,

or e r as u rat e e o :

1
1 7
11 1
9
In a s on g f
wi h i h mb i g sh ld c i th gh h
orm t t r o, t e n u er n ou on t n u e r ou t e
t i
r o , r ath h c lli g h fi m s f th i m s 1
er t an a n t e r st ea u re o e tr o ea u re .

St c t l lysis will i v lv id ifi i f m l dic h m i c

ru u ra an a n o e en t c at on o e o ar on

d h y th mic it s M s f it will b f d dvis bl t id tif y

, ,

an r un o t o t en e ou n a a e o en

it s fi t d p c d p g ssiv ly sm ll it s I
.

h l g r
t e ar e un rs an ro ee to ro re e a er u n . n

h m ph
o ic c mp si i s—th yp m s f q ly ssig d i
o on o o t on e t e o t re u en t a ne n

l me y lysis— h p i cip l m lo dy u s u ally in th pp m s

e e nt ar an a t e r n a e e u er o t

ic will p vid h cl s i dic i f f m Th l c t i

,

vo e, ro e t e d e ar e t n at on o or e o a on an

f h c d c is m ly i mp s fd
.

id t ifi en i c at on o t e t m a en e an e x t re e o rt an e an o e

fi i g s
n n ct l i t s t ru u ra un .

B sic lly lysis i l s id ifyi g d l i g lik ss s

a a an a nv o v e en t n an r e at n en e e on

h d d dis t i g is h i g di ff c s h th T h f
,

th e on e an an n u n e ren e on t e o er e re ore ,

i h r d sc ipt i l i is h b sis f h lysis b t

.

ne t e e r on n or e v a u at on t e a o t e an a u

sp l i s ips i p v s lysis p cis ly

,

ra th g er a f h
ra O m o i re at on ne ro e n an a re e as

e i mp v s i p f mi g — b y dili g d c c t d p c ic
.

on ro e n e r or n e n t an on en t r a e ra t e

I is f h is s h s l mpl s f ch s c l typ
.

t or t r e a on t at e v e ra ex a e o ea t ru t u r a e

sh ld b ssig d I is t s l f s d
ou e a ne f l h j s t no unu u a or a t u en t t o ee t at u t as
h is b gi i g g sp p ic l p i cipl w p c p is dis
.

e e nn n to ra a art u ar r n e, a n e re e t
c ss d d w m i l ssig d H w
u e an ne si c i h l m t y
at e r a a ne o ev er , n e n t e e e e n ar

ph s ch s cc ssi ssig m i lysis t m ic lly vi ws

.

a e ea u e ve a n en t n an a au o at a re e

h p c di g ssi g m
t e re e s h s d n a d f h h i c lly
n en t t e t u en t n e e n ot e ar t at e s a tu a
l i g p a ic l s bj c b f h m y h g sp d i fully
,
“ ”
e av n a rt u ar u e t e ore e a av e ra e t .
In tr o du c t io n

De fin it ion s li s f f ms c lly p p i
an d o u t d ne o or are a tu a a re ar at on an an

i d c i wh ich b c m m i gf l l y f
n t ro u t on lysis e o e ean n u on a t er an a .

Th mb d diffi l y f h
e nu m pl s b ly d wil l b
e r an cu t o t e ex a e to e an a ze o

y wi h h d l gh f p ic l c s h
,

i
v ou sly v ar t t e n at ur e an en t o a art u ar ou r e , t e
l l which i is gh d i f c i i p ic l c ic l m
,

ev e at t t au t , an ts un t on n a art u ar u rr u u

mb mpl s f f ly d
.

Wh ere a n u f p ifi m b er o i exa e o a s ec c or ar e to e an a ze t
is b s h h y b k i h d f difii l y T h s h c s
,

e t t at t e e t a en n t e or e r o cu t u in t e a e

p s g f m mpl s f m M d lss h s S g
.
,

f h h
’
o t e t re e -
art on or ex a e ro en e o n on s

W d w ou l d b h f ll wi g d N 22 3 5
,

Wi h t out k i or s e ta en n t e o o n or er : o .
, ,

27 , 3 0 .

Itsh ld b ou xp c d h v y c mp si i ssig d f
n ot e e e te t at e er o o t on a ne or

an a lysis will c ss ily c f m i ne e y d il ar g li on or n ev er et a to a i v en ou t ne .

li p is p s d s bli sh m f m
'

Th e ou t f ne o a at t e rn r e en t e to e t a a n or as a ra e

o f f c If
r e e r en li is c sid d i g l wy m
e . an ou t ne m on er e n a e n er a a or e c o

p si i s will b f d c f m i h if h li is h dg d
,

o t on e ou n to on or to t t an t e ou t n e e e

by lim i i g d ils wh ich w oul d cl d m y h wis lid

t n et a ex u e an ot er e va ex

a m pl s T h m e w p e ic l i i g d or e y fe m h m
art u ar z e n re ar t o an or t e ore

f w m yh pl i c i f s i p ifi w k
.
,

o t en e a av e t o ex an e rt a n e at u r e n a s ec c or as

s l
unu u a f d i m j i y f c s s N h l ss i is
”
or
“
n ot ou n n a a or t o a e . e v e rt e e t
b h p ssibl d c ss y s blish m wh ic h
,

ot o e an ne e h ar t o e ta a n or on t e on e
h an d is g li
n ot sod b s l s en e ra h h zeh d as to e u e es n or o n t e ot er
“

an so

s ic i cl d m y c mp si i s I m s b m mb d
,

re tr t v e as t o ex u e an o o t on t u t e re e er e

h m sic is c dfi
.

h
t at t e u d h id ifi i r e at ed l ifi i r st an t at en t c at o n an c a ss cat o n

m s u c ss ily foll ow T h s d will m i i

t ne e ar c ss y fl i e tu en t a nta n a ne e ar ex

b il i y if h m mb s h li f f m is g id
.

t e re h e er t at t e ou t n e o a or a u e, n ot a

ru el V i s fS d d
. ar an t di i o lp sm yb p c d b
t an ar or tra t on a at t e rn a e ex e te ut

h s i s p cis ly b c s s m m h b s blish d
,

t e e ar e v ar an t re e e au e o e n or as een e t a e

F h h s d sh l d b w h cc si lly c s
.

u rt er , t e tu en t ou e a ar e t at o a on a on e en ou n t e r

f m s wh ich s bj c m h
or ar e i p ti u e t to or e t an On e n t er ret a on .

F m dc or an w sp c s f si gl id i y T h f
on t e n t ar e t o a e t o a n e en t t e re or e ,

s i lysis will i l if bj c i
.

p r e e n t at on an d p m m gf
an a h rov e ost e an n u t e o e t ve
is p im ily k i d f m sic l diss c i b is h ki d f
n ot r ar a n o u a e t on , ut r at er a n o

sy h sis wh ich lysis is

nt e to c ss y p l d T h is an a b a ne e ar re u e . c an e ao

c mplish d if gi w k is c sid d i l i
o e a v en or on ere n r e at on t o :

1 Th p ifi f m f
e s ec w h ic h i is x m pl
c or o t an e a e .

2 A y d p f m m difi i f h s blish d p
.

n e ar t u r e ro or o cat on o t e e ta e att e rn .

3 T h s yl s h ics f h p i d i which i w c mp s d
.
, ,

d e t e an ae t et o t e er o n t as o o e .

4 Th w k s d ch c is ic s yl f i c mp s
.

e or an ar a t er t t e o ts o o er .

5 B sic s c l p i cipl s wh ich

.

. a t ru t u r a mplifi d r n e are e x e e .

A l w ll is l lysis is h lpf l E wi hi s ch sh
u ra as e as v ua an a e u . v en t n u a or t

un i h igh m s s c h
t as t e e d s
t -
di
e a u re ily d en t en e t e e ar oe n ot o r n ar un er

s d h f m h y c mp h ds i Wi h di c d p c ic
t an t e or as t e e e o re en t . t re te ra t e,

h w o h
ev e r , t b c m s p isi gly p fi i If h is h
e e ar c an e o e ur r n ro c en t . t e re n ot t at

au ra l mp h si wh ich id ifi d l ifi l i sh ips wi h
co re en on en t es an c a ss e s r e at on t
 In tr odu c t ion

in w k m m h i g b c m s simply s i s f d ch d
a or or a ov e en t , e ar n e o e a er e o et a e

an d pis dic s s y
e o p i c s d h w k h li tl m i g
e n or ex e r en e an t e or as t e e an n

b y d h is s cc ssi f di c physi l gic l imp ssi s

,

e on t u e on o re t o o a re on

I is ss c f c mp si i is f di h
.

t h h
t ru e t at t e e en e o a o o t on n ot ou n n t e
f c l l m s wh i h
a tu a e e en t l d b y lysis b i is q lly
c ar e re v e a e an a ut t e ua t ru e ,
p d ic lly is ly f p ss
,

ara ox g h ah i en ou w h gh th g
t at t on a ter e a t r ou e at e

w y f h s f c l l m s h h ss c f w k is ld
,

a o t e e a tu a e e en t t at t e e en e o a or r ev ea e

h w ds f ci d g If y wish d s d h
.

In t e or o an an en t a a e, ou to un er t an t e
v isibl bs v wi h c h visibl
e, o er e t are t e e .
F a r m s an d c o mp os i t io n a l pr oce du res

E a r ly R e n a issa n c e Hig h R e n a issa n c e

1 4 00- 1 5 00 1 5 00- 1 600

M o de s M o des

Tid r a s Tid
r a s

D u pl e an d Ti ple D u p l e an d Ti ple
T
r r
ac t u s T act u s

f o r ms B al l e t ( dan c e f o rm s ) An t h e m
C h an so n B asso o st i n a t o
F ro t t o l a C an o n
Im it at iv e c o u n t e rp o in t C an zon a
MF asses —t yp e s C h or al e
P
re e F an t a sia
aro dy
M adr i gal

T
P l ain so n g
M adr i gal c o m e dy
e n or
P danc e s ( p rop or t z )
a ir e d
P a n - iso rh y t h m ic m ot e t
Po l y p h o n ic l au de

Q u odl ib e t
R ice r care
T o ccat a

Var iat ion ( d ifi e r en c ia )

B a ro q u e R oc oco
1 6 00- 1 7 5 0 1 7 25 - 1 7 7 5

D iat on ic T o n alit y D iat o n ic T o n al it y

Mj M a or- in o r Mj Ma o r- in or

Tid r a s Ti r ad s

D u p l e an d Til
r p e D up le an d Ti r pl e
Co n sist e n t u se o f b ar l in e s f r om t h is ti m e

f o r ms Ar ia G l ee
C an t at a L ie d
C an z on a Op e r a
C a t ch B a l l ad o pe r a
C h o ral p re l u de O p e ra b u ff a
Op e ra c om iq u e
C on ce rto
C o n ce r t o gro sso
S in gsp ie l
S ol o c o n ce r t o S o n at a
F u gu e S y mph on y ( e ar l y )
In v e n t ion
Op e r a
O ra t or io
Ov e r t u re
F
re n c h
It a l ian
P a ssio n

S o n at a
S o n g f o r m w it h t r io
S u it e ( l e sson o r d re , p ar t it a )
,

Var iat ion t y p es

Ch ac o n n e
G ro u n d b ass
Par ap h r ase
XVIII Pa ssac agl ia
 F a r ms a n d co mp osi t ion a l p roc edu r es

C l ass ic ism R o ma n t ic is m
c h r o n o l o gy 1 75 0 1 8 27 1 8 00- 1 9 00

s ca l e b a s is D iat o n ic T o n al it y T li ( a i
on a ty In cre s ng
ch m i i m)
ro at c s

h b a r m o n ic
'

a s is
Ti r ad s Tid(r a h d se v e n t an
i h h d )
n nt c or s

D u p l e an d r ip l e T D Til
u pl e -
S y mm e t r ical at t ern s P F re e r
p e
r
R h y th m s

f or ms C on ce rto ( C l assical ) Addit ion o f v o ice s

D iv er t ime n t o t o sy m p h o n y

R on d o f o r m s Ar t so n g

S on a t a al l e gro
C y c l ic t r e at m e n t
E
-

S o n at a w h ol e t u de

S y mp h o n y (
as a

C l assic al ) F re e v ar i a t io n

M o de rn su it e

ML u s ic dra m a
e it m o t if
(
O n e mov e m e n t
-
son a t a

P r o gr am m u sic
( f r ee f o rm )
S y m ph o n ic p o e m

Imp r ess io n is m Tw en t i e t h C e n t u ry
1 8 8 0- 1 9 1 8 1 9 00
T o n a l it y T o n al , Mod al
ME o d al it y
xo t ic S ca l e s
D u o de cu p l e ,
,

S ch e m at a
Tid r a s, se v e n t h , n in t h , EP xt e n de d t o n al it y , F re e grou p in gs, Modal ,

an d e l e v e n t h c h o r ds, ol y t on al , Q u art al
w h o l e t on e
f r e e p ro gre ssio n
c h o r d s,
“
E m an cip at ion of d isso n an ce

D u p l e- Ti ple M
F re e
r
R h y t h m ic P att e rn s
N ew e t e rs A dd it iv e
,

R h y t h m N o n sy mm e t r ic al
P M M
-
,
“ ”
a t t e rn s ,o t o r ic ov e m e n t

f o rms Av o id an ce o f c on t r a Mo d ifi cat ion of t r ad i

p u n t al i m it at ive t io n al f e at u re s in
-

f or m s
Free f or m s
Mo difi cat ion o f
f u gu e son at a
,

v a r iat io n s
an d

N eo C l assic isrn ( n eo-Bar oq u e ) r ev iv al

t radit io n al f or m s
CC an z on a

P
o n cer t o gr o sso
assaca gl i a
'

R i cerc ar e
N ew cad e n c e c o n c e p t s

N o n m e l o d ic st ru c t u re s in
EM
-

l e c t ro nic m u sic
u siq ue co n cr ete
P
e rcu ssio n m u sic

O ne -
ac t o p e r a
“
S o n at a as a f ree in st ru m en t a l f orm
T e n de n c y t o w a rd s n o n -co n f or m it y
T o n e - ro w t e ch n iq u e
S e c t ion 1

Un its t t
s r uc ur e
 C h ap t e r I

The figur e mo ti ve , , an d se mi p hrase -

fig u r e is
s m l l s i f c s c i i m sic C sis i g f t
th e a e t un t o on t ru t on n u . on t n o a

l s
ea ch c is ic hy h m d ch c is ic i
t on e ar a ter l i my
t r t an on e ar a t er t n t e rv a ,
t a

i cl d f w w
n u e as s m y
e w l U s ll y h w
as t o t on e or as an as t e ve . ua ,
o ev er,

h mi d
t e ds n s bdi id h i s b y d pp im ly ight
t en to u v e t e un t e on a r ox at e e

s T h f ll wi g p ss g ( f m h fi m m
t on e . e o o f B
n h a a e ro t e r st ov e en t o e et o

v ensS ’
Op 3 1 N
o n ata , 3) m y b c sid d si gl i ; b
.
,
o . a e on e re a n e un t ut

p ic l ly i h is c s b c s f h m
ar t u ar n t d m d mp a e e au e o t e e t er an o e rat e te o,

an d b c s h e hi d g p ff
au e t s is h c
e t ym i f r r ou o o u r n ot e t e on t r ar o t on o

h s c
t e d g p h is
e on d cy h his divid d i
r ou ,
t e re a t en e n to e ar t as e nto

t h ree figu re s :

Ho w ev e r , a gro u p s ch u as t he f ll wi g woul d b c sid d

o o n e on e re as a

si gln e fi gu re :

5x 2 A l l e gr o
k
n on
T ch ai ov sky ,
S y mp h on y
’

is cc si lly s d sy ym s with fig
T h e t e rm mo t i ve o a on a u e as n on ou u re;

h
on t h h d dis i c i is s m im s m d b w h fig
e ot er an a t n t on o et e a e et e en t e u re

cc mp im p i ( i ds B q ky
,

as an a o an e n t or at t e rn u n t as n et u e or ar o ue e

b d w ks ) d h m i
oar or a h m t ic p icl T h bj c i s
an t e o t ve as t e a ar t e . e o e t on
to si g m i i s d f
u n sy ym s wi h fig
ot v e n ( )
t ea o o r as n on ou t u re are : a

h m i h m ic p i m y c sist f w
, ,

t e ot v e as a t h fige at ort o n a on o t o or t re e u res,

F oo t n o t e : S ec t i on I is c on side re d a p r er e q u isit e f or p r o p er u n de rst an din g o f an al y sis

an d st y l e In t h e ev en t , h o w ev e r , on e d esir e s t o ap p r o ac h t h e son g f orm s ( S e ct io n II )

k
.

more q u ic l y , t h e m at e rial s on u n it s of st ru ct u re m ay b e p resen t e d t o t h e c l ass in su m

ma riz e d f o rm .
Un i ts of s tr uc t u r e

an d ( b ) the iv is wid ly s d t id ify h b i f b

t erm mot e e u e o en t t e r e su

j f i v ti I will p v l ss c f si g
ce t o an n en on q i c lly
t ro e e on u n t o u se u n e u vo a

h
t e t er m fig f
“
th sm ll s t si gl i Th t m m t ivic
u re or e a e n e un t . e er
“
o

t
r ea tm t is v lidly s d d sc ib h c mp siti l p c d
en a u e to e r e t e o o on a ro e u re

i w h ic h c mpl
n w ks ( s ch h i v t i
o et e fg ) or u as t e n en on or u ue or se c

i s ( s ch
t on uf d i h d l pm t c d ) b s d
as are ou n n t e ev e o en or o a are a e on

a t h m ic m iv
e at A s cc ssiv ot s c mbi
e .f m fig s u e e t on e o ne to or ure s , so

d s cc ssiv fig
o u e f m m iv s s cc ssiv m tiv s s mi ph s s
e u re s or ot e ,
u e e o e ,
e -
ra e ,

d s cc ssiv s m i p h s s p h s s
“

an u e e e -
ra e , ra e .

Th f ll wi g x mpl s g p h ic lly ill s t t

e o o n e h w ys m wh ic h
a e ra a u ra e t e a

fig u re s are
g lly s d en e r a u e :

T h e fi rst figu re ( a ) is p re e at e d with sh if d h yth m te r ,

th e sc d
e on

i
w th m odifi cat ion s .

C o p yr i gh t 1 9 4 1 b y In t e rn at ion al M u sic Co . U se d b y p erm 1 ss1 on .

5x 5
Te m p o gi u s t o
k
S t r avi n s y ,
L e S ac r e d a
P r in t e m p s
( T h e Ri t e of
S p r in g ) T h e rh t hmi y cp at t ern 1 5 re
0

p e at e d ,
b ut n ot th e me l dcp
o i at t e rn .

2 . S e q u e n ce

A l l e gr o m a n on t r op p o
U f
n i ts o s tr u c t u r e

6 . C o rr e sp o n di n g m e tr ic gr ou p in gs
T h e fi gu r es b gie n on c orr e sp di g b s
on n e at of s cc ssiv
u e e me a s s
u re .

A l l e gr e t t o

7 . I n t e r l oc k i n g o r o ve r l a pp i n g )

Pr e s t o

f co n f u oco — a

A l l e g r o m o de r a t e

8 . Th e fig u r e g r o u p
Th is is a un i diff
t of t h ree fig wh ich m
er e n t u re s ay be u e sdi ‘

n su c

c ssi i
e on n on e v o ic wi h i si gl ph s
e t n a n e ra e .

A l l a b u l ga r e s e ( J J J V V
4 6)
o b c b c

C o py r i gh t 1 93 6 by U n iv er s al E
dit ion , Vienn a
U
assign e d t o B o osey

se d b y p e r m ission
. H aw k es

f or US A . .

9 . T h e m u l tip le fig u r e
T wo or m or e fi gu re s are u eds si m l u t an e ou sly in diff e re n t v ic s
o e .
 Th e fig ur e, mo t i v e , and se mi p h r as e
-

10 . T h e im i t a t i v e u se o f a figu r e
Th e fi gur e a pp s s cc ssi ly i
e ar u e ve n difi er en t vo ic se .

Al l e gro con br io
Vi o l i n I
l9
EX
Vi o l l n n

11 Th e figu r e i n R e n a is s a n c e v oc a l m usic
—
.

six c y m s ci l di isi s c sp d wi h
In t h e t e en th en t u r o t et , e t on a v on orr e on t

di isi s by t li E ch s c i
v on ili s ch c t is ti c fi g
ex t n es . a e t on u t ze a ar a er ur e

which i pp s i h i s ic s Th is is ill
n t u rn a d i h e ar n t e v ar ou vo e . us tr at e n t e

P l st i
a e m Di S ifi r na( A MP N ot e t es anct c a t us , o .

12 . The fi gu r e as a se l f -
co n t a i n e d t h e m a t i c u ni t

p c m sic h fig is m s f q l y
In h om o h oni f m u ,
t e ur e o t re u en t on e o a nu

b f s cc ssi
er o i s wh ich c mbi
u e f m h s mi p h s d
v e un t o ne to or t e e -
ra e an

ph s Th is is ill s d i h p c di g m sic l x mpl s N

ra e . u tr at e n t e re e n u a e a e os .

d 6 I i mi iv p lyph i c m sic h fi g m i v is
,

3 4 5
, , , an . n t at e o on u t e ur e or ot e

f ss t i l h m ti c ig ifi i i s lf Th e s bj c f B ch s ’

o e en a t e a s n c an ce n t e . u e ts o a

Tw V i oI -
i N 1 3 4 7 8
o ce d 13 yp ic l f s ch
n v e n t o ns os an ar e t a o u

h m ic m iv s
.
, , , , ,

t e at ot e .

13 . Th e figu r e in th e e t u d e o r t o cca t a

The u se of th e fi gu re in f orm sb s a ed on i
th e r e t e rati ve an d s cc s
u e

siv e u se of a p att e rn is ill s u t r at e di n th e f ll wi g w k s

o o n or :

Ch pi o n, E t u d es: Cmj a or , Op . 10 , N o1; G fl t m j -

a a or ,

j
.

Op . 1 0 , No . 5 ; G flat m a -
or , Op . 2 5 , No 9;
i
.

A m n or , Op 2 5 .
, No 4 . .

K reu tz e r , Vio lin E t u d e in C ma j or

P agan ii n ,
P e rp e t u a l M o t io n f or Vo ni li
U f
n i ts o s tr u c t u r e

14 Th e m o ti vic ce l l i n t we l ve t one mu sic

'

-
.

i i
W th w n a f i m difi t i i t v l p tt
t on e r o or on e o ts o ca on s , an n er a a e rn

is s blish d whi ch mpl ys ly th i t v l i t v ls f th

e ta e e o on e n er a or n er a o e

p tic l p t
ar u arI h f ll wi g x mpla h p t
t e rn is mi . n t e o o n e a e t e a t ern n or

s c d mi th i d s d i c sist
e on — nor lt t i r u e
“

n on en t a e rn a on .

m2 £1 ; 111 2 m2

“ — ?
“

73
“

51 5 Tn 1
( inve rt e d )

U
C
b y p erm ission
o p y r ig h t

of
1 9 1 7 by
Associat e d
U n iv ersal

M u sic
E di t ion Vienn a ,

P u b l ish e r s In c , N ew
.

Y k
se d , . or .

15 P e r m u ta t io n

The of m t he grj gin al mot e j n te mal sug cessi on s

with i is c ll d p m i If th s i s 1 2 3 4 5 6 p s t s
m w m

n a fi gu re a e er u ta t o n . e er e re re e n

h
t e or igi l d f s f six t fig 1 3 24 5 6 2 3 4 6 5 1 t
na or er o t on e o a -
no e u re , , , e c .

p s t p ssibl t p m t ti s If h f i t v ls
,

re r e en o e on e er u a on t e su ccess1on o n er a

is 4 th 3 d—
.

2 d 5 h 6 h
-
r p ssibl i v l p m i is 3 d 2 d
n -
t -
t ,
a o e n t er a er u t at on r -
n

5 h 6 h 4 t h I cl d d i
t -
t -
h c .
g y f p m
n t i uis ls c t v
e n t e at e or o er u at o n a o o a e

displ c m t fa e m en s Th s i B c h s T h V i I
o on e or o re t on e . u ,
n a
’
re e -
o ce n

i
v en t on ,N 9 th igi l figo .
,
pp s l t
e or na u re a e ar a er

I w ti th c y w ks b s d s m n t en e -
en tu r or a e on o e

c s t ctiv sch m sid f h di i l t l syst m p m t

on ru e e a ou t e o t e t ra t on a on a e , er u a

ti on is f h p i cip l m
on e o s i d v l pm t
t e r n a e an o e e o en .

16 . A cc omp a n im e n t p a t t e r ns
In cc mp i m t p
a o s fig an p ic l ly i mp t t i
en at t e r n ,
u r es are art u ar o r an n

m i i i g c ti i y li i g th h m y b idgi g g ps
a nta n n on nu t ,
ou t n n e ar on ,
or r n a te

su l i g f m h s p
t n ro i f ph s s by l g
t e s d sts Th
e ar at o n o ra e on e r n ot e an re . e

p g mm ic
ro ra f h cc mp im fig is ill s t d i w ks
at u se o t e a o an en t u re u rat e n or

s c h S ch b s O g G i d
u as u Th T
e rt I t h m l ipl fi g
’
r an -
r n er o r e ro u t . n e u t e

u re f m B ch s C
ro N 28 ( E
a 1 8 p g 7 ) h is fig
’
a n t a ta
p o . x .
,
a e t u re a

p sm h
e ar h
ore d d im s i th
t an o n e i cc mp im t g un re t e n e ar a a o an en , su

g i
e st n
g h j y ht e pp c h f h
o N w Y on h s bj c t f
t e a roa o t e e e ar t e u e o

h
t e t ext o f h i t e ar a .

Wh il i is e h fig
t f c mbit ru e t f m s mi p h s s at u re s o t en o ne to or e -
ra e ,

it m s u b ss m d h ll s mi ph s s
t n ot e a h f divisibl
u e t at a e -
ra e ar e t e re o re e

1n to o bvi s fig s d i s cc ssi
ou lt i T h f ll wi g
u re s u e n u e on or a ern at on . e o o n

ex ampl s ill s t e s mi ph s s which

u ch si gl its th
rat e e -
ra e are ea n e un ra er
 Th e fig ur e mo ti ve, , and s e m i -
p h r a se

th an c mp si
o o t e fi gu res .

Al l e g r o m o de r a t o e ma e s t o s o

s e miph r o s e

A n da n t e ca n t ab i le

s e mip h r o s e s e mi p h r o s e

AS S I G NMEN T

1 . L c d id
o at e ify h yp f fig
an en t m it e th m l di s e o u re t re at en t n t e e o e

of h f ll wi g c mp si i
t e o s
o n o o t on :

a A h l gy f M i l F m N
. nt o o o5 7b 8 9 u s ca or s, os .
, , ,
.

b Sch m
. A lb m f
u h Y
an n , g O p 6 8u N 6 1 1
or 1 6t e oun , .
,
os .
, ,
.

c M d lss h S g Wi h
. en e W d N
o n, 20
on d 35
s t ou t or s, os . an .

d B t 6 k Mi k k m
. ar ,
V l II N 3 8 4 3 44 4 5 5 5
ro os os , o .
,
os .
, , , , .

e A c mp si i
. o wh ich y o c ly s dyi g
t on ou a r e u rren t tu n .

2 Id ify d ly s mi ph s s i h s s m c mp si i s
en t an an a ze e -
ra e n t e e a e o o t on ,

i dic ti g which divisibl i fig d wh ic h

.

n a n ar e e n to u re s an are n ot .
 C hap t e r II

is p i t f p s m ki g h d f ph s s cti It
c a de n c e a o n o re o e ar n t e en o a ra e or e on .

is ki d f p c i
- a ch i vi g i ff c by h
n o unf c i t u at on , a e n ts e e t t e u se o .
e rt a n

ch d s cc ssi s
or p ic l pl c i h s c
u e on d i is i at a art u ar a e n t e t ru t u re , an t o

ten ss ci d wi h p s
a o l g t at e h c d c p i t t a au e or a on er n o e at t e a en e o n .

T h w d c d c is d iv d f m h L i
e or da en f ll si c e er e ro t e at n ca er e ,
“
to a ,
”
n e

a f ling f ee s is implici i h s d f l w
o t
ca e s u ra or r e t t n t e ou n o a o er n o e

imm di t ly f ll wi g h igh
e a e o o n a er on e .

IJ

l m sic h c li y f h c d c w b s d th
n t on a u t e a tu a t o t e a en e as a e on ree

taci ss mpt i s
t a u on :

1 Th c d c g . p c sis d f f m l i v lvi g ss i lly

e a en e r ou on te o a or u a n o n e en t a

w s m im s h ch ds ( V I 1 2 V I )
t o, o et e t re e , or -
or - -

2 Th d . h d h d f
e ca y p h s ( h fi l
e n ce c c h d ‘

or at t e en o an ra e t e na or

f h c d c g op) w c s
t e id a s m im s
en e ro u as a o n on an t tr a ,
or o et e

aV 7 .

3 .ch d f c mp si i w i v i bly i h m j
T h e fi n al or o a o o t on as n ar a e t er a a or

mi id or n or tr a .

Th w f ld f ci f c d c
e t o- o m k h d f un t on o a a en e 1s to ar t e en o on e

ph s s c i ra e or d h b gi m g f eh Wh
t on h b g m g an t e e n n o a n ot er . en t e e in n

f w ph s s ci is dis i c d d fi i h
’

o a ne p ra e , p e t on , o r art t n t an e n te , t e re

c di g c d c is f l ss mph ic I s ch i s c h di
e n a en e o t en e e at . n u an n t an e , t e t ra

i
t on al c d c h m i s m y b l d ; i ddi io h c d c
a en e ar on e a e a t e re n a t n, t e a en e

p i is f b idg d by m i g fig T h p s f h
o nt o t en r e a ov n u re . e
“
re o e o t e ca

d c h s is s
en e t h ic f c i
u hex h t c lf cas a t e o re t un t on r at e r t an as an a t u a a t .

I l ( i dic ) m sic h f ll wi g
n t on a h p i cip l c d c s
tr a u t e o o n are t e r n a a en e :

1 A h ic V I I h is yp h f m l V p s s y
. ut en t : -
. n t t e, t e or u a
“
re re en t an

d mi t f m ti ( V viio n an or a on 7 , 7 ,

Th w c g is e re ar e t o at e or e :

Th p f a h. i d i wh ich h
e is p s t
e r e c t a ut e n t c ca e n ce , n t e ro o t re en

i b h sid ic s f h ic ch d
n ot
'

ou t e vo e o t e t on or
 Th e c a de n ce

b . T h e i mp er f ec t a u t h e n t ic c ade n c e , wi h i h t e t er th e th ird or

Ii h s pfift h of n th b ss e o ran o , or «

wi h h h i d i
t t e t r n t e a .

2 Pl g l IV I
. a a : -
.

3 D c p iv
. V VI
e e V
t y e: p c d -
h m y ,
or t o an u n ex e te ar on .

4 H lf U s lly h p g ssi
. a : f
ua y c h d V
t e H w iro r e on o an or to . o ev er , n

i h d w
n n e t e en t i h c y ( l) m an ph s d
t en t et -
en t u r t on a u src , ra e en

i gs II III IV f d d th s m s ls b
n on or ar e ou n an e e u t a o e con

h lf c d c s T h p g ssi
, , ,

id d s ere as a i m -
a f IV ( ) en e . e ro re on n 1 n or o 6

V II V is s m i m s l
or ifi d -
Ph y gi cd c o et e c ass e as a r an a en e .

F p p s s f f c w will m h ch ds c s i i g
or ur o e o re e ren e, e t er t e or on t tu t n

h c d c
t e a i en h d
e un t g p d
as h l s c h d f
t e ca e nce h rou an t e a t or o t e

p p i s c w
,

g ro u h d
as t h d A
e ca h i h
en ce c h or . t t at o nt n t e t ru t u re e re a

p ic l ly s g d m c i is d si d h m m i h
ar t u ar t r on e ar at o n e re ,
t e ov e en t n t e

m l dy
e o c c mp i m t m y c s d h c d c c h d m y
or a o an en a ea e an t e a en e or a

b f s m l gh I
e o o h is c
e en h h y h m ic p
t . c i n if cs
t ase t e r t un t u at on r e n or e

t h h m
e ic p c i l h gh i sh c mp si i
ar on un t u at on , a t ou si gl n a or t o o t on o r n e

m m
ov e w k s ch i s c s
en t or l i ly i f q
u A w k f
n t an e ar e r e at v e n re u en t . or o

an y l g h i w
en h ic h st c h n cc h d f u c h p h s ca e su ra s o u r at t e en o ea ra e

or s c woul d s b c m b bl I ch l s hym s
en t en e oon e o e un e ar a e . n or a e or n ,

h w v
o s ch ph s s ps p p s f l
e er , u ra e to are ur o e u .

I h h m
n t ic p c ic f si
e ar h c
on y m sic h l i
ra t e o x t e en t -
en t u r u ,
t e re at on

sh ip f o ch ds
su cce ss1 v ech h h h or c l ic to ea ot e r rat er t an t o a en t r a t on

w asm s imp o Th
t ic s bd mi d m
ort an t ( I I V)
V — e t on -
u o n an t -
o i n an t -
te

i i p c w ic s
.

l ai h ip did
t on s y hs h p m n ot m et h h h
av e t e re- e n en t or t an e t e e

p g ssi s w
ro re ss m i h f ll w i g c y R p si i s
on e re t o a u e n t e o o n en t u r . oot o t on

w er em f q ly s d h i si s ; s cc ssi ns f
or e re u en t u e p si t an n v er on u e o o roo t o

i ch ds by sc di g d sc di g s c ds d h i ds w f
t on or a en n or e en n e on an t r e re o

t en e mpl y d ; i m d l m sic h pl g l p g ssi

o e n o w a f sd u t e a a ro re on as o t en u e

as a fi l c d c na a en e .

si h c
In t h e
“

y fi l ch d g dl ss f h m d w
xt e e n t en t u r a na or re ar e o t e o e, as

lw ys m j Th m gi fi l m j nic
,

a a a or . h d f e na e v en to a na a or to at t e en o a

c mp si i i mi is T i c d Pic di
o o t on Pic dy T h i d
n n or
“
er e e ar e
”
or
“
ar r
”

Th is p c ic p v il d f m h si h w ll i igh h
.

ra t e h re a e ro t e x t ee n t e n to t e e t een t
c y en tu r .
Un i ts o f s tr uc t u r e

p bl m f disg isi g m difyi g th c d c i

T he ro e o u n or o n e a en e n or d er t o

m i t i c
a n a n i i y w c g i d q it ly A s ct i
on t n u t as re o n ze u e e ar . e on in Zar
li s L I i i i h m i h ( 1 5 5 8 ) is t i l d W ys
no
’
e st tu t on ar on c e t e
“
a to A o d vi
th eC d nc I c t p l v c l m sic th c d c s
a e e .
”
n on r a unta o a u e a en e ar e ft
o en

disg is d by
u e v l ppi g i m
an v ic s
o er a n n on e or ore o e .

ca d e n ce l n S o p ra no l

will b se i h f ll wi
As e en pl s
n t ei o o ng t w o ex am e of n net e en t h -c en

t y i s
ur m t l m sic h p i cip l m
n t ru en a s f mi i g t i
u ,
t e r n a e an o t a ng t h e ef

f f h cd c
eet o t e p i f p s is c i th
a en e as a o nt o re o e to on t n u e e rh yth mic
m v m t Th is is m s t f q
o e en . t ly cc mplish d i th
o re u en a o e n e accompan i

me n t I

EX 26
L a r gh e t t o

S c h u b er t , Vo i c e
My P eace
Th o u A rt
ca d e nce
Op 5 9 N o 3
.
, .

Pi a n o

A n da n t e
Un i ts o f s tr u c t u r e

2 . D e lay e d caden ce

c Su h c d c cc s wh one m
a a en e s f h cd c
o ur en or ore t on e o t e a en e

ch d or d l y d by h p s c f
a re e a e h m ic s Th st e re e n e o n on -
ar on t on e . e e

are g lly s sp si s
en e r a pp ggi su T h is penic l yp f
on or a o at u ra . art u ar t e o

m sic w m ch f v d i h igh h c y s yl g l “ ”
u as u a ore n t e e t een t -
en t u r t e a an t , an

ou tg w h f hro l m s é mp l y
t o f th
t e a pp ggi t d i g
o t o u sor u se o e a o a u ra ur n

th p id
at er o .

A e mpl n f h is yp
xa f c d c e f d i gal n m sic
o t t e o a en e as ou n n a t u

is ill st d h f ll wi g c pt f m h fi s mo m t f h
u r at e 1n t e o o n ex e r ro t e r t ve en o t e
S m A m j
on a t a by P di s ( 1 7 1 0 1 7 9 2 )
a or ara e

ca d e n c e

Th is yp f c d c is by m s lim i d
t e o a en e no e an te i
t o t h e e gh t ee th c en n
tur y T h f ll wi g mpl sh ws ly i
. e o o n ex a e o e ar
'

n n et ee n t h c -
en t u r y s u age :

A l l e gr o a p p o gg io t uro

A ls o, see th e c ad e n cs e in t h e sc
e on d m ov emen t of B e et h o v s en
’

S o n a t a Op 2 , N o 1 in t h e A n t h o logy
,
. . o f M usica l F a r ms .

3 . E l ide d ca de n c e

An lid d c d c cc s wh
e e w p h s b gi s si m l
a en e o ur en a ne ra e e n u t an e

ou s l y wi h b f h c d c ch d f h fi p h s S m i m s
t or e or e t e a en e or o t e r st ra e . o et e

t h is c d c is ls
a chi v d by v l ppi g
en e a o a e e o er a n .
 Th e c a de n c e

A n da n t e s o st e n u to
e l id e d c a de nc e

4 . E x t e n de d c a de n ce

An d d c d c cc s wh h h m y f h c d c
e x t en e a en e o ur en t e ar on o t e a en e

ch d is c i d
or m m s sby d h cd c m s
on t n u e on e or ore e a u re e on t e a en e ea

by m s i
u re e an o z

A p ggi ia . r e at on

A n da n t e co n m ot o ca de nce me a s ure e x t e ns io n

b . Pr o l on gat on i

Ch d l m ( h p i i f h d ch d h
c . or a t reat en t t e re et t on o t e c a e n ce or ar

m y) on

I h B
n h t e S y mp h y N 8 i F m j
ee t h l s
ov e n hi t “

on o . n a or , t e a t t r ee n

m s s c sist f h i i f ly h ic ( F m j ) ch d
e a u re on o t e re t e r at on o on t e t on a or or .

E mpl s m y ls b f
xa e di h fi lm s s f h l s m
a a o e ou n n t e na e a u re o t e a t ov e

m s f B th v s S y mp h i N 1 3 d 5
en t o ee o en
’
o n es os .
, an .

d d c d c m s f cc s h d f i
,

Th e ex t e n e a en e o t o t en o ur at t e en o an n t ro

d c i
u p
t on , c mp si i h
art , h in h m iddl
or f p
o o t on r at er t an t e e o a art .

I m s b
t mp h si d h
u t p ggi t i p l g i
e e a ch d l ze t at ar e a on , ro o n at on , or or a

rei i wi hi h c d c m s d s c sti
t e r at on t n t e a en e e a u re oe n ot on t u t e an ex t e n

si Th s l l g h f h
on . e u ua d d c d c is f m en f t o t e e xt e n e a en e ro on e to ou r

m s s ( Th p i i f h t i c d c g p is disc ss d
e a u re . e re et t on o t e en re a en e rou u e

d ph s
un e r nsi ) ra e ex t e on .
Un i ts o f s tr u c t u r e

5 . Imp lie d c a de n c e

impli d c d c
An e a en e re us l s wh t en the p g ssi
ro re on un ist k bly
m a a

impli s p ic l h e a art u ar ar mon yb h ut t e r oo t is bs f

a ent rom h c d c
t e a en e

ch d or .

Pr e s t o ne x t phra s e

| 6 ( i mp l i e d) , G, b e i n g
t h e ro o t ,
mi t t e d i n t h e cad e n ce ch o rd .

6 . E va de d c a de n c e

An v si f h d c t k s pl c wh
e a on o ddi i l
t e ca e n e a e a e e n an a t on a on e or

m ore m s s f ll w wh w ld h wis h v b
e a u re o cd il
o at ou ot er e a e een a a en t a

p ro gre ssi Th c d c f ll wi g th v si is ft i
on . e a th en e o o n e e a on o en n an o er

k ey .

A l l e gr e t t o
e va de d c a d e n ce

F rom the Ch pi o mpl y n sh ld id tify

ex a e ou ou en n ot on ly c d ti l a en a

e v si
a on b ut a ls lid d c d c
o an e e a en e

C a de n ces in t w e ie
n t t h -
c e n t u ry m u s ic
cit ss mp i s f l ( i dic ) m sic st t d h
T h e th ree t a a u t on o t on a tr a u a e at t e
vid i l i ly f w w i h —
,

b gi i g f h is ch pt
e nn n o t a e r , are e en t n re at v e e t en t e t ce n

t y c d
ur c s Th f ll wi g
a en h p i cip l c t g i s f d p
e e o o n are t e r n a a e or e o e ar

s f m m difi i f th di i l l c d c I m st
.

t u re ro or o c at on s o e t ra t on a t on a a en e . n o

ins c s h p l im h m y is p i l i l v
t an e ,
t e en u t at e ar on o t on a or rre e an t .
 Th e c a de n c e

1 . Th e m o difie d fina l to n ic
s typ
In t hi s e, n ot e are a dd d e t o t h e t on ic wi h t ou t , h o wv e er , de
s yi g i ch ct
t ro n ts ar a er .

D b majo r w i t h
BI
» a n d El a dde d

U
C o p y righ t 1 9 4 6 b y S ch ott C o , L t d , L o n don
M
. . .

Y rk
se d b y p ermi ssion of A sso ci at e d u sic P u b lish e rs, In c , N ew . o .

D ma jor w i t h
B an d F adde d .

C o py ri gh t 1 94 7 b y G S ch i rm er , In c
. . U se d b y p ermission .

2 . Th e m difie d
o or su b s t i t u t e do mi na n t i n t h e p e n u l t i ma t e c h o r d .

C o p y righ t 1 9 4 6 b y H aw k es S on , L t d .
,
L on don . U se d b y p ermi ssi on .

Pr e s t o ( J 1 68 )

3 . Th e use o f a c o n so na n t o r r e la t i ve ly cons o n a n t ca d enc e c h or d .

is cc s wh
Th oc mpl x s i s
ur en a o e er e of h armon i s is c cl d d
e on u e

by l ss diss t ch d g p
“

a e on an or r ou .
U n i ts o f s tr u c t u r e

W it h ene rg
y

U se d
C op y r i g h t

b y p e rmission
1 9 4 3 b y S ch o t t
of A ssoc i at e d M
C o , L t d , L on don
. .

u sic P u b li sh e r s, In c , N ew .
.

Y rk o .

4 . T h e m o da l ca de n c e .

Th is c d c a en e 13 on e in wh ich th e t r i dic ch d
a or gr ou pi gs d iv
n er e

f m md
ro a o e r at h er t h an fr o m a t on a lity .

Vi o l i n

O rc h e st ra

U
C o p y ri gh t1 9 2 2 , ren ew e d 1 9 50 b y
se d b y p er mi ssion o f A ssoc iat e d
n iv e rsal

M
Udit ion , Vien n a
u si c P u b l ish er s, In c , N e w
E
Y rk
.

o . .

5 . C a de n c e s in f ou r th - c h or d ( q ua r ta l) m u sic
Th e c d c ch d is c st ct d
a en e or on ru e in f ou r t h s or in f ou rt h s pl su

th i ds
r .

C o p y r ig h t 1 9 1 4 by Ek
l in Co .
, Lt d L on d on . U se d b y p e rmi ssion .

6 . The u se o f t h e esc ap e d c h o r d o r u n reso l ve d disso n a n ce as a

fin a l c h or d .
 The ca de rtc e
‘

Cop yrigh t 1 9 22 b y G S chir mer , In c

. . U se d b y p ermi ssion .

No 3 . No 4.
No 1 ] .

U
C o p y ri gh t

se d b y p e r mi ssion
1 92 1 , r en ew e d 1 949 b y
o f A sso c i at e d
n i v e r sal

M
U
u si c P u b li sh e r s, In c , N ew
E
di t i on , Vi en n a
o . Y rk
.

It is n ot e w ort h y t h at i n b ot h Bl ch d C s ll
the o mpl s
an a e a ex a e the
diss o n an t n o t e s ar e on e d e gre e a b b l w i dic ch d
ov e or e o a tr a or t on e .

7 . Th e cad e n ce in a to n a l to ne - r o w m u s ic
T he v e rt ic l
a gr o pi gs
u ss i lly bi
n ar e e en t a ar t r ar y si c ch d
,
n e or con

n e c t io n s ar e n ot r e at e l d i h t c h th e t er o ea o er o r to ac l t ic en t r a on as

ar e tr a i ds i n t on a l m sic u .

EX 49
Sch on b er g ; Vi o l i n
P h an t asy f or
v iolin an d

pi an o ,
Op 4 7
.

Pi an o

C opy ri gh t 1 9 52 b y C F P et er s . . . U se d b y p e rrm ss1 on .

8 . B i tona l c a de nc e .

Th is c d c
a en e re p s s c m bi
r e en t i a o n at on of t w o t on a t e li i s t wo mo
li y d m d li y
,

dal it ies, or a ton a t an a o a t .

Un i ts f str u c t u r e
o

U
C op yr igh 1 926 , r en ew ed 1 9 5 4 b
t
se d b y p ermi ssi on of Asso ci at e d M y
ni v er sal E di ti on , Vi enn a
u si c P u b li sh er s, In c , N ew o
U
. Y rk
.

9 . E vasio n of th e ca de n ce .

In ss c ti i y h p vi sly n m l t d cy t
or der to a u re on nu t ,
t e re ou or a en en o

disg is th c d c is c i d t
u e e ax m W g s c ll d
en e arr e o an e t re e . a n er
’
so -
a e
'

“
endl ss m l dy d hi v id c f c d nc s i l gt h y ch s
e e o
”
an s a o an e o a e e n en or e

t l p ss g s p s g d h is d S i b i Fif h P i S ’
ra a a e re a e t t re n . cr a n s t a no o n a ta

( 1 9 0 8 ) is w k with t si gl h ic c d c i i c s
a or ou a n e au t en t a en e n ts ou r e .

(S ee als A h l gy f M i l F m N
o nt o o o
‘

u s ca or s, o .

10 C d . l d f m
a y h i
e n ce s e v o v e l ro ex o t i c o r s n t e t c sc a es .

I n h is c t g y
t h c d c s f
a e or d i p ss g s b s d th
ar e t e a en e ou n n a a e a e on e

wh l sc l th s d i S c i bi s w k s b d
_

f
’
o e t on e a e , or o e ou n n r a n or ase on v ar

i s sy h ic
ou nt et Op 4 4 N 2 P l d Op 5 1 N .
,
o .
,
re u e, .
,
o .

T h h m ic d m l dic b sis f S i bi P m h is ’
e ar on an e o a o cr a n s ro et e us

h ch d
t e or

A mon g o t h er sy n t h et ic p att e rn sf ou n d w i h c t y m sic

in t en t et -
en u r u

ar e th e
“
mo ds
e
”
of Me ssiae n
'

an d t h o e s s gg s d by Sl im ky i
u e te on s n

h is T h esa u r u s o f S ca le s 1
.

11 . Rhy t h m ic or p e r cuss i ve c a de nce .

In t h is typ e f c d c h o s l s t f m h m ic
a en e t e c ae s u r a re u t no ro ar on te

l at ion s h ip b f m h y h mic p t
s ut Th is is p s m s t b
ro a r t a t ern . r e en t o o

v iou s ly i w k s fn p c ssi g ps b is ls f d i c mp
or or er u on rou ,
ut a o ou n n o o

sit ion s u si g m l dy i s m t s E mpl s b f d i St i

n e o n t ru en . xa e c an e ou n n rav n

l N ico l as S l on i m f M
sk y , ( Y k C m
T h e sa u r u s o S ca l es an d e l o d ic P a t te r n s N ew or : ol e an ,

R o ss ,
 C h ap t e r III

The p h rase

t e rm p h r a se is s i m sic B sid s th f ct
on e o f t h e mo st am big u ou n u . e e e a

th i m y
at lidly b s d f
t a f f m w t
va igh m s s e u e or u n is t o ro t o o e t e a u re

( s m tim s v
o e m ) i l g h i is f
e e i c c ly s d f
en ore n en t , t o t en n orre t u e or

s b divisi s m l ipl s f si gl ph s s R ich d St s d ib

u on or u t e o n e ra e . ar rau s , e sc r

i g hi m h d f c mp si g w i s
n s et o m if m l dic p h s
o o o n ,
r te a ot or a e o ra e

of w t f t b s cc s m imm di ly I p t th is d w
o o ou r ar o ur to e e at e . u o n on

p p d h p d i s t igh w y i t ph s f ight si t
a e r an t en ex an t ra ta a n o a ra e o e ,
x e en

or hi y w b s
t rt -
t o ar .

D spi t h e mbi g i y f h
e m it is p sibl t
t e a s blish u t o t e t er ,
os e o e ta a

n orm b s d h f ll wi g
a e on t e o o n :

1 Th c . v i l ph s is g lly f m s
e on i E
en t on a ra e e n er a a ou r - ea u re u n t . x

p i l l y i
ce m y b s h l
t on a g t a e ort er or on er .
2

2 T h p h s is h s h
. e st i mi t d by c d c
ra e t e or t e un t ter na e a a en e .

3 It is g . lly ss ci t d wi h m
e n er a h ph s s a o a e t on e or ore ot er ra e .

4 I is h s . ct l b sis f h h m ph ic f ms d is ls
t t e t ru u ra a o t e o o on or an a o

ili d i c t i p lyph i c s c s
ut ze n er a n o on t ru t u re .

W m y s mm i e h ab v With h is d fi i i Th ph s is
u ar ze t e a o e t e n t on : e ra e

a un i c v i lly f m s s i l g h wh ich is mi d
t, on e n t on a ou r e a u re n en t ,
t er n at e

by c d c It is th s ct l b sis p tic l ly f th h m ph ic
a a en e . e t ru u ra a ar u ar o e o o on

f ms or .

T h e p h r ase as a fo u r m e as u r e
-
u n it

s y s f lk s gs will p vid
Mo t h mn an d pl s f o on ro e e x am e of ou r —
m e a s u re
ph s s T h h f m s ph s is c lly
ra e . m i W s
at t e ou r - e a u re ra e a tu a a n or n e t e rn
m s c di
u 1 d by h p s c
1s f h is s t c t
1n l it i ly
c at e t e re e n e o t ru u ra un n e ar

A mb si h ym s ro bd d mi si g s gs i s typ s
an n t r ou a ou r an n ne n er on ,
v ar o u e

p d c s d th g p i f E p m sic
,

of E u ro e an an e ,
an e re at e r o rt o n o u ro e an u

S t r au ss, R e co ll e c t io n s a n d R efle c t io n s
1 Ric h ar d cd W il l i S c h u h , t r an s L J L aw ren c e
k k
. . .
,

( N ew Y o r : Bo o sey an d H aw e s ,

b asis of ph r ase p 227

2 F or t h e acou st ic-p sy ch ol ogic al st ruc t u re , see . .
 Th e p h r a s e

c mp s d si c 1 600 T w h
o o e n fi ei s d i gh . o t re e ve s x ev en an e t

m s
ea u re ph s s m y b f d i h m sic f ll p i ds b h s
ra e a e ou n n t e u o a er o ,
ut t e e

are f l ss f q
ar e h f m sre is
u en t t an ar e ou r - e a u re u n t .

M d mp
e t e r an f d mi s f h mb f m s
te o ar e o t en et er n an t o t e nu er o ea

s i cl d d i ph s T h f ll wi g mpl
u re n u e n a b f m s ra e . e o o n ex a e c an e a ou r - ea

u re ph s i ra e w m s
n ph s i i gh a t o -
e a u re ra e n or an e t

m s
e a u reph s i 3 8 ra e n

il h ph s is si gl i i is f c mp s d f s mi
Wh e t e ra e a n e un t, t o ten o o e o e

ph s s ; h s s mi ph s s m y b s b di id d i fig
ra e t e e e -
Th ra e a e u v e nt o u re s . e

mpl s ill s
ex a e ( ) ph s
u si gl di id d i ( E
t rat e : a a ra e as a n e un v e un t x

—
.

b
( ) p h s di idad i w s m i ph s s ch s bdi id d
ra e v e n to t o e ra e ,
ea u v e

i fig ( E
n to u res x .

A l l e gr o con b r io

Al l e gr o
se mlphro s e
V i v ace
s e miphro s e

f ig ure us e d In s e q ue nce
f igure us e d in s e q u e nc e

T h e p h rase a s t h e s h o r t es t u n i t t e r m i n a t e d by a

ca d en c e

i p s m i ph s c m s
N e th er t h e fi gu re fi gu re gr ou or fi r st , e -
ra e o e to a
cd c p s w ic is sy ic lly di id d i w q l
,

a en e A hra e
. h h mm e t r a v e n to t o e ua

h l s m y f
a ve s m b p c d by c d c i m id
a o t en ee to e un t u at e a a en e at ts
p i b h is is c d i l i fl i
o nt, ut t h h a lcd c a en t a n e c t on r at er t an a re a a en e .

A n da n t e
s e miphro s e
Un its o f s tr u c t u r e

Se h t l c bhaf t
s e mlphra s e

U se d
C o p y ri gh t

b y p e rmissi on
1 9 4 3 b y S ch ot t
o f Asso c i at e d
C o L t d , L on don
M
u sic Pu b lish ers , In c , N ew
.
, . .

Y rk
. o .

T h e p h r ase a s a co mp o n en t o f a l a rg e r p a t t ern
Wh il e the ph s m y b h gh f
ra e s gm a e t ou t o as a e en t of s ome id n e

i is s lly ss ci d wi h ph s s
_

pen den ce , t u ua m a o at e t on e o r ore ot h er ra e as

an i n t e gra l p f l g s c Th l g s c
art o a ar e r t ru t u re . e ar er t ru t u re m ay b e z

1 . A sen te n c e or p e r io d) of tw o p h r a se s

2 . A gr o u p o f t h r ee or m ore p hra ses

A n t ho l ogy o f M u s ic a l F o r m s
'

, No . 9a ( Men d lsse oh n , S ongs

Wi th o u t Wor ds No 3 4 m e a 3 0 , .
,
s .
-
3 3 , 3 4 3 7, 3 8 -
No . 15
B
( eeth ov en S o n a ta Op 2 No 3
, , .
, .
,
1ast mo v emen t , me a s . 1 43
1 46 , 1 4 7 1 5 0, 1 5 1 1 54 , 1 5 5
- -

3 . A d o u b l e p e r io d co n szs t mg o f fo u r p h r a ses

A n th o logy o f M u sica l F or ms , No . 3 ( hoC pi n, P r e lu de in A

ma j or )

T h e p h r as e as a n in d e p ende n t u n it
Th e h r a e m ay a e ar as a e —
p s pp s lf i c mpl i i s lf
su fli c ie n t un t, o et e n t e
an d n ot a ss ci d wi h s cc di g p c di g ph s p f
o at e t a u ee n or re e n ra e as ar t o

a s en t en c ph s g p T his m y h pp wh ph s is s d
e or ra e r ou . a a en en a ra e u e

as

1 . A h i n d e p e n d e n t in t r o d u c t io n
A n th o logy o f Musica l Fo r ms N o 5 Men e oh n S ongs Wi th ,
.
,
d lss ,

ou t Wo r ds , Nos 3 4 3 5 D e u
.
,
R efle c tio n s in t he Wa t e r
, ,
b ssy ,

2 . A p o s t l u de
Men delss oh n S o n gs Wi th o u t Wor ds No 4 ( l as t fi v e me as u re s )
, , .

MacD ow e l l S c o tc h P oe m O p 3 1 No 2 ( l as t s e v en me as u re s )
, , .
, .
 T h e p h r as e

3 . A co da o r co de t t a

A n th o logy o f Musica l F m or No 2 5 a ( a h ,
s, . Bc F r e n ch S u i t e in
Emj a or , A ll e m an de , ls fa t o u r m e a u re ) s s
D b ssy
e u ,
R e v e r ie f o r pi an o ( me a 9 2 9 5 , re
-
s. p e at e d an d ex

t ddi
en e n mea s . 96 101 )-

4 . A p art o f a so n g f or m o r a th e m e i n i t s e lf

A n t h o logy f Mu sica l o r ms No
o F , . l 2a ( Moz art ,
-
S e r e n a de f or
s i tr ng orc h e t r a s
M n u et me a 2 5 , i ,
s . No . 19 ( B e et h o en , v
S o n a ta , Op . 3 1, No . 3, fi rst m ov e me n t , me a s . 1 8)-

5 . A n i n t e r l u de
Men d lss
e oh n , S on gs Wit h o u t Wo rds N o , . 2 3 , me a s . 16 19 -

6 . A t ra n si t io n o r r e t r a n si t io n

B e e t h ov e n , S o n a ta , Op . 1 0 , No . 1, sc e on d mov e men t ,
me a s .

17 21 -

T h e p h r ase as t h e s t r u c t u ra l b asis o f t he h o mop ho n ic

f o r ms
Mos t
c p si i s wi h p d mi
om poli m l dy
t on m y b t a re o n an t to
‘

-
ne e o a e

di i d d i
v ph s s I ddi i s m p lyph ic f ms p i
e n to ra e . n a t on , o e o on or , ar t c u

l ly h s f
ar di h B q d c si s
t o e ou n c s c d f n t e ar o ue an e u te are on t r u t e o

p h s s S ch m m s g s b é s d mi s which
,

ra e . u ov e en t as av o tt e ,
ou rr e ,
an n u et ,

t en d h p d mi
to p li
av e m l dy will
a m b i
re sly o n an t to -
ne e o ,
o re o v ou

b c e s c d f ph s s A
on t ru t e mpl f p lyph ic o ch ra e . n e xa e o a o on t e x t u re ar

i d by h
ac t e r z e f c i sly i gp
t e u se o which a on t n u o u ru n n n at t e rn ,
n ev e r

h l
t e e ss ,h ph s s c is h All m d f B ch s F h
as a ra e t ru t u re , t e e an e
”
o a
’
-
renc

S i
u te i E m j Th
n w y igh m s s f his m m
a or . e t en t -
e t e a u re o t ov e ent ar e

cl ly di isibl i s f m s ph s s A h l gy f M i
e ar v e nto ev e n ou r- ea u re ra e . nt o o o us

ca lF m N 25 )
or s, o . a .

I g n l hw m s
e ne ra c l p lyph ic f ms d p r c ic lly
, o e v er , o t vo a o on or an a t a

a ll i mi i f ms b h i s m l d c l
t at v e or di i d d i ,
ot n t ru en t a an vo a ,
ar e v e nto

s c i s h h ph s s s c s
e t on rat er t an ra e or en t en e .

R ep e t it ion o f t h e p h r ase
p i i f ph s ppli s
Th e t e rm imm di
“
c
re et t on o a ra e a e t o an e at e re u r

c E c p i lly b i f i l d m y c m b w ph s
.

re n e: x e t on a a r e n ter u e a o e et ee n a ra e

p i i F m h wp i f s c p d ph s
,

an d i t s r e e t t on . ro t e V1 e o nt o t ru t u re , a r e e at e ra e

is s ill i gl i ; i d s b c m w ph s s c
/

t a s n e un t t
-
oe n ot e o e a t o -
ra e en t en e .

A ph s m y b p d ra e a e re e at e
U n i ts o f s tr u c t u r e

1 . In de n t ica l ly

c
S h u man n , A l b u m B la tt e r Op 1 2 4 , fir st , . e igh t m s s e a u re of N os .

2 7 , 9 , an d 1 5
,

B art ok , fi r st e ight me a s s u re of c
S h er zo f ro m S u i te N o . I f or
or ch s e t ra

2 . Wit h e m b e l l ish me n t
Ch pi o n, Mazu r ka , O p 6 , N o 2 , fi rst
. . eigh m s s t e a u re

B e e t h oven , S ona ta
‘

, Op . 1 0 , No . 1, sc dmvm
e on o e en t , m ea s .

24 3 1-
an d 3 1 42-

3 . Wi th c ha n ge o f har m o ny
Be e t h ov e n , S t r in g Q uar te t, Op . 1 8 , No . 6 , fi rst mo v e m en t ,

me a s . 45 52 -

B ar t ok , Mikr o k os m os Vol VI , .
,
No 1 5 1 , me a
. s . 1 8 -

4 . Wi t h c h a n ge o —
f s ty l e o f ac c o mp a n im e n t

A n t h o logy o f M u sica l F o r ms, No . 9 ( Me n d lss

e oh n , S on gs
Wi th o u t Wo r ds N o , . 3 4 , me a s . 73 80 ) -

B e e th o v en , S o n a ta , Op . 54, fir st m ov e me n t , m e a s . 70 77 -
an d

1 06 1 1 3 -

5 . Wi th c h a n ge o f r e g is t e r

B art 6k , Mik r o k osm os Vol , . II ,

N o: 4 5 , m e a s . 1 8 -

B e e t h ov e n , B aga t e l le , Op . 3 3 , No . 6 me a ,
s . 1 8 -

6 . Wi th c h a n ge o f c o lor

c
T h aik o vs ky ,
S y mp ho n y N o 6 first m ov e m en t , m ea .
, s . 3 3 6 3 43 -

s lly ly
U uap i i f ph s cc s E c p i l i
on on e re e t t on o a ra e o ur . x e t on a n

s c s f ph s d w imm di
t an e o a p ii s f d i h r a e an t o e at e r e et t on are ou n n t e

Fi l f B h v s S
na e o f pi Op 8 1 m s s 1 1 2 9 (
e et o en
’
o n a ta or an o , . a, e a u re -
a

s v m s ph s wi h lid d c d c s ) d i th l st th
e en - e a u re ra e t e e a en e an n e a ree

p h s s f S c h m s W m I t h l t i s t c th p g m
,
’
ra e o u an n aru ? . n e a t er n an e e ro ra

m ic at s — h i i f q s i — is s sibly h
r e a on t e re t erat on o a ue t on o t en t e
c s f h h f ld ph s p i i T h fi ph s f h b
au e o t e t ree - o r a e re et t on . e rst ra e o t e su

or di h m
n at ef B h s Sy mp h y N 5 fi m m is
t e e o e et o v en
’
on o .
,
r st ov e en t ,

h d f im s i s cc ssi i m s s 3 7 3 22
e ar ou r 0
t — e n u e on n e a u re .

S ome p r o b l e m s in p h ra se a n a ly s is
In p f m c e r or an e, p si
t h e t e rm
“
s pply p ifi l ly
”
h ra n g doe n ot a s ec ca

to ph s di isi
ra e v on b i p i i fl i Ph si g m k s
ut to n ter r e t at v e n e c t on .
“
ra n ar

m ay b u t do ,
n ot n e e c ss ily c i cid wi h h c l ph s fig
ar , o n e t t e a tu a ra e o r u re

d i isi s wi h i
v on t n a w k or .
 T h e p h r as e

c s f lysis ph s s m y b c
In t h e ou r e d w h icho an a ra e a e en ou n t e r e

i h i h ly by s f m difi i l ss h
, ,

e t er n e r en t m or r e a on o o c at o n , ar e o r e or e t an

f m s s i l g h I c f si g i s c s lysis is f cili d
ou r ea u r e n en t . n on u n n t an e an a a t at e
by b s i g b gi i gs d di gs f ph s s R m mb i g h
,

o e rv n e nn n an en n o ra e e e er n t e
simpl f c h h d f ph s impli s h b gi i g f
.

e a t t at t e en o on e ra e e t e e nn n o an

oth ( d ic
er s ) wil l p an s p isi gly h lpf l i s ch i
v e v er a r ov e ur r n e u n u n

s cst an e .

I m s b tss m d h if gi ph s l g h ( w h
u t n ot e a u e t at a v en ra e en t t o, t r ee ,

f fi i s
ou r , igh m s s ) h b
ve , s x, s blish d h
ev en , or e t e a u re as e en e ta e at t e
b gie i g f c mp si i ll h h ph s s will c ss ily b
nn n o a o o t on a t e o t er ra e ne e ar e

of h s m l gh F
t e mpl a h S eA h y Chen l h m
t . or exa e, t e t . nt on o ra e t e e

s d by B h m s f h i V i i Op 5 6 c i s fi m s
u e ra or s a r a t o n s, . on t a n v e- e a u re

d f m s ph s s d M d lss h s S g Wi h W d
,

’
an ou r -
e a u re ra e an en e o n on s t ou t or s,

b hf m s m s
,

N 40 h d h h
ot
t p
o . as ou r e a u r e an re e -
e a u re rase s .

ob i sly p s e ch g s i desi y t
v ou re nt , an e n n t t e x u r e , an d r e g t er is bc e ome

p t d t mi s i ph s
,

im o r an t lysis e er n an t n ra e an a .

AS S NMEN
IG T

1 . I d ify ph s s i
en t ra e n A n t h o logy o f M u s ic a l F o r ms , No 5 ; No 7 a ;
. .

No . l 0b ; N o . l 7a ( me a s . 1

2 I d ify en t th e ph s s
ra e in A d e s t e F ide lets an d The S ta t S pa n g le d
-

B a n n er .

3 . Id ify en t ph s s i w k s s l c d f
th e ra e n or e e te ro m th e f ll wi
o o ng gr ou p :

a . S g Wi h
on W d by M d lss h
s t ou t or s en e o n, N os 22 2 7 .
, ,
an d 35 .

b . Mik k m by B ok V l III N
ro os os art ,
o .
, os . 77 an d 78 .

c . A lb m f h Y
u g by R b or S ch t e oun o er t u m an n , Op . 6 8 , N os . 1
2, 5 , 6, 8 ,
an d 9 .

(1 . P r e lu de N O . 12 , , Vol . 1 i s ls by D b ssy
Mn t re e u .

e . T h r ee F a n t a s t ic D a n ces ,O p 1 by Sh s k ich
.
,
o ta ov .

4 . Id ify en t th e ph s s ra e in a c mp si i wh ich y
o oc t on ou are u rre n t ly
s dyi g
tu n .
 C h ap t e r IV

Irreg ular p hrases

c c ept in g th e f ou r -
m ea u re s u ni t as a n orm , w e de fin e an irre gu lar
p h r a se wh ich is m
as o n e l ss th f m s s i l gth ore or e an ou r e a u re n en .

Th w b sic c t g i s
e re are t o a a e or e :

1 Ph s s wh ich
. ra e i h tly i g l are n eren r re u ar .

2 Ph s . whichra e s i g l by s f xt si m
are rr e u ar re a on o e en on or , ore

ly by c t ct i
r are , on r a on .

I h tly i g l ph s s m y b f m tw t igh t m s s
n ere n rre u ar ra e a e ro o o e
“

e a u re

i l g h A si gl l g m s
n en t . m y s m n fi t t h v e ll h
on e a u re a ee at rs o a e a t e
c ss y c mp
ne e ar s f ph s b f th
o lysis i dic t s th t
on e n t o a ra e, ut ur e r an a n a e a

in re ali y it p b bly c sis s f tw h

t ro f impli d m s s
a on t o o, t re e , or ou r e e a u re ,

th b
e li ar f wh ich h v b
n es o mi t d Th th f ll wi g a e e en o te . u s, e o o n ex

ampl w i tt e, si gl m s
r th
en as a m s ph s Wh il n e e a u re , 1 5 a re e - ea u re ra e . e

th i t v
e i g b li s
n e r en n m i t d m s p b bly t ar v id m s
ne are o t e , o t ro a o a o e a u re

acc s h m l dic g pi gs cl ly imply th m s divi

en t ,
t e e o rou n e ar a ree - e a u re

si on

Mi s t e r i o s o ( J 8 0 )
'

p l ega t o

C o p y r igh t 1 93 1 , r en e we d

U
1 9 5 9 b y Assoc iat ed Mu sic P u bl ish e r s, In c .

se d b y p e rmi ssion .

In a t em o p r an gi n g f rop t t ll g t nd wi h m ic it s
m re s o o a e re t o , a t et r un

of
‘

t w o , t h re e ; f o ur ,
or six b t s m s ight m s s is th
ea to a e a u re , e ea u re e

m ax mu m i l en gt h of an i h ly i g l ph s I ph s s
n e ren t rre u ar ra e . n ra e c on

sis it n g of m ore t h an e igh m s s v i s yp s f t si s

t e a u re ,
ar ou t e o ex en on ao

c ou n t f or t h e i l
e on gat on
,

Th e f ll wi g ill s ti s
o o n are u t ra on of i n h e ren t ly i rre gu ar l ph s s f ra e rom

t wo t o eight m s s i l ng h ea u r e n e t :
Uhits of s tru c t u r e

Al l e gr o mo l t o

S e v e n measu r e p hrase
-

E igh t - measu re p hrase

will b t d th t i tw m s ph s s th mp is sl w
It e no e a n o- e a u re ra e e te o o ,

wh s i igh t m s ph s s h t mp
e re a n e -
pid
e a u re ra e t e e o i s ra .

Th gh i h ly g l ph s s
ou n by m s s l
er e n t 1 rr e u ar ra e ar e no e an u nu ua ,

m s t ph s s f m
o th
ra e f m s s i l gh
o or e bc s an ou r e a u re n en t are so e au e

of si s
ext e n on .

E x t e n s io n s at t he b eg i n n i n g o f t he p h r a se

il
Wh e e xt en si s i ily c sid d
on a re or d n ar on ere as o cc i f
u rr n g a t er a

m l dy bg w m m mb d m s t “
e o h as e un, h
e tf
u st re e er t at o ex t e n e an o

s t ch
ret ou t i v i
n s di c i s A x si
ar ou re t on .
”
n e t en on at the b gi ing is
e nn
 Irreg u la r p h rases

on ewh ich cc s b f h ph s p p h b
o ur e ore t e ra e ro er as e gu n but is p ar t o f

h ph s
t e th th i dp d
ra e f it Th
ra er an n e en en t o . e re ar e two t yp s e of

s ch t si s
u e x en on

1 . A n t ic ip a tio n f th e m e lo dy
o .

In t h is c at e gor y ,
a f ragm e n t of the me l dy s lly
o ,
u ua t h e fi r st p art ,

is s d i
u e n an i n t ro d c ym
u t or an n e r .

A l l e gr o m o l t o
a n t i cip a t io n phra s e

ch c is ic
A ar a t er t t ra t i in t h e or c h s l m l di s
e tra e o e of S ib li s is
e u th e

p l g i f h
ro on at on o t e fi rst n ot e o f t h m l dy
e e o .

Al l e gr o m o l t o
, V iv ace

e x t e n s io n

C op y r i gh t 1 9 1 2, ren ewe d 1 952 b y B r e it k op f H art el . U se d b y p er mission .

2 E s ta bl ish me n t o f th e acc o mp a n im e n t p a t t e r n f or on e or two

s d ic l wi h
.

m easu r e s b efore t h e p h r ase me lo dy o cc u r s . Thi 1s 1 en t a t

wh at is
t erme a d si pl i
m e n t ro u t on ( See d ci . Ch p a t er V II ) .

Ob o e

A n t h o logy o f M usica l F
o rms,
“

No . 7a
S ee a ls o th e b gi i
e n n n g of De b ssy s R e ei
u
’
v r e in F f pi or ano ; B ar
t ok , Mikro k osmos Vol , . IV, Nos 9 7 , 1 1 3 .

Ex t e n sion s w i t h in t h e p h r a s e
Th s typ s cc wi hi
e e e o ur t n th e ph s b fra e e o re a c d c is s b
a en e e ta
lish e d .
Un i ts f
“

o s t r u c tu r e

1 . R e p e ti t i o n , ex a c t o r modifie d , o f a m eas u r e .

Al l e gro re p e t i t i on r e p e t i t i on

2 . R ep e t i t io n , exac t o r mo difie d , o f a fig u r e wh ich ma y b e more

or l ess t h a n a meas u re in le n g th .

”Hon
A l l e g r o mo l t o

3 . S e q u e n ce , exa c t o r m o difie d , o f a s in g le m ea su r e .

A n t ho logy o f Music a l F or m s , No . 9 , mea s . 15 21 -

4 . S e q u e nc e , ex a c t or modifie d , o f a figu r e w h ic h may b e mo r e

or l e ss t h a n on e m e as u r e i n l e n g t h .

A l l e gr o c on a bb a
n do s e q ue nce of 0

A n th o logy o f M us ica l F o r ms , No ( . 15 B v
ee t h o en , S on a ta , O p . 2
No . 3, l st
a mo v emen t , me a s . 1 5 5 1 67 ) -

5 . P r o lo n ga t ion o f a t on e or c h o r d ) .

Ex t e ns i o n

r i ten .

6 . R hy thmic ex p a n sio n o f a fig ur e . Th is yp diff s ft e er r om No . 5

a bv o e in t h at t wo or m or e n ot es are l gth d h th
en en e r at er an a si gl
n e

n ot e .

O r ig i n a l v e rs i o n
An da n te

Ex p a nde d v e rs io n

p m ez z a v oc e
 Irr eg u lar p h rase s

Ex t en s ion at t h e en d of t h e p h r ase
It is s
im s dif fi l diff i b t w
om e t e cu h
t to e re n t at e e e en ex t en s1 on s at t e

end d h s wi h i
an ph s It will p
t o e t h lpf l t
n am mb ra e . rov e e u o re e er

th t i m st i s cs h si s h d cc f h c l
t an e t e e xt e n at t u r a te r t e a tu a
“

a n o n on e en o

or ex p ct d c d c Si c
e e y a si en he . d is mi d
n e e v er e x t en on at t e en t er n at e

by c d c i m y s m h wh h
a a en e, t si cc s f h
a ee t at er e t e ex t e n on o ur a t er t e

ac l c d c h m y b w c d c s h ph s T hi f
tu a a en e t e re a e t o a en e to t e ra e . s, o

c s is imp ssibl si c ch ph s h
ou r e , o lye c d c Th
n e ea ra e as on one a en e . e

c d c m yb p d i c g i s 1 d4b l w h
a en e a e re eat e as n at e or e an e o ,
or t e ex

p d c
ec t ed c is v dad by h en ddi ie f he x asi e i c t t e a t on o t e e t en on , as n a e

g yor7 b l w F ll wi g
e o h p m
. ip l o yp s
o f n si s h
are t e r c a t e o ext e n on at t e

ends f ph s s o ra e :

1 . R e p e t i t io n o f the la s t h a lf o f t he p h r ase .

A n da n t i n o

2 . S e q ue nce o f th e las t ha lf of th e p h rase .

A l l e gr o a s sa

se q ue nce o f a

3 . R ep e t i t i o n o f th e las t me m b er .

Ada gi o m o l t o

"2 8 2 2 0 v oc e
Vi o l i n ] p c l ar i n e t an d h o rn

4. R ep e t it io n o f th e c ad e n ce group .

Th is typ i cl d s w v i t i s
e n u e t o ar e e :

a R p it i
. f th c d c h m i s
e et on o e a en e ar on e of the l st
a t wo mea s
s wi h
u re p i g h m l dy
,
t ou t re eat n t e e o
U f
n i ts o s t r uc t u re

d P cr es c. d im .
P

c a d e n ce g r o u p

b . Re p ii et t on of t h e c d c g p i v lvi g tw h m i s
a en e rou n o n o ar on e ,

u uas l ly V I -
, on s cc ssiv b s m s cc ssiv m s s
u e e eat or u e e e a u re .

Al l e gr o di m o l t o
'

5 . S e q u e nc e o f th e las t me mb er .

6 . Th e ex t e n de d ca de nce .
( Se e C h apt er
'

II ).

7 . A ddi t io n o f a new c a de n ce me mb er . Th is is s lly u ua a two

me a s it wh ich cc s f
u re un o ur a t er t h e ex p ct d ph s di
e e ra e en ng an d

wh ich m d l t s t o w k y
u a e o a ne e .

A l l e gr o n on t r o p po
 Irr eg u lar p h r ases

m ot t o ra ll .

An y c mbi i f
o n at on o t h e a ov e tb
yp s f si s h b gi
e o ex t e n on at t e e n

i
n n g, wi h i t h n , or at t e en d m y cc wi h i h s m ph s If
a o ur t n t e a e ra e .

t h e ex en t si s dd f on a ou r or m m s s h igi l ph s h
o re e a u re t o t e or na ra e , t e

t e rm c h in p h r a s e
a -
m ay b es d d sig
u e h is yp f x
to dd e n at e t t e o e t en e

ph s ra e .

S ee A n th o logy o f Mu sic a l F o r ms , No . 15 (B ee t h o v en , S o n a ta ,

Op 2 , N o 3 ,
. . ls
a t mo v e m en t , m ea s . 44 5 5 , 8 5 9 6 , 1 5 5
- -
A ls o

W agn e r , S iegfr ie d Idy ll m ea , s . 1 8 1 193 ,

-
2 3 3 - 2 42 . B ar t ok , Mi k r o
ko smos Vol V, No 1 3 7 , a t
. . ls sv e en t e en s s me a u re .

c is s p i cip l W g i ds
,

The u se of f h the e qu en e on e o t e r n a a n e r an m e th o
of si d d
e x t en l pm t i b h
o n an ev e o en n ot h h m ph
t e ic o o on an d mo t i ic
v

p lyph ic p i s f h i m sic
o on ort on o s u .

Al h gh m s m difi
t ou i f ph s s i v l
o t o c at on s o ra e n o ve ex t e n s ion s , ex

ce pt i ll y on ai s l t s i i l p h s
a co n t rac t on
g re u n an rr e u ar ra e .

A l l e gr e t t o g r a z i o s o
phra so I

The e xp c d h y h m
e te r t at t h e en d of ph s ra e t wo w ld b ou ez

sh ld b p i t d t h t y i s c f p it i wi h i
It ou e o n e ou t a ev er n t an e o re et on t n

a ph s d s t c ss ily imply
ra e oex e si F x mpl i
no ne e ar an e t n on . or e a e, n

g l f m s ph s it is p ssibl f m s t w b o to
‘

a r e u ar ou r -
ea u r e ra e , o e or e a u re e

a re pe i i f m st t on oN h l ss w th i k f h is it
e a u re on e e v e rt e e e n o t as a u n

f ss i lly f m s s h h f h m s s wi h
.
,

o e en t a ou r e a u re r at er t an o t re e e a u re t a

n
o e -
m s si
e a u re e x t e n on .

An dan t e do l o r o s o

O O
Un its f s tr u c t u r e
o

i il ly
Sm h f ll wi g f
ar ,
m s p h s Al h
n ot e t e o o n ou r -
e a u re ra e . t ou gh me a s
s h
u re d f
t r ee an x c p ti i f m s s
ou r are an e a t re e t on o e a u re one an d t wo,
w h i k f hi s
e t n ph s f f
o tss ti l m s s as a ra e o o ur e en a e a u re r ath e r t h an
as w m sa t ph s p t d
o- e a u re r a e re ea e .

A l l e gr e t t o sch e r z a n do

se cond s e miphro se

AS S I G NMEN T

1 . Id tify h f ll wmg i h i h tly i g l

en t e o m difi d
o as e t er n er en rr e u ar or as o e

g l
r e u arph s s I h l t c s sp cif y t wh th th m di
ra e . n t e a t er a e, e as o e er e o

fi i cc s t h b gi i g wi hi
c at on o ur th d ad i dict e e nn n , t n , or at e en an n at e

which yp is ili d
,

t e ut ze :

A h l gy f M i l F m N
nt o o 4
o m s 1 6; N 5 m s
u s ca or s, o a, ea -
o ea
—
. . . .
,

3 34; N
0 7 m s 33 39; N
o . 7b m s 3 3 3 8 ; N
a, m sea .
-
o .
,
ea .
-
o . ea .

9 14; N
-
1 1 m s 1 9 24 ; N
o . 1 2b m s 3 7 6 0
,
ea .
-
o .
,
ea .
-
.

2 . B t 6 k Mi k k m
ar , V l III N 78 m s 13 19; N
-
ro os 93 os , o .
, o .
, ea .
-
o .
,

m s 1 6; N
ea . 94 m s 1 1 0
-
o .
,
ea .
-
.

3 . Fi d x mpl s f i g l ph s s i c mp sit i s which y

n e a e o rr e u ar ra e n o o on ou are

c tly st dyi g
u rr en u n .
U n i ts o f s tr u c tu r e

a nt e ce de nt cons e q ue nt

Modal

A l l eg r o non t r o pp o
a nt e c e d e nt c o ns e q ue nt

To n al

p oc o f

co ns e q ue nt

U
C se d
op y ri gh t

b y p er mi ssi on
1 92 6 , r en ew e d 1 9 54 b y
o i A sso c i at e d
-
M
U
ni v ers al

u si c P u b li sh er s, In c , N ew
E
di t ion , Vi enn a
Y rk
.

o . .

Ex c p i s h s l c d c l i sh ips i th p d f m
e t on to t e u ua a en e r e at on n e eri o or

ar e f d i h f ll wi g h c g i s
ou n n t e o o n t re e at e or e :

1 O cc si
. lly h c d ph s may d i
a on a th t ic ,
t e an t e e en t ra e en n an au en

c d c In s ch i st c h c s q ph s will s lly
a en e . u an n an e, t e on e u en t ra e u ua

m d l w k y
o d m y d i
u at e ih h ic to a ne e an a en n e t er an au t en t or a
h lf c d c a -
a en e .

A l l e gr o d e c i s o
a nt e c e d e nt co n s e ue nt

G majo r
D ma jor

2 . Wh en th e sc dp
p s g f m is p i d
e on ar t of a t h re e -
ar t on or a er o

(se e Ch p I X ) h c s q ph s m y d i h lf
a t er , t e on e u en t ra e a en n a a

cd c h h i
a en e rat h ic c d c Th is is p i
er t an n an au t en t a en e . ar t cu

l ly
ar wh h is t si i f m P II P t III
t ru e en t ere no r an t on ro ar t to ar .

See M d lss h s S g Wi h
en e W d N 27
o n d f p t II
’
on s t ou t or s, o . en o ar ,

mea s 2 9 h lf c d c i E mi a d N 35
-
ad f p t II en e n n or , an o en o ar

s 2 3 h lf—
.
.
, , ,

mea . c d c i B mi
,
a a en e n n or .
 Th e p er io d or s e n t e n c e fo r m

P a rt II
Mo de r at o as sa i

a nt e ce d e nt co n s e q ue nt

Po rt III

3 p i d is h fi h lf f d bl p i d i s c d
Wh en th e er o t e r st a o a ou e er o ts e on

ph s ( h c s q ) will s lly d i h lf—

.
,

ra e t e on e cd c u en t u ua en n a a a en e

( Ch p V I )see a t er .

P i ds
er o id ifi d i h p ll l
ar e en t i g d p
e di gas e t er a ra e or con tr a s t n , e en n

p ii
r n aril y h m l dic
on l i s
t e h ips f h cd
e o d c s re at on o t e an t e e en t an ou e

q ph s s A p ll l p i d is
u en t ra e . i wh ich h m l dic li
ar a e i er o on e n t e e o ne n

th s c
e d ph s is simil
e on h m l dic li
ra e i h fi Th im ar to t e e o ne n t e r st . e s

il i y is s l ly i
ar t h b gi i g f h
u ua sp c i ph s s lik
n t e e nn n o t e re e t ve ra e ,
un e

r h ym s i p e y wh ich cc
n oe t r h d f s cc ssi lt o u r at t e en o u e v e or a e rn at e

li s
,

ne .

I d si g
n i g ph s s h l t s A B C
e n at n ra e s di h f l,
t e et er , , , et c . are u e n t e o

l wi g m
o n ann e r :

E ch l a wh h h s m difi
e t t er , p s s ph s
et er t e a e or e r en t , re r e en t a ra e

uni If f s cc ssiv c sti g ph s s

t . ou r u sd h lt s
e e on t ra n ra e ar e u e ,
t e e t er
w ld b A B C D If f simil b
ou e id ic l ph s s cc ou r ar , u t n ot en t a ,
ra e o ur

i n h l
su cc e ss1 on ,sAA A A t e s d If tw id t ic l
et t e r
’ ” ”’
ar e u e . o en a

ph s s f ll wra e h o h d si g t i
o is A A B B t If
on e an ot er , t e e n a on e c . a

ph s s ide tic lly f i i g ph s s

,

ra e r e t u rn m n a a t e r on e or ore n t e rv en n ra e

it s s h s m l t wh ich h d d sig d i t fi Th s th
,

u e t e a e e t er a e n at e t a rst . u e

f ph s s i D i k M O ly w i h Thi E y w ld b A
,

ou r ra e n r n to e n t ne es ou e

A B A .

T h e p a ra l l e l p e r io d
In a p ll l p i d
ar a e er o ,
at l s ea t th e fi rst m e a s u r e of th e c s on e qu en t is
simil t h fi m s f h
ar o tc d ; t m st h wh l f
e r st e a u re o t e an t e e en t a o t e o e o

h c s q s mbl h t c d t p t b
,

t e t m yon e u en i a re e e t e an e e en u o ut n ot n

cl di g th c d c Sh ld wh l ph s b lit lly p d wi h
u n e a en e . ou a o e ra e e e ra re e at e t
U n i ts o f s tr u c t u r e

th e s ame c a den c e, th e s t ct
ru u re is a re p e at e d ph s ra e an d n ot a p id
er o

f or m .

In t h e f o ll wio ng ill s i s
u t rat on the c
an t e e den t an d c s
on e q u e n t are

i d ic l
en t a up to the cd ca en e:

A l l e gr o assai

a nt e ce d e nt cons e q ue nt

a nt e ce de nt

C o p yr i gh t 1 92 0 b y G S chi rm er , In c
. . U se d b y p ermission .

In a p aral e l lp i d er o ,
th e c son e qu en t ph s m y s mblra e a re e e or
“

deiv r e

f rom th e an t e e cd i en t n on e of t h e f f ll wi g w ys
ou r o o n a :

1 B y ide n t i ty
“

This is ill s t d i h u t ra e n t e t wo p c di re e ng e x mpl s i wh ich h

a e ,
n t re e

m s s f h
e a u re cd o t e an t e e en t an d c sq on e id t ic l I th f
u en t ar e en a . n e ol

l wi g mpl ly h fi
o n ex a e on t e rs t m s s e a u re o f th t c d t
e an e ed O en an c n se

q id t ic l
u en t ar e en a .

a nt e c e d e nt

p ll lism f h fi t eigh m s s f
The ar a e o t e rs t e a u re o th e foll owi n g mel
odi s is ls i th is c t g y P p G
e h
a o n a e or : o ,
o es t e Wease l , p
S t e h en
F st s Old F lk H m d h spi it l S
o er
’
o s at o e, _
an t e r ua t ea l A way .
 T h e p e r io d o r s e n t en c e fo r m

2 . B y tr a n sp os i t ion

An da n t e t r a n qu illo
a nt e c e d e nt

a
con s e q ue nt

-J
s e q ue n ce o f

3 . By e m b e l l ish me n t

A n da n t e c an t a bil e
a nt e c e d e nt

a e mb e lli hs ed

4 . By co n to u r sim i lar i ty

T h e me l dy
o of th e c sqon e u en t 1ss m wh
a o e at mo difi ed sq ce u en e

or a p ii f
m o difi e d re et t on o th e c d Th
an t e e en t . e ou t li f
ne o th e fir st
ph s is f ly f ll w d i
ra e r ee o o e n th e c st c i f
on ru t on o th e sc d
e on .

A da g i o
a nt e ce d e n t

co ns e q ue nt

a nt e ce d e nt
J: 80

C o p y ri gh t 1 94 1 b y I n t ern ati on al M u sic Co . U se d b y p ermi ssi on .

Un i ts o f s tr u c t u r e

T he con t r as t in g p e r iod
If h di c i
t e rel ic li i h c s q p h s dif
t on o f t h e me o d ne n t e on e u en t ra e

f s f m h di c i f h m l dic li i h
er ro t e re c d ph s
t on o t e e o ne n t e an t e e e n t ra e ,

h p i d is s id
t e er o b i ai g c s c i Th hy hm i
to e n co n st r a st n on t r u t on e r t n

b h ph s s m y b s imil v id ic l b if h m l dic
.

ot ra e a e ar or e en ent a ut t e e o

di c i is diff ch ph s h p i d is h l ss id
,

re t on i e ren t n ea ra e , t e er o n ev e rt e e en

tifi de b i gc si g
as e n on t ra t n .

a nt e c e d e n t

c o n s e q ue n t

ml dy
The e o of t h e c s o n e qu en t ph sra e m ay b e t h e c on t r ar ym i ot o n

a pp im t
rox a e or e x a c t , o f t h e an t e e en t cd me l dy
o .

U n po c o l l e gr e t t o
a e gr a z i o s o
a nt e c e d e n t

p d ol ce

c on se q u e nt

C o py righ t 1 9 4 0 b y H aw k es S on , L t d .
, L on don . U se d b y p e rm ission .
 T h e p e r io d or s e n t e n ce fo r m

Wh il e t h e t erm opp si c s c i is s
o te on t r u t on om et im s s d e u e to de
sc ib h is p
r e t at t e rn , i is p f
t
-
bl c sid re e ra e to on er it a spec ifi c t yp e of

c i gp i
on t r ast n e r od .

Ex c e p t i o n a l ty p es
1 . Mo dified p a ra lle lism
l ls
P ar a l e i m in t h e p i d f m is s blish d by sim il i y i
er o or e ta e ar t n at

l s h b gi m g
ea t t e e nn s o f s cc ssi uph s s A mbig s l i
e ve ra e n a u ou re at o n

sh ip s l s wh h f h s c d ph s s mbl s h
.

re u t en t e b ge g i nni n o t e e on ra e re e e t e
“

e n d of t h e fi rst .

Al l e gr e t t o
a nt e ce d e nt con

i c h b gmm g f h sp c i ph s s f h M
S n e t e e n s o t e re e t ve ra e o t e o z art ex

a mpl lik h is migh b c ll d c s i g p i d b

e ar e n ot a e, t t e a e a on t r a t n er o ut

si c m s s fi cl s ly s mble h d f
,

n e d i e a u re h
v e an s x so o e re e t ree an ou r , t e re
d i bl p ll l f c s Th q s i migh b is d
'

ar e u n - en a e ar a e a t or . e ue t on t e ra e as to
wh h m s s fi s eq c f h d f
_

et er d i e a u re v e an s x, as a u en e o t ree an ou r , are

n ot r e ally si s wi h i igh m s ph s I h is p i
ex t e n on t n an e t -
e a u re ra e n t art c u

is c hw c sis ly symm ic l f m s
.

l
ar h
n t an e , o ev er , t e on t en t et r a ou r - e a u re

di isi s f
v d i h m
on m h m d
ou n emp o d h s
n t e g ove en t , t e o e r at e t an t e t r on
h lf— c d c i m s f ll e d c b h c cl si
,
’

a a en e n e a u re ou r a t n to orro o r at e t e on u on

h h
t at t e e igh m s s i cl d w ph s s t h h t e a u re n u e t o ra e ra er t an on e
B c s h m l dic simil i y f h ph s s i v l s h d f
.

e au e t e e o ar t o t e ra e n o ve t e en o

h fi
t e d h b gi i g f h s c d h h h b gi i g
r st a n t e e nn n o t e e on rat er t an t e e nn n

ch his i y f s c f m m y b c ll d m difi d p
,

o f ea , t v ar e t o en ten e or a e a e a o e ar

a ll l p i d ( S AMF N 1 7 b m s 1
e er o . ee , o .
,
ea .
.
U f s tr u c t ur e
n i ts o

2 . T h e th r e e p ar t p e r io d
-

p i d is h s m ll s
T h e t h ree -
p art er o t e a e t t ern ar yp t ch p
at e rn , ea art

c sis i g f b t si gl ph s I d s
on t n o u a n e ra e . t oe n ot cco ly f
u r n e ar as re

q ly d s h s l p i d f m f
u en t as oe t e u ua er o or o t wo ph s s S ch m
ra e . u ann

w s p t ic l ly f
a ar d Of his p tt
u ar on t a ern .

Phra se 0

Wi th i n th is p att ern th e f l l wi
o o n g re p t it i s
e on are of t e n f ou n d
I] : A z ll z B A

A B A : II
3 . P ara l le lism o f n on -
me lo dic u n i ts

I m n sic w c
hi h u is ss i ll y m l dic i c h e c t si
en t a m il h yt h e o n ar a er , ar r

mi c l m s i
e e h en tw p h s s
n t e t f p i d d o i h m s lv
ra e o a er o o n ot n t e e es

p ll lis w sic w ic ss i lly p

_

m k fa e or m H
ar a ei m h h o t e v er , n u 1s e en a er

ic c c w l dic li is
.

i
cu ss v e or m i h ot o r h m
n ara t h t er , e re a e o ne e1 e r n on

exi st t i ig ifien or i
ns p ssibl t s blish c t g y f p
n c an t , t 15 o e o e ta a a e or o ar

ll lis m b s d
a e h y h mic
a e l i s l
on r t re at on a on e :

l l e gr o con b rio
-

a nt e c e d e n t
U n i ts o f s tr u c t u r e

c . c
S h u m an n , A l b u m fo r th e Yo u n g O p 6 8 fi rs t , .
,
e igh t me a s s
u re

of N os 2 3
.
, ,
4, 5 , 6 .

d . B ar t ok , Mikr o kosm os Vol , . III ,

fi rst e ight m s s e a u re of N os 7 0
.

7 2, 7 7 , 8 6 .

2 . Fi d n t h re e pl s
e x am e of p ll l d h
ar a e an t ree e x mpl s f c t s
a e o o n ra t

i n g p e r 1 o ds . Th s e e ar e to b pl y d f
e a e or th e cl ss id tif y
a to en .
 C hap t e r V I

E nlargemen ts and comb n a i tions

of p er iod f orms

nl arge m en t sp si s f h p i d f
or ex an on o t e er o orm i cl d t si s f
n u e ex e n on o

ph as s w ll
r e p i i f ph s s
,
as e as r e et t on o ra e an d t eh p i d wh l
er o as a o e .

Imm di ly b y d h p i d f m
e at e e on t e er o or 1n s1z e , h s t ct l i s
t e ru u ra un t
i cl d h d bl p i d ph s g p
n u e t e ou e er o ,
ra e rou , an d p i d ger o p rou .

Ex t e n s ion s of p h r as es

i i th ph s s f h p i d f m ll h yp s f x si s
W th n e ra e o t e er o or a t e t e o e t en on

wh ich w c sid d i Ch p IV m y b f d H w v
,

e re on er e n a ter a e ou n . o e e r , c er

tai f hs
n o ss ci d m p ifi lly wi h h
t e e ar e a cd t o at e or e s ec ca t t e an t e e en or

c sq
on e ph s u en t ra e .

Th t si
e e x enh b gi i g f h ph s is ppli d m f
on a t t e e nn n o t e ra e a e ore re

q ly
u en t h c d M s f h is m h
t o t e an t e e e n t f b i f . o t o t en t 1s t e n at u re o a r e ,

simpl i t d c i
e n ro u t on .

A h l gy f M i l F m N
nt o o 5 (m s 1
o N 7 u s ca or s, o . ea . o . a

(m s 1 ) ea .

M f q ly l i g h c s q ph s
or e re u en t 1 nv o v n t e on e u en t ra e ar e

1 . E x te n sio n s at th e e n d of t h e p h ras e

A n th o logy o f Mu s i c a l F o r ms , No .
( me a 5 s . 11 No . 7a
s
( me a . 34 No . 14 ( me a s . 85 93 ) -

Ch pi o n, P ia n o C on c e r t o in E mi n or , Op . 1 1 , R om an ze ( ms ea .

1 3 22 )-

2 . E x t e n s io n s w i th in the p h r a se
A n t ho logy o f Musica l F o r ms , No . 5 ( me a s . 30 No . 9
( me a s . 15 No . 13 ( m ea s . 13 17) -

R e p e t it ion o f t h e a n t e ce de n t p h r ase
Un i ts f
o s tr u c t u r e

Co nt ra s t ing P e rio d
A l l e gr e t t o
a nt e c e d e nt

a nt e c e d e nt re pe a t e d
— V

Se e ls B
a o e e t h ov en , S tr i n g Q ua r t e t , Op . 1 8 , No 3 , t h . idm v
r o e

men t ,
me a s . 63 74
-
.

p ii f h
Re e t t on o t e an t e c e den t by i s lf is c mp iv ly
i

ph ra se t e o ar at e rare .

M s f o wh h
t o t en , en t e an t e e e n t c d is p d i cc s i c j c i re e at e t o ur n on u n t on
wi h h p i i f
t t e re e t t on o the c s q wi h i h s m p i d
on e u en t t n t e a e er o .

R e p e t i t io n o f t h e co n se q u e n t p h r a se

COIl S .

Th is t ype of re e t t on
'

p i i is mo s f q twi h i h p i d f m
re u ent t n t e er o or .

Wh ere p
t h e r e e at e d cd an t e e en t ds b q i li l h p d
ten to e u te t e ra ,
t e r e e at e

c sq
on e u en t is m or e apt to b e ch c i d by s m m difi i
ar a t e r ze o e o c at on

s m im s
o et e q te
u i m ark e d .

A n th o logy o F
f Mu sica l o r m s N o 9 b ( me a 1 . s . No . l 0b
s
,

( me a . 3 4 45 )
-

Men d lss
e oh n S o n g s Wi th o u t Wor ds N o
,
1 4 ( me a ,
. s . 25 3 6 )
-
 E n la rge m e n ts a n d c o m b in a t io n s o f p e r i o d f o r ms

R ep e t it io n o f a n t e c e d en t an d co n s e q u e n t

Th is p A ( A ) B ( B ) wh ich cc s i f q
at t e rn , ly m s , o ur n re u en t ,
u t n ot

be c f s d wi h h yp f d bl p i d i which h ph s s
on u e t t e t e o ou e er o n t e ra e are

in t h l i sh ip f A A B B wh ich cc s y f
e re at on o
' ’
,
o ur v er o t en .

A n da n t e so st e n u to
a nt e ce d e n t

re p e a t e d con s e q ue nt (mo d if ie d )

C o p y r i gh t 1 9 50 b y I n t ern at ion al M u sic Co . U se d b y p e rm issio n .

A n th o logy o f M u s ic a l F o r ms, No . l 8a ( m ea s . 21 37) -

R e p e t it ion o f t he p e r io d as a w hole

COIl S .

Rep ii et t on of t h e e n t re i p i d cc s f er o o ur re q u e n t ly in b oth vo a cl
an d is mn t ru en t a l mu sic .

A n t h o logy bf M u sica l F or ms, No . 1 2a ( me a s 1 8,-

d blou e b ar
p s s
.

) ; N o 9 b ( me a No 1 4 ( mea
'

re e at . 1 94 No 1 5
s
. . . .

( me a . 1 8 1 1 96 ) -

B art ok , wh ich h wh l
Mik r bk o sm o s Vol , . II ,
No . 7 8 , in t e o e

c mp si i is h f ld p i i f si gl p i d
o o t on a t re e- o re et t on o a n e er o

i s yp s f p ri d p i i s simil h s
.

Th e v ar o u t e f o e o re et t on ar e ar to t o e o
ph s p i i s ( Ch p III ) Oi h s
ra e r e et t on i p ic l h
see a ter t e e , on e n ar t u ar as

imp f c i i s mbl d ch s l w k s d cc s
.

an o rt an t un t on n en e e an or e t ra or an o ur

f h h c sp di g yp f ph s p i i
,

m ore o t en t an t e orr e on n t e o ra e re e t t on

re p e i i wi h ch g f c l T w s cc ssi p s i s f h
t t on t an e o o or . o u e ve re e n t a t o n o t e
s m p i d d b l p i d is f q ly s d d ic i Cl ssic l
a e er o or ou e er o a re u en t -
u e ev e n a a

an dR m oic ch s w k s I h w k s f i
an t or h d w
e t ra or . n t e or o n n e t ee n t an t en

i th c
t e -
y R ssi
en tu r m p s s wh h pic u sq f an b co o er ,
e re t e t u re ue o t en su

sti f
tu tes h g ic
or t d w h ch g f c l k s h pl c
e or an an ere an e o o or ta e t e a e
Un its o f s tr u c t u r e

of m ot ivic ic d v l pm t h
or f s cc ssiv p s
th e m at e e o en ,
t r e e or ou r u e e re e n

t ti
a f th s m s t c
ons o t c mm Th f ll wi g
e a e e n en e ar e n o un o on . e o o n ex

ampl s ill s et p i d u d bl p i d p i i s v s styl s

t ra e er o or ou e er o re e t t on ln an ou e

H yd S y mp h y i
a G m j
n, ( S p is Fi l ( m s on n a or
“
ur r e na e ea .

1-16)
Moz art ,
S y mp h o n y N o . 3 9 in E fl at , -
Fi l na e ( me a s . 1-16)
B ee t h o en , v S ona t a f or V o i li n an d pi an o , Op . 24 , fi rst mo v e

men t ( me a s 1 l s t m v me t ( m s 1 1 6 ) . a o e n ea .
-

Tch ik vsky N t k S i T p k ( m s 1
a o ,th u cr ac er u te ,
“
re a
”
ea . re e

rep ii s et t on

Bi t H bze , f m C m P I is p ll l p i d
“
a an er a ro ar en . art a ara e er o oc

c i g th im s i s cc ssi
u rr n ree t e n u e on

R i ms k y K s k v S h h d -
P t II
or aTh St y f th o ,
c e e r a za e, ar , e or o e

K al d P i c (m s 5 l gdp i dp s td ”
an er A r n e ea : n en ar e er o re en e

s cc ssi ly i th b ss
u e b ve d fi vi li s n e a oon , o oe , an rst o n .

T he p h r as e g r o u p
ph s g p
The ra e f h m ph s s wh ich
rou 1 5 a u n 1t o t r e e or ore ra e are n ot

ltd
so r e a e c si as p i df m r to f it l g m ts
on t t u t e a er o or o on e o s en ar e en .

Th f ctg is
e r e ar e ou r a e or e :

1 AA A T h s cc ssiv p h s s simil b t t id i
’
. e tc . e u e e ra e are ar u no en t

l A h l gy f M i l F m N
ca . nt 1 5 ( m s 1 43
o o No u s ca or s, o . ea . o .

1 8 (m s 50 6 1 )
a ea .
-

2 A B C. T h s cc ssiv p h s s
, dissimil
e tc . e u e e ra e are ar .

I t h is t yp
n h cc mp im t is ft mp t t
e, t i f yi g
e a o an en o en an 1 or an un n

fc a t or .

A h l gy f M i l F m N
nt o o 9 ( m s o3 0 N 7 u s ca or s, o . a ea . o . a

(m s 2 N 1 7b ( m s 7 2 N 1 8 b ( m s 9 20 )
~

ea . o . ea . o . ea .
-

3 A A B Th fi t d s c d ph s s s m wh t simil b t
’
. . e rs an e on ra e are o e a ar u

h li k ss is
t e f h ki d
en e d d g wh ich w ld j s if yn ot o t e n an e re e ou u t

c sid i g i on p td tcd t
er n t a re ea e an e e en .

h ro s e I(o )
p
 E n la rge m en t s a n d co mb ina t io n s of p e r iod fo r ms

Men delss oh n ,
S o n gs Wi th o u t Wor ds N o , . 23 ( m ea s . 20 3 1 -
)
4 . A B B sim il i y f h s c d d hi d ph s s
’
. H e re a ls o th e ar t o t e e on an t r ra e

d h i l i
an ph s t e s ch j s ify
r r e at on to r a e o n e ar e n ot u as to u t c on

id i g h ss w v si s f c s q
er n t e e as t o er on o a on e u en t .

M s s 6 5 8 0 f M d lss h s S g Wi h
e a u re W d N 34
-
o en e o n
’
on s t out or s, o .
,

rep s f
r e en t i ph s g p h f h ph s f wh ich is
a o u r -
un t ra e ro u , t e ou rt ra e o

a rep i i f h hi d I N 1 6 f h s m c ll c i
e t t on o t e t h r . n o . o t e a e o e t on , a t re e
uni ph s g p ( m s 4 c sis i g f t w m s ph s s
t ra e r ou ea . on t n o o -
e a u re ra e

is p d i m s s 1 0 1 5
,

re e at e n e a u re -
.

T h e do u bl e p e r io d

lf Ha
Cd c a en e

T h d bl p i d is
e ou i f f ph s s i c h
e er o s cc ssi a un t o ou r ra e n o e r en t u e on ,

gen er a lly wi h h lf —
c d c h d f h s c d ph s d
t a a a en e at t e en o t e e on r a e an an

au t h ic c d c
en t h d f h f
a h ph s
en e at t Th l i sh ip e en o t e ou r t ra e . e r e at on

o f d bl p i d
ou ep i d is l g s h f p i d t ph s
er o to er o an a o ou to t at o er o o ra e

or o f ph s s m i ph s I ch c s h m ic l p p i
ra e to e -
ra e . n ea a e, t e nu er a ro ort on

is h l g t ei b i g c mp s d f w f h s m ll
ar er un t e n o o e o t o o t e a er

c mp
o s Th m l dic d h m ic l i sh ips
on en t . e ls e o an ar on r e at on are a o

lg s
an a o ou .

If h fi t e d hi d ph s s
r st id t ic l simil h i is
an t r ra e are en a or ar , t e un t
c ll d p ll l d b l p i d if th fi
a e a ara e d th i d dissi mil
ou e er o ; e rst an r are ar ,

i is m d bl p i d T h p ll l d bl
.

h
t e un t i g d
t er e a co n t r a s t n ou e er o . e ar a e ou e

p i d cc s m ch m f q ly h d s h c s ti g
er o o ur u ore re u en t t an oe t e on t ra n on e .

U si g l n s d sig h ph s s h
e tt e r to s m p ssibl yp s
e n at e t e ra e er e ar e o e o e t e

f p ll l d bl p i ds
,

o ara e ou e er o
”
A A A A
’

A A
’
A B
A B A B
’

A B A C
A n th o logy o f M u s ic a l F a rms, No 3 A BAB ’
: N o 1 5 ( me a s
—A B A B
. . .

1 03 ’

A l l e gr o i v a c e V
f irs t a nt e c ed e nt (a ) f i rs t c onse
Un its o f s tr u c t u re

s e c o n d a nt e c e d e nt (o )n

s e c o n d c o n s e q u e nt (c m
)

U
C "

1 92 1 , re n e w e d 1 949 b y
o p y ri g h t

se d b y p erm issi on o f Asso c i at e d

n i v e rsal

M
U
u si c P u b l ish e r s, In c , N e w
E
di t io n , Vi en n a
Y rk
.

o . .

The s e are t yp s e of c on t ra s i g d bl p i ds
t n ou e er o :

A A BB ’ ’

A A B C
’

A B CC ’

A B CD
A n th o logy o f M usica l F a r ms, N o 5 ( me a 1 8 3 4 ) s .A — —C ; BC ’

s
.

No 7 a ( me a
.
( 1 4 29 ) .
-
A A
’
B
C ; N o 1 1 ( me a 7 - 2 4 )
. s .

A A
’
B
C ; N o 1 7 b ( me a . s . 1 1 8 - 1 3 4 ) —A BCD
An u nu u a s l yp t e of d bl p i d is s
ou e er o om et im s s d by B ch
e u e a

A BCB ’
.

f l rs t (a )
‘

a nt e c e d e n t

s e c ond o n t e ce d e nt c ( )
U n i ts o f s t r u c tu r e

11 . p p idt h ree- art er o

1 2 ph s g. p ra e r ou

13 p d ph s g p
. re eat e ra e r ou

1 4 d bl p i d
. ou e er o

15 p d d bl p i d
. re e at e ou e er o

16 p i d g. p
er o r ou

I NMEN
AS S G T

E ch f h f ll wi g is
a o it l g h th p i d f m A
t e o o n a un ar e r t an e er o or . na

ly d disc ss h s f m th st dp i f ( ) h ss ti l st
z e an u t e e ro e an o nt o a t e e en a ru e

t d ( b ) th
u re an t d l c ti f xt si s if y
e n a u re an o a on o e en on ,
an :

1 A h l gy f M i l F m N
. nt o o o7 ( m s 1 4 29 ) N 9a ( m s
u s ca or s, o . ea .
-
o . ea .

30 N 1 0b ( m s 3 4 N 1 1 ( m s 7 24 d 35
'

o . ea . o . ea .
-
an

N 1 2b ( m s 1
o . ea .

2 M d lss h
. en S g Wi h
e W d N 27 ( m s 5
o n, on s N 16
t ou t or s, o . ea . o .

(m s 4 ea .

3 B. ok Mik k m
ar t V l IV N
,
1 00 ( m s 1
ro os os, o .
,
o . ea .

(m s 8 ea ;
S ec t io n 2
 C h ap t e r V I I

Song forms in gen eral

an d a ux iliary members
t e rm
‘

so n g f or m is s d id ify sm ll p tt s mpl y d
u e to en t a er a e rn e o e

in b his ot n t ru m l d v c l m sic Th is t m d iv s f m th
en t a an o a u . er er e ro e

st c f
ru t u re ou n d i s gs f s m ll m d
n on dim o s ch a or o e r at e en s1 on s, u as

f lk s gs
o on an d h y m s T h p i cip l s
n ct l divisi s f th s
. e r n a t ru u ra on o e e

f ms c
or are all d p s H c h m w p t hr p s g
e art . en e , t e t er t o- ar or t ee- art on

f md s
or oe f
n ot r e er h mb f p icip i g ic s
to t e nu er o art at n vo e or 1 n st ru

m s b
en t ,
ut to t e h p i cip l s c i
r ns Th s g f m s i cl d h f l
a e t on . e on or n u e t e o

l wi g yp s
o n t e :

1 p . on e - art

2 simpl . w p e t o- art
J
Uxp d d w p e an e t o -
art

i cipi h p t
F- n en t t re e- ar

h
I
I
L p t re e - art
l g d h p t
\
O e n ar e t re e -
ar

fi
I

\ p v e- art

fO
O
g p f m s
re e or rou or

Th s p t s which dh i g l w y t p —s b
o e at ern a ere , n a en er a a , o a re e ta
li h d pl m d cl s d f m s Th m p f m is “ “
s e an are t er e o e or . e ter o en or

s d d sig
u e to h s ct f c mp si i
e n at es which lik h
t e t ru u re o o o t on , ,
e t e
eigh h typ d t c f m
t pe, s blis h
o nod p tt on or to a re - e ta e a e rn .

Si c p is d fi d p i divisi f l g wh l
“ ”
n e art e ne as a ort on or a on o a ar e r o e,

h t
t e m p t m y s m c t dic y H w v si c m
er o n e -
ar
”
a ee on r a t or . o e er, n e co

p l s
et e , lf c i d c
e m p si i s f m ph s t d bl p i d
-
on t a n e o o t on ro a ra e o a ou e er o

i l gt h d
n en is h s t ly j s ify b t c ssit th t m
o ex t , t e e no on u t u ne e at e e er

on e p t -
ar .

F ms i g l or c mp s d f ss i l d xili y m
n en e ra are o o e o e ent a an au ar co

p t
on en s T h ss ti l c mp t s i h
. e e li f pen a o on en n t e ou t n e o a att e rn are

h s
t o e i s f d by l s s ch A B C ; by P I P II
un t r e e rre to e tt e r u as ar t art ,

III ; by M i d S b di Th m s Sh c mp siti s
, , ,

P ar t or a n an u or n at e e e . ort e r o o on ,
S on g f orms

s c h h ym s
u as n c sist ly f h ss i l
an d f lk s
o on g s ,
m ay on on o t e e en t a

m l dy Th s th
e o .f u m , m l dy f A m i
e h t w ty
ou r t e e n - e a u res e o o er c a o r t e en

m s m l dy
e a u re f Ad e oFid l p s t s th t t l c mp sit i
o es te e es r e re e n e o a o o on .

O u h th
t e o h d c mp si i s ch N 2 7 f M d lss h s
er an ,
a o o t on u as o . o en e o n
’

S g Wi h
on s W d c t ou t ist t l y f i th ss i l p t s I
or s on s s no on o ts r ee e en t a ar

( m s
ea 5 .II ( 2 1 III ( 3 3 4 5 ) — b f i d ci -
ut o an n t ro u t on , a
it i
r e t r an s d p s t l d Th s
on , an th a ili y m mb s th
o u e . e e are e au x ar e er , e

a pp d g s th f m w k f h f m S ch pp d g s by
en a e to e ra e or o t e or . u a en a e are

no m s m ly fill b
ean e re f h g t s t ig ifi i t ms
er s ut ar e o t e re a e s n c an ce n er

o f s t ct ru d u re t i h c mm
an ic ti f th w k I
c on t en n t e o un a on o e or . n a

c mp sit i f h h d d m s s h th m t ic s t t m t s
o o on o t ree un re e a u re ,
t e e a a e en

m y c sis
a fon ly h
t o d d m s s th mai d f h
on on e un re e a u re ,
e re n er o t e
w k b i g c mp s d f th
or e n o ih y m mb s o e o e au x ar e er .

Th is ch pt is c c d with th listi g d d fi i ti
a er on f th e rn e e n an e n on s o e

p i cip l pp d g s f d i c mp sit i s b th l g d s m ll —
r n a a en a e ou n n o o on o ar e an a .

In tro d i Th i t d ct i
uc t o n . is s ct i t h b gi i g f m
e n ro u on a e on a t e e nn n o a co

p si i imm di t ly p di g h s m t f h m
o t on , e a e n
f re c e n t e t at e en o a t e e or o a

p i cip l p t Th i t d c i is mo p ifi lly ch ct ist ic

r n a ar . e n ro u t on re s ec ca a ar a er

o f i st m t l
n ru h th
en a f p ly v c l w k s Th
r at er tw an o u re o a or . ere ar e o

t yp s e :

1 S i mpl . i d c i This s lly sist s f h st blish

e n t ro u t on . u ua Con o t e e a

m f cc mp im t p t
en t o an a f m p o an en at e rn , or o on e or or e re

limi y ch ds n ar or .

A h l gy f M i l F rm N
nt o o o l 0 (m s 1 u s ca N 7 (m s o s, o . a ea . o . a ea .

1 )

Al l e gr e t t o

Se e ls B ck s Sy mph y N 7 fi t m v m ( m s 1 2 )
a o ru n er
’
on o .
, rs
-
o e en t ea .
-

d S ib li s S y mp h y N 4 s c d m v m t (m s 1
’
an e u on o .
, e on o e en ea .

2 I d p d
. n ei d c i Th f
en en t s dis i g ish h n t ro u t on . re e e at u re t n u t e
i d p d t f m th simpl i d cti
n e en en l g h h ro e e n t ro u on en t , c ar

d d
a c te r , I sh t c mp sit i h is yp f
an ca e n ce . n a or e r o o on , t t e o

i t d c i m y b f m f t ight m s s i l gt h
n ro u t on a e ro ou r o e ea u re n en

d 3 5 f M d lss h s S g Wi h
,

i N 23 27
’
as n os .
, ,
an o en e o n on s t out
W d I or l g w k it m y b f c sid bl l gth
s . n a ar e r or ,
a e o on e ra e en

d i t s lf b c mp s d f s v
an l divisi s i Sy mph y
e e o o e o e e ra on , as n on

N I f B hms
o . h R m o d J li O ra f , or t e o eo an u et ve r t u re o

T ch i k sky a ov .
 S on g f o r m s in g e n er a l a n d a u x i l ia ry m e m b ers

It will c i m l dy f it w d f i hy h mic ch
on t a n a e o o s o n an o t en ts r t ar

a c t er m l dic d
e o cc mp im l will diff f m h an a o an en t a er ro t at of

th e ma i b dy f h c mp si i I is s lly m i d by
n o o t e o o t on . t u ua t er n at e an

au t h e n t ic c d c b f h fi p f th c mp si i p p
a en e e ore t e r st art o e o o t on ro er

b gi s
e n

s s
.

A MF N o ,
. 5 ( me a . 1 N o 1 1 ( me a
. . 1 -7 )

T r a n s i t ion . Th is is cl di g f m a p on n e c i g p ss
t n a age ea n ro on e art or

h m t
t e e h A
o an ot si i h w f c i er m d l
t ran y t on as t o un t ons on e o u at or ,

c ci I h fi i s c i b c m s m s f
.

th e h ot er on n e t ve . n t e r st n t an e , t e o e a e an o

p ssi g f m k y
a n ro th one; i h s c d
e i fi l gi
ar e a t o an o er n t e e on ,
t e -
e ct s a o

ca l c ci m
on n e t on or a s fj c b w w p s hms e an o un t u re et een t o art or t e e

th at ar e so c si gi c on t r a hy hm h t n c ld t im n on t ou r or r t t at on e ou no

m die ly s cc d h h I is h is s c d f c i wh ich is m s
at e u ee t e ot e r t t e on un t on o t

i mp i s ch i s c s i h c pi l i f th s
.

ort an t n u n t an e as n t e re a t u at on o e on at a

ll g f rm wh h si i c c s w h m s i h s m
,

a e ro o ere t e t r an t on on n e t t o t e e n t e a e

k y If si i w m ly m s f m d l i g f m k y
,

e . a t r an t on ere e re a e an o o u at n ro on e e

c t en er h i w ld b
t o an ot e r , c ss y s ch c s s E mpl s
t ou e u nn e e ar 1n u a e . xa e

o f si i s m y b f d i h f ll wi g
t ran t on a e ou n n t e o o n :

A MP N 1 2b ( m s 3 3
, o . N 1 7b ( m s 2 7 N ea 1 8b . -
o . ea . o .

( m s 2 1 27 ) ea .
-

A b i f si i f f m h m s s i l gth m y ‘

r e t ran t t on o ro on e o t re e e a u re n en a

a ls b m d b idg p ss g
o e t er e a r e a a e .

AMP N 18 , (m s 30 3 1 )
o . a ea .
-

I h l g
n t f ms
e ar e rsi i m y b f s m l g h c sis i g
or a t ran t on a e o o e en t ,
on t n
o f tw m o or s c i s If h m t i l is f s m imp c d
ore e t on . t e a er a o o e ort an e an

i d p d c i i s lf h m
n e en en e nsi i l pis d m y b s d
t e t e t er
“
t r an t on a e o e
”
a e u e

1 9 ( m s 9 6—
.
,

AMP N , o 1 02 )
. ea .

E c p i x e lly si i m y icip th m l dic

t on a ,
a t r an m t on a an t at e e e o or acc o

p an i m t l p tt
en a f h i mm di t
a ly s cc
ern di g p o t h m t e e a e u ee n ar or t e e .

All e gro

EX 1 10
Beet h ov en , “03 11 I

S t rin g Q u a r t e t
i n F major ,
Vi ol i n 11
l ast mov emen t

Vi ol a

C el l o
S o n g f or ms

Wh l e i si i is ss i l p f th l g f ms it is
t h e t r an t on an e en t a ar t o e ar er or ,

r ar e ly mpl y d b w e P s I d II f h s g f m s b
o e et ee n art an o t e on or or e

tw A d B f h d f m s T h f ll wi g ill s
een an o w s ch
t e r on o or . e o o n u t rat e t o u

exc p i l cc c s I C l B ohm P p m M b il Th
e t on a o u rr e n e . n .
ar
’
s er e tu u o e,
“
e

R i i li d pi p s g f rm m s s 1 3 1 4
”
f
a n, or V o h n an an o , a t re e -
art on o ,
e a u re -

( h s c d
t e di g )
e on si i b w p s I d II I
en n ar e a t r an t on et een art an . n

Tch ik vs ky s R m
a o Op 5 fi
’
d f rm m s s 3 2 3 5
o a n ce , .
,
a r st r o n o o ,
e a u re -

ar e a si i b w A d B
t ran t on et e en an .

R i i T h is is
e tra n s t on i g p .
g w h ic h l ds h a c on n e c t n assa e ea to t e r e tur n

of p i sly h d p t h m
a r ev ou -
e ar ar or t e e .

A MP N 9 ( m s 25 1 2b ( m s 6 8
9

, oN . N 14ea . o . ea . o .

(m s 8 1 ea N 17 .
( m s 4 6 49 ) o . a ea .
-

If i i
a r e t ran s fig m i s f m h p t t wh ich
t on u se s u r e s or ot v e ro t e ar o

i is i g i is c l l d icip y t i i
‘

t r et u rn n , t a e an an t at o r re ran s t on
A MF N 1 5 (m s 63 68
, o d 1 75 1 80 )
. ea .
-
an -

C d Th c d ( li lly li l c d f ll ws p t h m
o e t ta e o et t a t er a
“
tt e o a o o a ar t e e,

s c i O f i p i cip l f c i s is h m ic —
.
,

or e t on . ne o fli m ts r n a un t on ar on t o re a r

h c d c
t e Th
a en tw yp s e . ere ar e o t e :

1 Th h m . ic c d mpl ys h h m i s s d
e ar h
on o et t a e o t e ar on e u e at t e

d f h p h s w h ich i f ll ws I is f
en o w m s
t e ra e t o o . t o t en a t o -
e a u re

i wi h i m l dy un t,c ss ily d iv d f m h p
t ts e o n ot n e e ar er e ro t e re

c di g ph s e n ra e .

A MF N 1 3 ( m s 27 29 )
, o . ea .
-

Th m is ls
e s d f p i i s f h c d c g p wh ich
t er a o u e or re et t on o t e a en e rou

i l simply w b s
n v o ve t o e at .

A d a gi o e s o st e n u to

ca d e nc e

l dic c d is f
2 . T h e me
m m s s i l gh I o —o e tt a ou r o r or e e a u re n en t . t

m y ili fig b w d f m h imm di ly p
a ut ze a u re orr o e ro t e e at e re

c di g ph s i m y mpl y i ly w m i l
e n r a e or t a e o e n t re ne at er a .

A MF N 9 (m s 21 ,N 1 1 ( m s 77
o . N 1 2b ea . o . ea . o .

( m s 25 Nea1 5 (m s 55 . N 1 9 ( m s 1 8 25 ) o . ea . o . ea .
-

Th c d m y ppe i h c os f et t ah d f m a a ear n t e ou r e o o r at t e en o a co

p si i I m y ls pp
o t on h cl s
. f
t c d p sl d a a o a e ar at t e o e o a o a or o t u e .

I p lyp h nic w k s h c d i f
o ddi i
on ls m or t e o e tt a s o t en an a t on a t at e en t

f h s bj c f ic c p i lly d c p iv
,

o t e h u e t a t e r an au t en t or, ex e t on a ,
a e e t e ca
S on g f or m s

1 d l y p ss g s d
. A mo xt si
u at o r t sit i a a e u e as an e en on , a r an on

diss l ti or a o u on .

2 A s c i . pis d i mm di ly f ll w g m d l t y
e t on or e o e e at e o o 1n a o u a or

p ss g a a e .

3 Th p s t i. f e w h m re en at on o a ne t e e .

4 A w s c i
. i d v l pm
ne cd e t on n a e e o en t or o a .

Di l i A diss l t i
ss o u t o n is p ifi yp f xt si i wh ich
. o u on a s ec c t e o e en on n

on e or m fig f m h imm di ly p c di g h m ic m t
ore u re s ro t e e at e re e n t e at a e

il
r a ar e d by p i i s q c d m d l i It f ll ws
t r e at e re et t on , e u en e, an o u at o n . o o

a th m e p d l ds
e or a t si i t
art an i i t wea to a ran t on , r e ran s t on , or o a ne

p t ar .

A MF N 1 5 (m s 87
, o S . ls B h v ,S ea Op 2 . ee a o ee t o en o na t a , .
,

N 1 fi t m v m t (m s 9
o .
,
rs M o S e d f st i g
en ea . oz art , ere n a e or r n

ch s R m
or e ( m s 26
tra, F ck Symp h y i D
o an za ea . r an ,
on n

m s c d m v m t ( m s 1 1 4 1 24 )
l n or , e on o e en ea .
-

C d A c d ( f m It li m i g t il ) is s cti t th d
o a . o a ro a an , ean n
“
a
”
a e on a e en

o f c mp siti wh ich c m s imm di ly ft th l st th m

a o o on o e e at e a er e a e e or

p t Sh
ar . c mp siti s m y h v c d b t m y i st d
ort e r o o on a n ot a e a o a u a ,
n ea ,

en d wit h th cl s f h fi l p e wi h b i f c d t
o e o t e na ar t o r t a r e o e ta .

Th c d m y s cti s with m t i l d ’

e i o f a m a c on s st o one or or e e on ,
a er a e

r iv d f m s m p vi s p ti f h c mp siti N w m t i l
e ro o e re ou or on o t e o o on . e a er a

m y h w v
a , bo s d Wh il s m th ist s ls
e er , e th
u e t m . e o e eor a o u se e er
“
c d t d sig t t mi l it i h c s f w k it is
o a o e na e a er na un n t e ou r e o a or ,

p f bl t s v h is m f th s c i
re e r a e o r e er e th v y d f
t t er or e e t on at e er en o a

c mp si i
o o m v m t on or ( S ls t h disc ssi f
o e h c d ien t . ee a o e u on o t e o a n

Ch p t X V )
a er .

1 C d f . s ct i o a o on e e on

AMF N l 0b ( m s 4 6 ,N 1 1 (m s 8 3 93 )
o . ea . o . ea .
-

2 C d f tw s c i
. so a o o e t on
AMF N 5 (m s 5 N , 1 3 ( m s .4 8 6 1 )
o . ea . o . ea -

3 C d f h
. m o s ci s a o t r ee or or e e t on

AMF N 9 ( m s 8 0 ,N 1 5 ( m
o s. 2 59 a ea . o . ea .

N 1 9 ( m s 2 20 2 5 3 )o . ea .
-

P l d
os t u A p s l d is
e . s ct i f s m i d p d c t th v y
o t u e a e on o o e n e en en e a e er

en d f w k ; i m y c nc iv bly pp
o a or st h l s t s c t i
t a f cd o e a a ear a e a e on o a o a .

AMP N 5 ( m s 4 0-
, 46 ) o . ea .

Th p s l de dis i ct f m c d is m d fi it ly i h
o t u e, as t n ro a o a, ore e n e n t e
t
n a u re o f pil g F q ly simil b i d p d t m t i l
an e o ue . re u en t ar ut n e en en a er a

pp s t h b gi i g d h d f c mp si i id
,

a e ar a t e e nn n an t e en o a o o t on as an n e

p d t i d ci
en en d p s tl d
n t ro sp ct iv ly h s f mi g th
u t on an o u e, re e e , t u
“
ra n
”
e

c mp sit i Th is p c d is t b bs v d i sh t pi c s d
o o on . ro e u re o e o er e n or er e e an

in d d w ks s ch St ss T ill E l p i g l M tti
e xt en e or u as rau
’
u e ns e e or eno
T
S

A ma h l a nd th e N igh t Visitor s .
 S ong f or m s i n g e n e r a l a n d a u x i lia ry m e m b e rs

In s s h m p s l d is s d h i l f
an oth er en e , t e t er
g o t u e u e as t e t t e o an or an

w k f imp is d wh ich is pl y d th cl s f s ic
or , o t en r ov e ,
a e at e o e o a er v e

d i g h xi f h c g g i
ur n t e e t o t e on re at on .

I NM E N
AS S G T

1 D isc ss h
. ili y m mb s f d t i h A h l gy
u t e au x ar e er re e rr e o n t e nt o o

M i l F m Wh ich h v p h s
u s ca or p i d s ct s Wh ich
s . a e ra e or er o t ru u re ?

do n ot ?

2 . Id if y d b i g
en t an r n to cl ss x mpl s f ili y
a e a e o au x ar m em b s
er of

c mp si i s which
o o t on y ou c
ar e ly s dyi g
u rr e n t tu n .
 C h ap t e r V I I I

The t wo p ar t -
s on g form
t w o p ar t
-
is h s m ll s mpl f bi y s c r I
so n g f or m t e a e t ex a e o a n ar t ru t u e . ts

tw b l o ci g di isi s
a an l g s s c lly h m s wh ich
n v on ar e an a o ou ,
t ru t u r a ,
to t e u t

are c mbi d f m l g p
o ne s h f ll wi g ill s s
to or ar er att ern ,
as t e o o n u t rat e :

fig fig m iv u re u re z : ot e

m iv m i s mi ph s ot e ot v e e -
ra e

s mi ph s s m i ph s ph s
e -
ra e e -
ra e ra e

ph s ph s p id ra e ra e er o

p i d p i d d bl p i d er o er o ou e er o

Wh il ll f h b e p s w symm ic l s bdi isi

a o t e a ov e re re en t t o et r a u v ons , “

h s s bdi isi
t e e s u i fi d by h p
v ic l pon wh ich h y
ar e un e t e art u ar at t ern t e ‘

f m I h w p s g f m ch f h p s h m m k d
or . n t e t o -
ar t on or ea o t e art as a o re ar e

i di id li y h h f
n v ua mpl
t t h w s m i ph s s wh ich
an av e , or e x a e, t e t o e -
ra e c on

sti h ph s
tu t e t e I is f h is s th w f
ra e h. w p t or t r e a on at e r e er to t e t o -
art

s g f m th s m ll s mpl f bi ry s c
on or as e a e t ex a e o a na t ru t u re .

Th w c g i s f w p s g f m s th simpl d
er e are t o at e or e o t o- art on or ,
e e an

th p dd
e ex an e .

The s imp l e t w o -
p a r t so n g f or m
P art f m ph s Im d bl p i d l gt h
ay be ro a ra e to a ou e er o en .

m sic h c d c
u ,
h d f P
t e Im yb a en e at t e en o art a ez

1 h ic i h ic f h d mi
. au t en t , n t e t on o t e o n an t

2 h ic i h ic f l d k y
. au t en t ,
n t e t on o a r e at e e

3 h lf c d c . h d mma a -
a en e on t e o an t

4 h ic i h igi l ic
. au t en t ,
n t e or na t on

P II m y ls b f m ph s
art d bl p i d i l
a a o e ro a ra e t o a ou e er o n en gth ;
i m y b i
t a h s m k y P eI i n l d k y Th
t e a e e as art or n a re at e e . e fi n al
c d c is h ic i h igi l t ic V y f P s I
a en e au t en t n t e or na on . er o t en art an d II
ar ei d ic l i l g h ; if
en t P II is g lly l g
a n en t n ot , art en e ra on er .
 T h e t wo - p a r t so n g fo r m

i
E th er or b oth of th e p smart ay be re p e at e d ,
as ill s
u t r at e dbl w e o :

II : P art I P art II
I II
I II
I II
Th e sim pl e t wo- p s gf
art on or m is f di ou n n a num b e r of c at e gor e is
F
.

o lk s o n gs a nd h y m ns

P a rt I
, Pa ra lle l P e rio d
A n da n t e

Po rt ll Po ro lle l
, P e rio d
a n t e ce d e n t

co n s e q ue n t

S ma l ler i ns t r u m e n t a l a n d v oc a l c o mp os i t io n s

c
S h u m an n , Ch or a l ( No 4 ) . fr om
A lb u m f o r th e Yo u n g O p 6 8 ; , .

B cha ,
P o lo na is e f r om A n na Magda l e n a s N o t e b ook
’
.

Th e m e s o r s u b di v is io ns o f la rge r w o rks

B eet h o e n , v v m (m s 1
S o n a ta , Op . 7 9 , first m o e en t ea . B ee
h S
t ov en , Op 1 0 N 1 s c
o na ta , d m v m (m s .
, o .
, e on o e en t ea . 24
Th is h m h th f ll wi g s c
t e e as e o o n t ru t ur e :

A ( 2 4 2 7 ) — mb lli s h d p i i f A ( 28 3 1 ) B e t t on o ( 3 1 36)
—mb ll ish d p i i f B d
-
e e e re - - -

e e e si re(36 e t t on o an ex t e n on

Th m f M d lss h s V i i S é i
e e o en eOp 5 4 o n
’
a r a t ons r e u se s , . .

P ort I Re pe a t e d
, Ph ra s e
Po c o a d a g i o , can t ab i l e
Ph ra s e re pe a t e d ph ra s e

P o rt II , C o n t ra s t in
g P e rio d
a nt e c e d e n t

c o n se q ue n t
S on g f or m s

The Ha yd h m
i i lly c mp s d h Imp i l A st i
n t e e ( or g n a o o e as t e er a u r an

A h m)
nt e is p t
f f d i m di v l m sic i cl di g th
a a t ern o t en ou n n e e a u n u n e

s gs f s e s mi si g s d m is si g s
,

on b d o t r ou a ou r ,
t ro u v re ,
nne n er ,
an e t er n er .

In p ss g f W g s p D i M i i g
a a a e o N ii b g a n er
’

o e ra e e s ters n er v on rn er

( A t III ) H s S c h s d sc ib s h p c ss f c mp si g
c ,
an s g
a e r e t e ro e o o o n a on

a cc di g h is b sic id f A A B Th m b f m d iv d
or n to t a ea o . e t er
“
ar or ,
”
er e

f m th G m
ro is ft s d d sig
e er hi s p ic l st c
an , o en u e to e n at e t art u ar ru t u re .

O f t h diffi l i
ne o i th lysis f h w p t s g f m
e cu t es n e an a o t e t o- ar on or

ar is s f m th f c h
e ro d s m ci c m st c s c mbi t i
e a t t at u n er o e r u an e a o na on

o f w p i ds m y f m
t o er oc as i g d bl p i d d d -
a or a on t r t n ou e er o an un er

tw —
,

ot h s er p t s g f m Th f ll wi g f c s wh ich d
a o ar on or . e o o n ar e a t or e t er

mi h t
ne w p i d s
t a c is s g f m h t h
a t o- d bl
er o t ru t u re a on or r at er an a ou e

p ider o :

1 A s c d c h d f h fi t p d p t ic l ly
‘

.
g t ron a en e at t e en o t e rs e r1 o ar u ar

if it is h ic
,

au t en t .

2 R p i i. s f wi hi h p i ds
e et t on o , or t n, t e er o .

3 A g . c s b w P i ds I d II h w ld b
r e at e r on t r a t et een er o an t an ou e

f d i d bl p i d
ou n n a ou e er o .

I is bvi
t sly o c ss y h l l f h s c di i s b p s
ou n ot n e e ar t at a o t e e on t on e re

en t ; i m s i s n cs y o f h m will b
t n ffi i t
t an e blish an on e o t e e su c en t o e st a
a s gf ms c
on or t ru t u re .

A i s i g ch c is ic f m y simpl w p t gcfo m
n n t ere t n ara t er t o an e t o -
ar son r s

is h f c h t h d f P t II is p t i i
t e a t t a sp si i f
t e en o ar a re e t on or t ran o t on o
h
t e en d f P I Th is iso m d m i l hy m art h s l ti g i t
. t er e u s ca r e, t u re a n t o

sen t e nc d h ym s i p y d diff ti i g i f m m sic l

e -en r e n oe t r an ere n at n t ro u a

p ll lis m which is g lly id c d i th b gi i gs f

ar a e , en era ev en e n e e nn n o cor

re sp di g i s O f th
on n li st x mpl s f h
un t . f h is ne o e ear e e a e o t e u se o t
d ic is f d i h f h c y Amb si hym A
ev e ou n n t e ou r t -
en t u r
“
ro an n e t e r ne

R erum C di A f m ili on x mpl is h f l k s g P p G h

to r . a ar e a e t e o on o , o es t e
We ase l .

Po rt l , P a ra lle l Pe r io d
a n t e ce d e n t co n s e q u e n t

P a rt II, C o n t ra s t in g
a n t e ce d e n t

c o n s e q u e nt
 T h e t wo p ar t -
so n g fo r m

O th er pl s
e x am e ar e th e th i r t ee n t h c -
en tu r y mi nne si n ge r s on g, Na
a l e rs t,
’
by W l h a t er v on der Vo g lw i d
e e e ( H is to r ica l A n t ho logy o f
Mu sic 1
[ h f f er e a t e r re e r r e d to as HAM ] Vol I N o .
,
. th e G av ot t e
of t h e F h S i i E m j by B ch
ren c u te n a or a and the fi rst si x t ee n mea s s
u re

Fi l f M s S y mp h y N i f lk
,

of t h e 4 0 in G m The
’
na e o ozart on o . n or . o

s on g s R o b i n A da ir an d S o u r w ood Mo u n t a i n ea ch ill s u t rat e t h e u se

of sic l hym d
mu a r e an ls f b f m
a o o ar or .

I m s bt mph si u t e e a ze d h h s mbl c i v lv s ly h
t at t e re e an e n o e on t e

fi l w m s
na s f t o ea u re o ea ch sp c i p If c mpl ph s is
re e t ve ar t . a o et e ra e

res d h f m h
t at e ,
t e or t en bcms i y f h p
e o th h e a v ar e t o t re e - art r a er t an

of tw p s c o -
art t ru t u re .

T he ex p a n d e d t w o p a r t son g -
for m
p d d w p s g f m is dis i g ish d f m h simpl
The ex an e t o- art on or t n u e ro t e e

t w p o s g f m i h f ll wi g w ys
-
art on or n t e o o n a

1 I m y i cl d
. ili y m mb s s ch i d c i c d t
t a n u e au x ar e er u as n t ro u t on , o et a,

cd p sl d o a, or o t u e .

2 P I is v l ss h t p i d i l g h
. art ne er e t a a er o n en t .

3 P II will s lly b l g h P I d m y f i cl d
. art u ua e on er t an art an a o t en n u e

si s f i s yp s
ex t e n on o v ar o u t e .

4 O . b h f h p sm yb p d
n e or ot o t e art a e re e at e .

Th c d c d
e li y l i ships
a id ic l wi h h s
en e an t on a t r e at o n ar e en t a t t o e
ou t li d f h si mpl
ne w p s g f m T h f ll wi g
or t e e t o- art on or . e o o n ar e ex

mpl s f h p d d w p s g f m Sch b W d
w

’
a e o t e e x an e t o- art on or : u e rt , an er er s

N igh t S o n g Op 4 N o 3 ; D ea th a n d th e Ma ide n Op 7 , N o 3 ;
, .
,
.
, . .

B art ok Mi k ro k o sm o s Vol
, N o s 7 0 an d 7 4 ; ze t H a an e r a
”
. III . Bi b
f C
, , ,

r om ar me n .

bi y s c s
N ot all
b p p ly ly d t w p t n ar t ru t u re c an e ro er an a ze as o- ar

s g f ms T h s will b
on ord i l t ch p t s . e e e n ot e n a er a er .

I GN M E N
AS S T

1 A ly
. h f ll w mg mpl
na w p s g f m s i dic i g ( )
ze t e o o Sl e t o- ar t on or ,
n at n a

st c l i s ( b ) k y l i sh ips ( ) c d c l i sh ips
ru tu ra un t , e re at on ,
c a en e r e at on

A h l gy f M i l F m N
nt 4
o o d 4b o us ca or s, o . a an .

S ch um A lb m f h Y u g Op 6 8 N ann , 4 u or t e o n , .
,
o . .

B t ok Mik k m V l I N 3 1
ar , ro os os , o .
, o . .

2 A ly
. w f lk snags h y m s f w h
ze ic h t h f ll w g
t t ypi
o o on or n o e o o 1n are

c al : Ades t e F ide l es A m e r ic a Ya n k e e D oo dle S a n ta L u c ia L ead

, , , , ,

K in d ly L igh t .

1
H is t o r ic a l A n t h o l o g y
sit y
'

P r ess, 1 9 4 7 ) , I .
o f M u sic , cd . D av ison an d Ap el ( C amb ri d ge : H ar v ard U n iv er
S on g f or m s

B ar t ok,
S on g f or ms

p t f m is f q tly f u d i f lk s g d cc
T h e t h re e -
ar or re u en o n n o on an o a

i
s on a ll y i pl i s g sp ci
n lly i h ip
a n on i K y i b t h ,
ys
e e a n t e tr art te r e, ut e cr

t ll i
a i f h
z at on yp o cc s i ss ci i with h
t e t e rn ar att e rn o ur n a o at on t e es

t bl i h m
a ts f lit y f 1 600 Th is p
en o t on a is p tic l ly i a t er . at t ern ar u ar n

e vid c b w 1 7 00 nd 1 9 00 I is
en e et een t g w th f l i s a . t an ou ro o r e at on

implici i li y wh t l ( k y ) c nt s
t n t on a t f mdfi i g
, ere on a e e er ar e as or -
e n n

as p i cip l d s b di t h m s T h s i
r n a an l music th
u or na e t e e . u ,
n t on a , e re

t t m
s a e ( A ) is en t
t ly th t f p ifi m l
no dy b t i is on e r e u rn o a s ec c e o , u t
a ls h o t e f p ifi k
r e t u rn o
y C v s ly h cc
a s c f ec c e are a . on er e ,
t e o u rr en e o

th e m l dy ( A ) i e o h k y p s s ( i i dic t l m sic )
n an ot er e re re en t n tr a -
on a u

n ot s m tb t
a re ct l w p
t at e en d v l p m t Th s u an a ua ne art or a e e o en . u ,

i t h Fi l f M s Sy mp h y i E fl ( N 3 9 ) th s b ’
n e na e o oz ar t on n -
at o . e u or

dim h m is tat e t e w m l dy b e d mi t t sp si i f
no a ne e o ut a o n an ran o t on o

t h p i cip l th m
e r n a e e .

T l ( k y ) c s m f m d fi i g i th m sic f 1 600
on a e en t e r ar e or e or -
e n n n e u o

1 9 00 h m d l k y c t s h d b
t an o i m i a p 1 6e0 0 T h is e n er a een n us c u to .

is s f th m g c f h l g i s t m t l h m
_

on e r e a on or e e e r en e o t e ar er n ru en a o o

ph ic f m s i cl di g h
on or yp ,
s f th d f th
n u n t e t e rn ar at t e rn ,
a t er e en o e

R en aiss c p i d i h l t si e h c y It is t w hy
an e er o n t e a e xt e n t en t u r . no e ort

h
t at i w i h c y m sic w imp t ch ct istics f
n t en t e t -
en t u r
‘

u ,
t o ort an ara er o

wh ich ar eli w i mg
a d d p tue f m t i dic
r e t u rn to n e ar r t an a e ar r ro r a

li y h
t on a t y f m is i h
,
t e t ern ar f q tly mffl y d or ne t er so re u en e o e n or as

s ic ly bs d i h p i s th c t i s
tr t o e rv e as n t e r ev ou re e en u r e .
K

T h e in c ip ie n t t h r e e p a r t -
so n g f or m
Th is p g lly six t m s
at t e rn , i t is h s m ll s t en e ra a e en - e a u re un ,
t e a e

h
t ree - p s g f m ( T h h p p i d wh il t y p
art on or . e t re e - art er o ,
e a ern ar at

te rn ,is t c lly s g f m ) no a tu a a on or .

P t I is c mp s d f w p h s s f mi g i h
ar o p ll l o e o t o ra e ,
or n e t er a ara e or

a c s i g p i d h f m cc i g m f q ly P t II
on t ra t n er o t e or er o u rr n ore re u en t . ar

c sis s f si gl f m s ph s P III is h t ih
,

on t o a n e ou r -
e a u re ra e . art t e re u rn , e t e r

ex a c with s m m difi i
t or f f h ph s s f P
o I e o c at on , o on e o t e ra e o ar t .

If P I is p ll l p i d P III m y
ar t a ih i ar a cd e
l

er o ar t a u se e t er t s an t e e en t

c sq p h s If P I is c sti g p i d ly h
,

or on e u en t ra e .
-
art a on t ra n er o ,
on t e

c d ph s is s d I h Fi l f h B h v S
an t e e en t ra e u e . n t e na e o t e eet o en on a ta ,

Op 7 ( m s 1. P III ( 1 3 1 6 ) is
ea s tm
. f ph s art -
a re ta e en t o ra e

tw f P
o o I (5 i h A d ar t f th B h S Op n t e n an t e o e ee t ov en on a t a , .

14 N ,
2 (m s 1 o P. III ( 1 3 1 6 ) is s m t f ph s
ea . art -
a re t at e en o ra e

on e (1
The cd cs
a en e at t h e e n d of P art I an d III
P art are gen era lly au

th en t ic ; at th e e n d of P art II i h ,
e t er a ha lf—
cd c a en e o r an au t h en t ic
c d c is f
a en e ou n d .

Th p t e at e rn of th is f o rm is ill st u r at e d in t h e f ll wi
o o ng d i agr am
 Th e t h r ee- p ar t so ng form

P art I P art II P art III

Ph ra s e Ph r a s e

se 1
or ph s ra e 2

This f xis i h c mpl c mp si i

orm ill s
m ay e t e t e r as a o et e o o t on or , as u

tr at ed i h w B h v
n pi s sm i d b v hm
t e t o ee t o en an o on at a en t on e a o e, a t e e

o f l g w k M y f S ph F s t s s gs i cl di g My Old
a ar er or . an o te en o er
’
on ,
n u n

K en tucky H m O ld F lk H m d 0 hl S
o h ilie, o s at o e, an u sa n n a , ut ze

t h is f m or .

Tw yp s f p i i
o t f d wi h i h is p t
e o re et t on ar e ou n t n t a t ern

A H: B A : II an d H: B A
B c s f h p ssibl symm ic l divisi s f it six m s
e au e o t e o e et r a on o s t e en ea

u re s i w h l s f igh m s s wi h th s g c d c s
n to t o a ve o e t ea u re ,
t e t ron er a en e

o cc i g h d f ch h lf h i cipi h p s g f m
u rr n at t e en o ea a , t e n en t t r e e- art on or

is s c l h yb id h i g b h bi y d
a t ru t u ra y ch c is ics r ,
av n ot n ar an t e rn ar ar a t er t .

H w v
o sinc h is
e er , f c mpl ph s f ll wi g
e t ere a re t u rn o a o et e ra e o o n a

dp e h b sic
art u r e , q i m s f h y
t ef m s t
a m t re u re en t o t e t e rn ar or at e en ,

dig ssi re d s m on , f lfil l d I is t h

an t f th
re t at e en t are u e . t e r e ur n o e

c mpl ph s s blish i g h b gi i g f P III wh ich dif

o et e ra e , e ta n t e e nn n o art ,

f i h i cipi t h
e re n t at es p s g f m f m th typ f tw
t e n en t ree -
art on or ro e e o o

p s g f m i wh ich simil s mi ph s is f d t th d
art on or n a ar e -
ra e ou n a e en

o f P I d P II ( m sic l hym )
art an art u a r e .

T h p tt I] A I I B A Hi wh ich ch f th
e a e rn it s is si gl ,
n ea o e un a n e

ph s is i m di t b w h h p t p i d d th i
ra e, n t er e a e et e en t e t re e- ar er o an e n

c ipi t h en p t s g f m Th is p t is f d i D i k M
t r ee - ar on or . a t e rn ou n n r n to e

O n ly w ith T h in e E y e s an d T h e B l u e b e l ls o f S c o t la n d .

T he r e g ul a r t h r ee p a r t so n g
-
for m
s sm ll i s m l w k s d s l v c l w k s i th is
Mo t a er n t ru en t a or an o o o a or ar e n

fom Th is p t is ls s d f h m s f l g w k s
r . at e rn a o u e or t e e o ar er or .

A i d c i is p i l ; i m y b i he simpl i d p
n n t ro u t on o t on a t a e e t r e or n e en

d t I h sm ll th p s g f m i d p d t i t d
en . n t e a er re e - art on or ,
an n e en en n ro uc

ti is m f q i s l pi w k h i cc mp i d s l
on or e re u en t n o o an o or s t an n a o an e o o

s mbl w k s I d t st blish
or en e cc mp im t l p
e or . n or er o e a an a o an en a at

cc mp i d v c l i st m t l s l s will m st f q tly
t ern , a o an e o a or n ru en a o o o re u en

b gi wi h simpl i d c i A h m i l g w k h w
e n t a e n t ro u t on . s a t e e n a ar e r or o

v th th p s g f m will ly b p c d d by i t
,

e er , e r ee - art on or rar e e re e e an n ro

d ciu t on .

Oi th M d lss h S g Wi h e W d N 2 h it
en e o n on s t ou t or s, o . as n o n ro

d c i
u N 22 h
t on , simpl i t d cti f h lf m s
o . d as a e n ro u on o on e -
a e a u re , an
S ong f o r ms

No . i d p d t i d cti f fi m s s
3 5 h as an n e en en n t ro u on o ve e a u re .

P t I is gar lly f m p i d t d bl p i d ph s e n e ra ro a er o o a ou e er o or ra e

g p i l g h I t l m sic i is s lly t mi t d by
r ou n en t . n on a u t u ua er na e an au

h ti c a
t en d c ith i th p i cip l i
c ltdky P tI
en e , e er n e r n a or n a re a e e . ar

m y b f ll w d i mm di t ly by P t II O i
a e o xili y m mb s th
o e e a e ar . au ar e er ,
e

f ll wi g m y cc
o o b w P t s I d II
n a o ur et ee n ar an

1 C d tt —B t h v . S Op 2 N
o 1 Mie t (m s a ee o en , on a ta , .
,
o .
,
nu e ea .

1 1 -1 4 )
2 l d —M d lss h S g Wi h W d N 2 3
. I n te r u e en e o n, on s t ou t or s, o .

(m s 16 19 ) ea .
-

3 T siti ( ) ( S T siti
. r an on Ch p VII )
rare ee r an on , a t er

P t 11 m y b f m
ar ph se t d bl p i d
a e ro ph s g p
a ra o a ou e er o or a ra e r ou

i l gt h } E x
n en si s ph s g p f o m ti s d v i s t
t en on , ra e rou r a on ,
an ar ou s ru c

tu ra l i g l iti s m ch m pt pp i P t II th i
rre u ar e are u ore a to a e ar n ar an n

P t I E xc p i
ar . lly ly si gl ph s m y c st it t P II
e t on a , on a n e ra e a on u e art

( A M P N 1 2
, m s 2o5 . U s lly
a, h w v eaP t. II is t l s t ua , o e er, ar a ea

as l g on df q tly l
as, an g t h Pre t I I u en l m sic it m os
ont er an , ar . n t on a u ,

f q u t ly b gi s i
re en th k y; i
e n s lf c t i d w k i m y
n an o er e n a e -
on a n e or t a

b gi i th s m k y P t I
e n n e a e e as ar .

T h m l dy f P rt II m y b
e e o o a a e

1 A t . sp siti f th m lody f B t I This cc s f

r an o on o e e o ar . o ur re

q t ly i d c
u en f m s ( S c h m n n S icili
an e f m A l b m
or . u a n, e nne ro u

f h Y g Op 6 8 m s 9 1 6 )
or t e ou n ea -
. .
, ,

2 D iv d f m P t I G
. er e lly h d iv ti is f m
ro ar . en era t e er a on ro a

fig m iv i h b gi i g f P
u re or I ( AMF N
ot e 14
n t e e nn n o art .
,
o .
,

m s 9 O cc si
ea lly h b gi i g f P II is d iv d
. a on a t e e nn n o art er e

f m th d f P t I ( This is l g s t h t c d t
ro e en o ar . an a o ou o t e an e e e n
c s q t l i sh ip illus d i m difi d p ll lis m )
on e u en re at on t rat e n o e ar a e .

3 C mp s d f . ow d i d p d o e m t i l ( A MF N
o ne an n e en en t a er a .
, o .

1 2b m s 4 5 5 2 ; N , 15 m s 9 18 )
ea .
-
o .
,
ea .
-

Whil P t I is s lly e ar mi d by th
u ua t ic c d c P t t er n at e an au en a en e , ar

II f q ly ds i h lf c d c givi g th l st p t i f th is
re u en t en n a a -
a en e , n e a or on o

p t ar i i
a re t r an s l ch ct Th cc si l cc c f l g
t on a ar a er . e o a on a o u r ren e o on er

no et s st s t th d f P t II is t w thy si c th is d vic
or r e a e en o ar no e or n e e e

c mbi s f li g f q si c cl si with s s f xp c ti
o ne a ee n o ua -
on u on a en e o e e t a on .

A xili y m mb s pp
u ar m ch m e f q tly b tw P t s
er a e ar u ore re u en e e en ar

II d III h b tw P s I d II Th s m y b
an t an e e en m art an . e e a e on e o r ore

f t h f ll wi g
,

o e o o n :

1 C d t .
( AMP N 9 m s 2 1 2 5 )
o et a .
, o . a, ea .
-

2 I l d A i t l d m y b m k dly disti ct iv i ch
. n t er u e . n n er u e a e ar e n e n ar

c d c m ta t er s t g c d c by it s lf It m y ls
an o e o a ron a en e e . a a o

h v s m wh t f l ch ct '

a e t it i
o e a o a re ran s on a ar a er .
 T h e th r e e - p a r t son g form

( AMF , No . 9 a, mea s . 2 5 -29 )

3 . Diss l i ( Be o u t on . e t h o ve n , S o na ta Op . 2 , No . 2 , S h e rz o , c
m s 24 3 0 )
,

ea .
-

R et ran sit ion .

( AMP No 1 0 , mea . s . 17 18 ) -

cc lil c d tt i l d
,

Wh e a ret r an sit ion m ay o u r a on e , a o e a, n t er u e , or

is l i will f d s
o u t on f ll w d by et i i l p ss g
o t en b e o o e a r ran s t on a a a e .

I s m i s t c s h is
n i g p ss g m y g w
o e t n f an e t re t u rn n a a e a ro ou o

h p c di g m mbt e g ic lly
re e d b siv ly hnt e e r so or an a an uno t ru e t a

s l i g v l ppi g f f c i m k s i diffi lt i di
a re u t n o er a n o un t on a e t cu to n

c p ifi lly wh at e m mb s ds d h th
ec ca e re on e e er en an t e o er

b gi s ( M d lss h S g Wi h W d N 3 0 c d
e n . en e o n, on s t ou t or s, o o et t a

p II m s 3 6 3 9 ; p i i f c d m gi g wi h
.
,

to art ,
ea .
-
re et t on o o et t a er n t re

si io m s 3 9 4 9 )
t r an t n, ea .
-

I m s i s
n cso t i i nwill l d di c ly i P t III ; i
t an e ,
a r e t ran s t on ea re t nto ar n

o th i st c s p ic l ly i h c s f
er n an e , it i l i rl d
ar t u ar n t e a e o a r e t ran s on a n te u e,

a c d c m y cc imm di ly b f h b gi i g f P t III
a en e a o ur e at e e or e t e e nn n o ar .

( AMP N 9 m s 2 9, o d 64 )
. a, ea . an

P t III is h
ar f P I T h is t e m y c f
r e t u rn o art re t u r n a oc u r 1n on e o

t h f ll wi g w ys
.

e o o n a

1 E c . sligh ly m difi d ( AMP N 7 m s 3 0 3 9 ;

xa t or t o e o a, ea -

m s 29 3 6 )
. . .
,

N 12 o . a, ea .
-

2 L g . by on ddi i f w m t i l ( M
er , e x te n s1on or a t on o ne a er a . en

del ssoh n ,
S o n gs Wi tho u t Wo rds N os , . 2 5 , 26, 27 , 3 0 )
3 . Sh ort er , t h e a bb revi at e d r e t u rn c on sis i t ng o f ten of b ut a

si gl ph s ( S ch m
n e ra e . u an n , A l b u m for t h e You n g , No 1 6 ) .

4 . C sid bly m difi d

on era o e b ut s ill c g i bly l d
t re o n za re at e t o P art
I (B h v s
,

.
_
S eet o e n , o na t a , Op . 2, _
No . 1, Men u et t o m e a , .

2 9 -4 0 )
5 . As a t ran sp si i o t on of P art I . Th is is l t d t re a e o th e c at e go r y
of i rre gu ar l part f or m s c
( S h u m an n A lb u m f or th e Yo u n g
.

s p il sp si i
, ,

No 7 .
,
mea . 1 7 to t h e en d art a t r an o t on )

The u se o f t h e t h ree - p art s on g f or m as a t h em e i s 1 11u st r at e d in

th e f ll wi g w k s
o o n or :

A n tho logy o f Mu sica l F or ms N o 1 4 ( m e a

, . s . 1 No 1 5 ( me a. s .

1 27 )
-

Ch pi o n, Mazu r ka , Op 5 9 , No 3
. .
A

A 1 1 6; B
-
1 7 24 ; A -
25 4 5 ( n ot e th e s b l v si
u t e e a on

of the c a de n c e in me a 4 4 ) s .

B r ah m s ,
S y mp h o n y No . 1 in C mi n or , fi rst m o v e m en t

A 42 5 1 ; B -
- 5 1 70 ; A -
70 89 -

In a s lf c
e -
on t a n e i d t on a l or m o da l c mp siti o o on , Part III will al
S o ng f o r ms

mo st i v i bly t mi t with
n ar a er na e an au t h e n t ic c d c i th igi l
a en e n e or na

k y f th w k ; t h is is l ss g
e o e or e e ne r a lly t ru e w h th t h —p ts g
en e re e ar on

f m is s d th p tt f
or u e as e a e rn o a t h e me in a l g f m E x mpl s
ar e r or .
“

a e

of P t III ar di g i k y th en n n a e o er t h an th e o r igi l f d i th na are ou n n e

f ll wi g th m s
o o n e e :

A n th o logy s 1 2 9 T h th m
o f Mu sica l F o r ms , No . 1 5 , me a .
-
. e e e

b gi s i C m j d ds th V f G m j
e n n a o r an en on e o a or .

B th v S t Op 1 3 Fi l m s 7 9 1 9 7 Th th m b
ee o en , ona a, .
,
n a e, ea .
-
. e e e e

g s A
in fl t m j d 1n ds o t h V-
f C m
a m a or an en n
'

e o or .

I m sic w h
n i ky u is i h xist t f
e re n gli gibl e ar e a e t e r n on e -
en or o ne e

imp t c i l ti sh ip t p t f m t i h ct l ch d
.

or an e n re a on o at e r n or a on , t e a ua or

wh ich mi t s P III is p i l
t er na e art .
o t on a .

A b i f c mp sit ir e th h p t s g f m m y c cl d
o o on ln e t re e - ar on or a on u e

with th d f P t III I l g w k P t III m y b f l

e en o ar . n a on er or ,
ar a e o

l w d by
o e

1 A c d t (B h
. S Op 2 N .
o 1 Mi
et a t m s. ee t ov e n , on a t a , .
,
o ,
nu e ,
ea .

3 8 40 )
-

2 . A c o da .
( Men d lss
e oh n , S o n gs Wi th o u t Wo r ds (No ,
. 3 0 , me a s .

7 9 -9 0 )
3 p stl d ( M d lss h S g Wi h W d N 4
. A o u e . en e o n, on s t ou t or s, o .
,

m s 26 3 0 ) ea .
-

AS S I G NMEN T

An a ly h h p s g f rms f m th f ll wi g list
ze t e t ree - art on o ro e o o n :

A h l gy f M i l F m N
nt o o 7 d b; N 14 (m s o u s ca or s, o . a an o ea .

1 5 ( m s 1 27 )
.

1 N o . ea .
-

2 M d lss h
. S eng Wi h W d N
e 22 2 7 3 0
o n, on s t ou t or s, os .
, , ,

3 Sch m
. Alb m f uh Y g Op 6 8 N
an n , 6 8 20 u or t e oun , .
,
os .
, ,
.

4 B ok Mik k m
. art V l IV N , 1 09 ro os os , o .
,
o .

5 Milh d Midi ( f pi ) f m U J ’

. au ,
or an o ,
ro ne ou r n e e .

6 C pl d N
. 3 f F
o Pi
an Bl , o . o ou r an o u es .
 C hap t er X

E xp ans ions of the thr ee p ar t -

son g
form an d irregular p ar t
or gr oup forms

t h re e p s
-
art on g f orm m ay b e en ar gel d by p i i re et t on of on e or m ore of

it s p ts i ar n th e f ll wi g w ys
o o n a :

1 .
HA : :
HB A ( M d lss en e oh n , S o n gs Wi th o u t Wor ds N o , . 27 )

2 . A B A ( A MP N o 1 5 ( m e a
, . s . 1 03 Men d lss
e oh n ,

S o n gs Wit h o u t Words Nos , . 23 , 45 , an d 48 )

3 . A B A z
” ( A MF N o 8 ; . B ee t h o e n , v S o na t a , Op . 2,
i d lss h
,

No 1 .
,
Me n u e tt o an d Tr o; Men e o n, So n gs Wi th o u t Words ,

No 2 9 ) .

In t on a l
sic h A d h B s c i s mu i h sm t e an t e e t on r e t u rn n t e a e

k ys
e i h i fi
as p s ti I ss i l l i s s ch
n t e r rst re e n t a on . ne en t a a t e rat on u as

ch g f gis
an e o ich m f h h m y m y cc
re t e r or en r en t o t e ar on a o ur .

p e HA B A is f d lm st i v i bly i
_

Th e at t rn : ou n a o n ar a n

ea ch f th w s g f m s c s i i g h mi u t sch
o e t o onf th or on t t u t n t e n e or e rz o o e

Cl ssic s
a on at a .

E c p i s ch i s
x e tc s wh P II is b ph
n u th p n t an e e re art ut a r ase , e re e

ti i f P
t on o II by i s lf is c mp tiv ly
art A mpl f h is t e o ara e r ar e n exa e o t
t yp is t d i S ch m s Si ili 1 1 Ev l ss
.

Op 6 8 N
’
e no e n u an n c en ne, .
,
o . . en e

f q is h p t A B A ( A ) T h s d t sh ld bs v th
re u en t t e a t e rn ,
e t u en ou o er e at

h g
t e pi g f h p i i s i A B A B A is lw ys A ( B A )
r ou n o t e re et t on n a a

(B A) (A B ) (A B ) A
,
n ev e r .

T h e F iv e -
P art S on g Fa rm
T he fiv e —
p ar t s g f m is
on or an ou t gr o wh f h l gd h t o t e en ar e t re e
p s
art on g f or m . Th h ere a re t ree e ss i l c g i s m wh ich th
en t a at e or e e

m l di l l i sh ips f ll ws
,

e o c an d t on a r e at o n are as o o
S on g f o r ms

1 . P art I
A B A
K ey 1 Key 2 K ey 1

In t h is c at e go r y B is ’
a t ran sp si i
o t on .

2 . P art I III
A B A B
’
A
K ey 1 K ey 2 Key 1 Ke y 3 K ey 1

In t h is c at e gor yB ’
IS a m ark e dm odifi c at ion of t h e fir st B .

3 . P art I
A A
Key 1 K ey 2 K ey 1 K ey 3 K ey 1

i st d f h
Here ,
sp si in d loi m ea f B o t e t ran o t on or ev e n en t o ,
an en

i ly
t re w p t is f ned ar ou n .

I ll fi p t s g f m s th l i s f P t s I II d III
n a ve -
ar on or ,
e re at on o ar , ,
an are

p cis ly th s f th g l th p rt f m P t V hi d c
re e o e o e r e u ar r ee -
a or . ar ,
a t r re u r

c f P I is ly li l t I s m
ren e o ar t i is m ch
,
rare a tera r e u rn . n o e 1 n st an c e s t u

alt d c i i g m i l
e re , p s i i h P s II III
on t a n n at e r a n ot re e n t n e t er ar t or .

T h is is ill s d if w c mp P s I III d V f M d lss h s ’

u t rat e e o ar e ar t ,
an o en e o n

S ongs Wi th ou t Wor ds No , . 34 ( A MP N o 9 a ) , . .

ss ti l f c wh ich difi ti
The e en a a t or e re n at e s al l t yp s e of fiv e -
p art s on g

f ms f m h l g d h p f ms
or ro t e en ar e t ree - art or ,
an d at th e s a me t im dis e

i g i h yp f m h is h t
t n u s e s on e t e ro an ot er , t e re at m en t of P art IV .

is c y
,

P ar t I V as a t ra n spo s it io n of P a r t II . Of th at e gor t h e r e are

the f ll wi
o o ng two t yp s e :

1 . P art II m
sp s d i wh l i t Thay b e t r an
p i o e n o e or n -
p ar . e t ran s os
i m y b li l d i f m h p r b i g c sis ly
t on a e t era an un or ,
t e a t e n on t en t

re p d c d t gi i t l h gh Th s i M d ls
ro u e a a v en n e rv a t rou ou t . u ,
n en e

s h s S g Wi h W d N 3 4 ( AMP N 9 ) m s
o n
’
on s t out or s, o .
,
o . a ,
ea

u re s 42 5 6 '

li l sp siti f m s s 1 1 2 5
-
are a t e ra t r an o on o e a u re -
a

m hi d l w
i n or ff c i g
t ch g f b t h k y d m d
r o er, e e t n a an e o o e an o e .

2 . Th sp si i f P II is t c sist h gh
e t r an o t on d o ar t no on en t t r ou ou t , an

o f s m ch g s cc i th s c
t en o e f P t IV T h s
an e o ur n e t ru t u re o ar . u ,

i Ch pi s N N 8 Op 2 7 N 2 P IV is fi t
’
n o n oc t u r n e or .
,
o .
,
art at rs

si th b s c d b l w th c sp di g p i s
,

a x h a ov e , t en a e on e o ,
e orre on n o rt o n

o f P t II ar .

Pa r t IV m k d m difi as a i f P II I mpl s f h is
ar e o ca t on o ar t . n ex a e o t
Son g fo r m s

2 . An a ly ze th e f ll wi g
o o n exa m pl s f fi p s g f ms
e o ve -
art on or an d d e te r

m i ne t h e re sp c i c
e t ve .
at e go r y wh ich ch b l gs
to ea e on :

A n th o logy of Mu sica l Fo r ms N o 9 a an d b'

, . .

Me n d lss e oh n S o n gs Wi t h o u t Wo r ds N o
,
14 ,
. .

Ch pi M k N 2 5 d 8
o n, a zu r as, os .
, ,
an .

R ic h d S ar ss R i Op 9 N 4 t r au ,
e ver e , .
,
o . .

B ok Mik k m V l IV N 1 00 ( y c
art ,
ro os os , o .
,
o . v er on cis ) e .

3 . A ly
na i g l p f ms f m h c mp si i
ze rre u ar art or ro t e o o t on s lis d b l w te e o .

A re t h y h m ic
e re l i s h ips
an b w h t e at r e at on et e en t e p ts ar ?

Wh p i cipl s g id h c mp s wh
at r n p
e u e t e o o er en a re e-
s blish d f m
ta e or

is f ll w d
n ot o o e ?

A h l gy f M i l F m , N
nt o o 10
o d b; N u s ca or s o . a an o . fi ll .

Ch pi M k N 3 7 1 4 d 3 5 ( s v
o n, a zu r as, os .
, , ,
an e
‘
en p s) art .

B h m s C p i i Op 7 6 N 5
ra ,
a r cc o , .
,
o . .

D b ssy P el d
e u B kI , 8 rM id wi h
u es , oo , ,
a t Fl x a en Ha i r .

B ok Mik k m V l III N
ar t ,
ro os o s, o .
,
o .
S e c t io n 3

Single movemen t forms

-
S in g le mo ve me n t
-
fo rm s

w as i h it d f m h p i d d c s T h d p
n er e ro t
t e th a re an e . e a ca o, or ret u rn o e

fi rst d c w B q d v l pm tan e , as a aro ue e e o en .

T h p ac t ic f ll w d by L lly f h vi g h
e r e i st m t s (
o o e u o a n t ree n ru en u su

b s d bass ) pl y th s c d d c l d t it
_

a ll y w t o o oe an a o on a e e on an e e o s

d sig i t i Th is sc i g is s d f sc dd c
.

e th
n at on as th e r o or n u e or e e on an e

f h Mi i B ch s B d b g C I I is
.

N
’
o t e n u et n a t ran en ur o n cer t o o . . t no e

w th y h t l ss
or c t l th p t
t a un e is mpl y d B ch an a ua re e - ar t e x t u re e o e ,
a

ne v s s th m i f th s c d f rm t i li g th l t i th
er u e e t er tr o or e e on o ,
t n e at e r e er

Mi nuet II B é II d p di g th p ifi d c Th is is
or ou rr e e en n on e s ec c an e .

ill s t d i h S i i B mi f fl nd st i gs Alth gh
,

u t ra e n t e u te n n or or u te a r n . ou

th t di i f si g th p t h m y f th s c d d c s ?

e ra t on o u n re e -
ar ar on or e e on an e oon

p ss d h m i m i d
a e ,
t e na id t ifi at i e f th s b
t r o re a ne as an en c on o e u or

dim t s g f m i mi s sch s d c s d m ch s
a e on or n n u et e rz o an e an ar e .

m v m Cl s ic sy p y f c cl d d wi
, , ,

Th h e t p e s
r ee m -
h o e en t h r -
a on o t en on u e t

a Mi St mi
n u et d h M h i m c mp s s w a tz m g h
an ot er an n e o o er e re a on t e
l g th symph y f mov m t s by ddi g
.

fi r st t o e n ar e e i on to ou r e en a n an an

m at ed fi l f th mi I B th v
na e a s w k s th sch
t er e f n u et n ee o en
’
or ,
e erz o o t en
pl c d h m i T h diff csb w hs mvm si
.

re a e t e n u et e e ren e et e en t e e o e en t n

l mp d ch c B h i ipl m b t wh h
.

vo ve te o an ar a t er . ot are n tr e et e r , u e re t e
mi n u etis m d t i mp wi h th b s t h m s o e ra e h n te o, t re e e at o t e ea u re , t e
sch is pi d wi h b
erz o b t t h m s Wh s th mi
ra t u t on e ea o t e e a u re ere a e n

f H yd is f f lk lik d c d h t f M c f l
.
,

u et o a n o t en a
g o -
e an e an t a o oz art ra e u

an d p lis h d h sch o f B h v n is
e ,dy mic m v m t ch
t e e rz o o ee t o e a na o e en ar

t i d by j s
ac e r z e h m sh p c t s s d s m i m s e t, u s l ss or , ar on ra t an o et e a re t e
m ti
,

o on .

Wh il B h w e h i v eetf sch styl f h thi d

ov en as t e nno at or o a e rzo e or t e r

m ov e m f h s en t oh fi f h i l f t h is m v m
t e on at a , t e rst u se o t e t t e or o e en t

o cc d i H yd s S i g Q
u rre Nn 3 t 6 f Op 3 3 H w v
a n
’
tr n u a r t e ts os . o o . . o e er ,

th t mp e b i g m d t th t h m s t h s
e o e n a ct lly o e ra e ree o t e ea u re , e e are a ua

mi s C s ly l h gh h h i d m v m f B h s ’
n u et . on v e r e ,
a t ou t e t r o e en t o eet ov en

Fi rstS y mp h y is c ll d m i i is i f c t
on sch A s t ill a e n u et , t ,
n a ,
a e rzo .

e ar li cc c f h i l sch m y b b d i B ch
er o u r re n e o t e t t e e rzo a e
'

o se rv e n a a

i A mi
.

P ar ti ta n n or .

A f d i h mi t d sch
s ou n h s l li f h
n t e n ue an e rz o , t e u ua ou t ne o t e
s g f m with i is f ll ws
on or tr o as o o :

S g F m I
on S g F m II ( T
or i ) S g F m I on or r o on or

A B A

An i
d cti is c p i l It will b t d th ch f h
n t ro u on ex e t on a . e no e at ea o t e

s g f ms
on l g d th p p t A ch ct is ic f b th
or 1 s an en ar e re e -
ar t a t ern . ar a er t o o

h B
t e q d Cl ssic l x mpl s is h
ar o h b gi i g f th e
u e an a a e a e t at t e e nn n o e s c

d p t is sp si i f t l s t h b gi i g f h fi p t
l
'

on t ar a ran o t on o a ea t e e nn n o t e rst ar .

Th s i th b v li B f S g F m I is d iv d f m A
u , n e a o e ou t ne , o on or er e ro ,

and D f S g F m II is d i d f m C A t
o siti b w on or er v e ro . r an on et een
 S o ng fo r m w i th t r io

th e s c d s g f ms is c mp iv ly
first an d e on on or o arat e r are .

Th i is c s i g i ch c
e tr o d is m s t f i ltd on t r a t n n ara t er an o o t en n a re a e

h y e m d B
or sides th m io s c h i l se m ,
l e e t er tr o, u t t e as use tt e o r a t er

s d f h s b di s g f m I B q mpl s
“

n ai e t v ar e u e or t e u or n at e on or . n ar o u e ex a e

o f h is f m f
t d f i s i s ( wh l l h m v m s
or ,
ou n so o t en n u te e re a t e o e en t are

in h s m k y)
t e h w d c s c mp si g h is f m
a e ls ie , t e t o an e o o n t or ar e a o n

h s m k y H w
t e a i S
e N 4 fe fl d cl vi
. B ch o e ver , n ona ta o . or u t e an a er , a

an ticip s h k y c s s f Cl ssicism by h i g h Mi t I
at e t e e on t ra t o a av n t e nue

i C m j
n h Mi II i A m i G lly u
a or , t e i n u et n n or . en e r a ,
e t er

th is wv h,
ho m h e f w c p i s ( S ch
er , f t er e are ore t an a e ex e t on e rz o o

B h sS
ee t Op 2 N
ov e n M s f q
’
ly p ic l ly i o n a ta , .
,
o . o t re u en t ,
ar t u ar n

d c mvm s h m
an e f S g F m II is h s m
o e h
en t f t e et e r o on or t e a e as t at o

g F m I
,

S on or .

E c p i
x e s f di t on are ou n n:

1 B h Sy mp h y N
. 6 S g F m I
ee t m ov e n , on o .
, on or et er ,

S g F m II m on or e t er

2 C h pi N . N 1 4 Op 4 8 N o 2 S g F m I n, oc t u r ne , o o on or

—
. . .
, , ,

—4 /4 m t S g F m II 3 4 m t ( m l p iu l ) e er , on or e er o to en t o

Th i m y d wi h
e tr o a en t

1 A h ic c d c
. n au t en t a en e

M S y mp h y i G m i M
oz ar t , m s on n n or e nu e t t o , ea .

84
lf c d c 2 . A ha -
a en e

B h v S y mp h y N 5 S ch ee t m s 23 5 o en , on o .
,
erz o , ea . .

3 A i i l di g h
. f S g F m I
re t ran s t on ea n t o t e r et u rn o on or

B hv S Op 2 N 3 S ch
eet m s 1 0 1 104
o en , on a ta , .
, o .
,
e rz o , ea .
-

S g F m onI m y l or d i w h ic h c s h i dic i a r et u rn una t e re ,

n a e t e n at on

Mi D C
n uet D C t Fi is gi
. h d f h t i
.
, or By . . a ne v en at t e en o t e r o

c v i i s t m is th pl y d wi h t p i i If h
.

on e n t on t s re at e en t en a e t ou re e t t on t e
st m t i v lv s ch g s it is w i B
.

re at e en (n h So e an e r t t e n ou t ee t ov e n , o na t a ,

1 All g
,

Op 1 0 N.
, ) o .
, e re t t o .

A c d is p i l E mpl s
o a f di B hv sS o t on a xa e are ou n n ee t o en
’
o n a ta ,

3 m s 1 06 1 2 8
.

Op 2 N d M d lss h s I l i S y mp h y
’
. o .
ea -
an en e o n ta an on

m s 20 3 22 3
.
, , ,

ea .
-

Th f two p
e s ct f
u se ch f h sp c iv s g
o a -
art t ru u re or e a o t e re e t e on

f ms is m ch l ss f q t th h cc c f th p f ms
,

'

or u e re u en an t e o u rr en e o ree - ar t or

If tw p s g f ms s d th y i th f ll wi g p t
.

o- art on or are u e , e are n e o o n at ern :

S g F m Ion S g F m II ( T i )
or S g F m I on or r o on or

An e x am pl e e mpl oym
g a tw o -
p art s t ct
ru u re f or ea ch s on g f or m is
t h e G a v o tte by G o sse c .
S in g le m o ve me n t
-
fo r m s

Gen e r a lly
s am yp f p t is s d i S g F m I d
, the e t e o at e rn u e n on or an

S g F m II ; h
on or is if h mi is th p t s g f m th
t at , t e n u et a ree - ar on or ,
e

t i will ls b h p t s g f m F x mpl th p i cip l

r o a o e a t re e - ar on or . or e a e, e r n a

d s b di t s f m s B h v s M i G b h
’
an u g
or i na e t i on or n ee o en n ue t n are ot

i cipi t h p t A c p i t th is is t b f d i th R i
n en t re e -
ar . n ex e t on o o e ou n n e

g d
au f h
on os i A H lb
t e g Z i byuG i te
g H t h fi t s g
us o er s e t r e . e re , e rs on

f m is i w p s wh il h t i is th p f m
or n t o art , e t e r o a r ee -
art or .

P ly t c mp s t f th q icke t mp d p tly
art o o en a e t or e u r e o , an ar as an ou

g w
roth f t h xp osi f h fe em , w fi d h f
anll wi g l g on o t e or
‘

e n t e o o n en ar e

m s f h s g f m wi h t i
en t o t e s d i th sch
on or t r o as u e n e erzo :

1 A . ddi i l p t i i f th t i d S g F m I cc s
n a t on a re e t on o e r o an on or o ur

i h sc h s f B h v s Sy mp h y N 4 d Sy mp h y ’
n t e e rz o o e et o en on o . an on

No . 7 .

2 . A s g f m wi h tw i s i which h s c d i is
on or t o tr o ,
n t e e on tr o an

en t re i ly w s c i d i diff
ne k y f m S g F m I e t on an n a eren t e ro on or

or Ti I b f
r o d i th sch s f Sch m s Sym
,
c an e ou n n e e rz o o u an n
’

p h on ies N o . 7 an d NO 2 an d D v oi ak
’
s S y mp h ony N o 5 ; . Me n
ddi ch f
.

del ssoh n
’
s We ng Mar ”
ro m Mids u mme r N igh t
’
s D r eam
an d B id v
rah m s ’
Sy m p h on y N o . 2 ,
th r mo em en t .

P h ps th t m l g m t f his f m is f d i B ch s ’
er a e e x re e e n ar e en o t or ou n n a

C i F f
o n ce r t os l i li w h s h b s b ss
n or d o o V o n, t o orn ,
t ree o oe ,
a oon , an

s i gs which c i s mi wi h h t i s
tr n , on t a n a n u et t t re e r o .

Wh il h s g f m wi h i is m s t f mili
e t e onth f m sd or t tr o o a ar as e or u e

f h mi
or t t sch
e i t is ls fnu e d i m isc ll sct
or e rz o , a o ou n n a e an e ou a e

g y f i di id l c mp si t i
or o n s i cl di g
v ua o o on ,
n u n :

S ch m S i il i u Op 6 8 N an n ,11 c enn e, .
,
o .

Ch pi P l i Mili i i A m j M k N 2 3 N
o n, o o n a se ta re n a or , a zu r a, o .
,
oc

t u r n es , Nos 1 .
,
1 0, an d 11
B r ah m s I , n t e r m e zzos , Op . 1 1 6 , No 6 . an d Op . 1 1 8 , No 4 .

AS S I G NMEN T

l . An a ly s ze ev e r a l of th e f ll wi g
o o n e x am pl s e of s on g

tr i o:

A n th o logy o f Mu sica l F or m s N o , . 1 2a an d b .

B h eet ov e n , S o n a ta Op 2 , N o 2 , S h erzo
, . . c .

S ch m u an n , S i c i l ie n n e O p 6 8 , N o , . . 11 .

Ch pi N o n, o c t u r n es No . 1 an d No . 10 .

B hv ee t o en , S y mp h o n y N o 5 .
, c
S h e rzo .

S ch m u an n , S y mp h o n y N o . 1 , S ch erz o .

P rok ofi ev , S o na ta No . 6 Op 8 2 , t h
, . idmvm
r o e en t .
S ing le mo ve me n t
-
f o r ms

t en si ve u se of au x ili y ar m em b s h d h s m ll f ms h
er t an o t e a er or e re

f
t o ore st di d A p ifi u e . s ec c c h c is ic i h c d i h /6 d
ar a t er t o t e o a n t e r n o

f m s is th h fi l s f h p i cip l h m m y i s m
_

or at t e na t at e m en t o t e r n a t e e a ,
n o e

i s ac s b c m h fi
n t n e , e o e t e r st s ct i f h c d T h i s is ill s d
e on o t e o a . u t rat e

ln th f ll wi g w k s
e o o n or

A h l gy f M i l F m N
nt o o 1 5 ( m s 25 9 268 )
o u s ca or s, o . ea .
-

M d lss h Mid m m N igh D m N c

en e o T h c d is
n, su er
’
t s r ea , o t u rn e . e o a

i wn s c i s; S c i I f y m s s f m h d t
t o e t on e t on or t e a u re ro t e en o

igh m s s f m h d is h
e t een f h m m h m
e a u re ro t e en t e r e t u rn o t e a t e e .

S c i II l s t ight m s s
e — t on a e een ea u re .

T he fi rs t r o n do fo r m
The p i cip l
r n f m p d a s gf m
t h e me ( A ) m ay be ro a e r1 o to a on or

i
n l g h O f h dis i c i s b w
en t . ne h fi d f m
o t e t n t on et ee n t e rst r on o or

an d h ht p s g f m is h
e t ree l s -
f h
arth m s is on or t at at ea t on e o t e t e e

a s gf on m — s lly th p i cip l h m A si i
or u ua
p i e r n a t e e . t r an t on o r an e
s d m y cc b w h p p l h m ( A ) d h s b
o e a o ur et ee n t e r1n c1 a t e e an t e u or

dim h m ( B ) h s b di
at e t e e h m m y f ll w i mm di ,
ly or t e u or n at e t e e a o o e at e

a f h c d c mi i g h p i cip l h m
t er t e a en e t er n at n t e r n a t e e .

T h s b di e h m
u ( B ) is wi h
or y f w c pi s m
n at e t e e ,
t y er e ex e t on ,
a

l dky m d I
r e at e e l m sic wh il
or i y f l d k ys
o e . n t on a u e a v ar e t o r e at e e

f d h s bd mi is h l s f d B sid s b i g i
,

are ou n , t e u o n an t t e ea t av o r e . e e e n n

a diff k y h s b di
e re n t h m els diff s c sid bly i
,
t e u or n at e t e e a o er on er a n

ch c f m h m i h m Obvi s diff c s
ar a t er ro t e d i a n t e e . ou e re n e ar e n ot e n

h
t e r h y h m s f b h h m l di s
t d h
o cc mp im ot h t e e o e an t e a o an en t s to t e

t h em s . e

Th s ct f h s b di
e t ru h m m y b f m
u re o ph s t e u or n at e t e e a e ro a ra e to

a s gf mi
on I m y b f ll w d by
or cd
n ext e n t i . t a e o o e a o e t t a, a r e t r an s

i
t on , diss l i T h s xili y m mb s cc m f
or a o u t on e e au ar e er o ur o re tc

ly f s b i f pp c
.

q u en t h d
a ter h m h t e h fi u or n at e t e e t an a t er t e r st a earan e

o f h m i
t e h m a n t e e .

T he r e t u rn of t h e p r 1 n c 1 p al t h e me m ay b e z
1 . E xa t c an d r e at v e l i ly una l t ere d .

B v S
ee t h o Op 2 N 3 A d gi
en , o n a ta , .
,
o .
,
a o

2 . E mb llis h d ie i h h m l dy cc mp i me n e t er t e e o a o an e n t , or b ot h .

I m y ls b i d ( Th l b d l d is
,

t a a o e v ar e . e e a orat e or a t e re r e t u rn

m ch m u f q h h c c c )
o re re u en t t an t e exa t re u rr e n e .

A n th o logy o f Mu sica l For m s , No . 13

B ee t h ov e n , S o n a ta , Op . 2 , No . 2 , L argo

B rah m s ,
S y mp h o n y N o . 1 , An d an t e ss o t e nu t o

R av e l ,
S o n a t in e f or pi an o , sc e on d mov e me n t
Bc s e au e th e A B A of the fi rst r on d f o or m 15 s1 m1 l ar t o th e
p at t e rn of t h e t h re e - p art s on g f o rm an d the s on g f orm wi h it t r o,
 R o n do fo r ms

it bc e ome s c ss yne e ish i f m h s ar to d is i t n gu t ro t e e

Th i mp dis i c i s wh ich difi i h
.

ere h ar e t re e ort an t t n t on e r en t at e t e

fi r st ro n d f m f m h o h or p s gf m ro t e t re e -
art on or :

1 I . h fi n d f m
t e l s
rst r onf h h m s is
o s g
or at ea t on e o t e t e e a on

f m i i t s lf Th is is h ss i l d m s ig ifi
,

or n e dif t e e en t a an o t s n c an t

f c
.

e r en e .

2 T h difi
. e b w h m l dic d hy hm ic c
e ren c e et e en f t e e o an r t o n t en t o

h p i cip l
t e d s b di
r n h m s i
a h an d f m is u or n at e t e e n t e ron o or

g h h
re at e rd i ff c b w
t an t e h p s f h s g f m
e ren e et e en t e art o t e on or .

3 Wh il . h s m ecc mp i m p
t e a e a m y b o d an en t att e rn o r t e x t u re a e , an

f is s d h gh
o t en ,
h u e p s g f m h is is yt r ou ou t a t re e - art on or ,
t v er

c pi l i h
ex e t on ad f m n t e ron o or .

A m diffi l p bl m
o re is s i s m i s c s i dis i g ish
cu t ro e ar e n o e n t an e n t n u

i g b w
n et fi e en d f m a d s g f m wi h i Th
r st ron o or an a on or t tr o . ere

is dil mm wh c mp si i s
no e a mbi g
en sly o h o t on ar e un a u ou on e or t e

mpl h sl w m m f B h s fi pi ’
ot h f
e r , a s, or e x a e, t e o ov e en t o ee t ov en r st an o

S o n a ta , Op 2 N 1 (fi . d )
,
d h mio . m m r sti ron o an t e n u et ov e en t n

h
t e s m w k ( s g f m wi h i ) I c mp si i s wh
a e or on or t tr o n o o t on ere a

s i is w ic f is s p bl is
.

q ue mt ony a h h par ifi m
e as d h to m s ec c or u e ,
t e ro e

h
t at o f d m i i g wh h
e ter m iddl s c i
n n is s b di
et er a e e t on a t ru e u or n at e

h m
t e m
e or a l ss i d p d s g f m F
or e o r e mpl n h e en en t on or . or e x a e, t e

Ch pi N o n Op 9 N
oc t u r n e , 1 p s s s ch q s i ; h w o re en t u a ue t on o e v er ,

w ld fi l ly cl ssify h is w k
.
,
.

w e ou na fi ad O h tth or as a r st ron o . u t e o er

h d h s c
an ,
t e d m m e on f h B h S ove Op 1 4 N en t o 1 t e ee t ov e n o n a ta , .
,
o .

an d h Ch pi N t e o Op 9 N n 3 ls s m wh d b bl
oc t u r n e , . o . a o o e at e at a e as

p i d i y w l d i h d b cl ss d s g f m wi h
, ,

to at t e rn en t t ou n t e en e a e as on or t

i
,

tr o .

A i s yc g y h
n ev er ls hyb id w k s T h s h i g
at e or , t e re are a o r or . e e, av n

c i ch c is ics f
e rt a n ar a f m d q lly s g ch c is ics
t er t o on e or an e ua t ro n ara t er t

o f h
an o t l d s ic l ifi i Th A d
er , e u e a tr f B h
t c ass s c at on . e n an t e o ee t ov e n
’

S o na t a , Op 2 8 is s ch . w k T h mi ddl s c i is q i d fi i ly
u a or . e e e t on u te e n te

a i b h c sid bly i d d p d h c d ( m s
t r o, ut t e on era v ar e a ca o an t e o a e a u re

82 h
t o t e en d f h m m t ) s gg s o p c d m ch
t e ov e en u e t a ro e u re or e ar

i i
act e r st c f h fi o d f m I
t e di i f h B h
r st r on o or . n on e e t on o t e ee t ov en

son at a s h mbig s D m j s c i is id ifi d b h s b
t e a u ou a or e t on en t e as ot u or

di m at e h m d i
t e e an tr o .

R f e er h d f h ch p
t o t e en f p ifi ssiog m s i
t e h a t er or s ec c a n en t n t e
fi rst ron d f m o or .

T he se c o n d r o n do fo r m
Ge n e ra lly , ch h
ea t e me is
l s p idi lat ea t a er o n e n gt h ; at l s ea t on e

of t h e t h eme s is s a on g f m i i s lf O
or f h n t e . ne o t e f e w e x e t on c pi s i n
S i n g l e m o ve m e n t
-
for ms

this sp c is h Ad gi f B h v s S
re e t Op 1 3 P he
t e a o o ee t o en
’
ona ta , . at

Al h gh f h fi y p i cip l divisi
t ous is s g f rm n on e o t e e r n a on a on o ,

w cl ssify h is
e sc d d h h
a fit p t s g as a e on r on o r at er t an a v e -
ar on

f m b c s h i di id li y f h p s is s ch th th s m y
or e au e t e n v ua t o t e art u at e e a

l gi im ly b c sid d h m s
e t at e e on ere
"

as t e e .

I t l m s c h k y l i sh ip f h p t s is f ll ws
n on a u 1 ,
t e e r e a t on o t e ar as o o

A B C is

A
K ey I III K y I Key II K ey I Key e

I d t v id h m t y l ck f ri ty implici i
n or er o a o t e on o on or a o va e t n an

e x ct a th s c d pp c f A is g lly sh
r e t u rn , h e e on a e ar an e o en e r a ort er t an

it fi thi d s t m s I h Fi l f B h v s S Op
’
s r st or r ta e en t . n t e na e o ee t o en on a ta , .

10 N 3 h p i cip l h m is i it fi t p s t t i
, o .
, t e tw p t r n a t e e n s rs re en a on a o- ar

f rm i i s c d
o ,
p t f rm d i i fi l s m t th
n ts e on a on e - ar o ,
an n ts na t at e en a re e

p t f m Th bb vi i f h s c d A is f d i M
ar or . e s a re at on o t e e on ou n n oz art
’

R m K lei N h m ik d B h v s Ad gi f ’
f Ei e et
'

o an z a o ne ne ac t us an o en a o o

S o n a ta , Op . 13 .

s c d s b di t h m ( C ) is g lly l g h B
Th e e on u or na e t e e
'

en era on er t an .

I n l i t A it is ls f h m d i k ey d m e
re at on
‘

o ,
a o u rt er r e ov e n an or c on

i g i ch
t rast n ct h is B n ara er t an .

A xili y m mb s wh ich m y cc
u ar i cl d e i t d ct i
er a o ur n u e an n ro u on , a

c d t wi h diss l i
o et a si i ft A diss l i
t o u t on or t r an t on a er ,
a o u t on or re

t sit i f B ft C d c d f th fi l A V c l
ran on a t er or a er ,
an a o a a te r e na . o a ex

a mpl s f h is f m e f d i h b ss s l S hl m E i f m
o t or ar e ou n n t e a o o c u er t n ro

B ch s ca I h H b G
’
an t at a
g d i M s D c G i i Na e en u
‘

an n oz art
’
on o v an n ,
o

—
,

21 ( i S0 ch i m nd ) E lvi s i M i r d i q ll
er c l m i g t ra
’
ar a t ra ue
’
a a n ra a .

h sl w m v m f B s Sy mph y N 9 h
.

h
’
I n t e o o e en t o eet ov en on o .
,
t e se c

on d s b di t h m is si mply
u or t sp s d si f th fi t
na e t e e a r an o e v er on o e rs

s b di
u or h m T h sl w m v m t f M h l
n at e t e s Symph y N
e . e o o e en o a er
’
on o .

4 c s c d
1s on pl s m wh simil
t ru t e h B on h v a an o e at ar to t e ee t o en .

R f t th e
e er d f h ch p t o f p ifi gen m t i oh t e a er or s ec c ass1 n en s n t e

sc d d f m
e on r on o or .

T h e t h ir d ron do fo rm
F m h s dp i f h mb
ro d c cs i hms
t e t an o nt o t e nu er an r e u rren e
-

o t e e

i v lv d h h i d d f m is h l g s f h
n o e ,
t e t yp t s r r on o or t e ar e t o t e t e rn ar at e r n .

T h dis ib t i d k y
e l ti sh ip f h h m s is f ll ws
tr u on an e re a on o t e t e e as o o

A A
’
B
K ey I K ey II K ey I K ey III Key I K ey I Key I
( t ran sp s o ed )
A s in t h e fi rst an d s c d d s ch f h h m s m y b
e on r on o ,
ea o t e t e e a e

f ro m a pe r1 o d to a s g f m i l g h Th s c d s b di
on or n en t . e e on u or n at e

t h e me (C ) ,
si c n e it occ s ly c is s lly l g h i h
ur on on e, u ua on er t an e t er
S in g le move me n t
-
f o r ms

s 1 6 2 1 7 7 ) imm di t ly f ll ws h t
( mea .
-
f th fi t e a e o o t e r e u rn o e rs

s b di t th m B
u or na e e e
’
.

Oi h b v p ssibili i s h fi tw
t e a o e m f q tly f d
o t e t e r st o ar e ore re u en ou n

th s
,

th an th e o er .

Th m t ic ll si s t sp si i s f p t s f th m m st t
e a a u on Or ran o t on o ar o a e e u no

b mis k
e f h
t a en ct l f th m
or E mpl s
t e f s ch
a ua r e t u rn o a e e . xa e o u

a ll si s f d i B th v S
u on ar e Op 1 0 N
ou n 3 l st m v
n ee o en , on a ta , o a o e

m t ( m s 46 4 8 )
. .
, ,

en ead R d Op 5 1 N
.
-
1 (m s 76 an on o, .
,
o . ea .

E xc p i lly t sp siti
e t on a s l k y m y ch c t i
,
a ran o on t o an u n u u a e a ara er ze

a st t m t f th th m if th wh l th m pp s if th th m
a e en o e e e e o e e e a e ar or e e e

e ven t u a lly m d l s b ck t h c v i lly c c k yo u at e a to e on e n t on a o rr e t e .

Th B qe f m f
aro d w i hue p l lor t d i gh t
o r on ea u t co u e ts a t e rn a e an e

m s f i with dig ssi s t m d c pl t s ; ch f th l tt

ea u re re ra n re on er e ou e ea o e a er

w as a n ew m l dy i diff k y e oa A x mpl f h is f m
n a eren t e ar e . n e a e o t or

is h g v t e d d f B ch s P i i E m j f s l i li
a o t t e an r on o o a
’
ar t ta n a or or o o Vo n,

wh ich h th f m A B A C A D A E A A i t th c t y
as e or . n n e ee n -
en u r

m difi d d i t iv f th is f m is th fi m v m f S ch m s ’
o e er v a e o or e r st o e en t o u an n

26 f wh ich th f m A B A C A D A o e or IS

EAFGA
,

P h ps h er li s t ot t d mpl f r d p tt i W st
a t e e ar e n a e ex a e o a on o a e rn n e

m s c h G g i L ib M ”
i m p li
“
e rn u 1 R p
IS t e re It
o r an es onso r u ro xa , er a e . s

f m is A B A c A D A ( p 1 1 2 6 1 12 8 [ f ib
fi

’ ”
or .
-
,
er

A h n ot ly x mpl f th d is h F ch ch s All
e r e ar e a e o e ron o t e r en an on on,

G y G y by G ill m C t l y ( 1 5 3 1
a a wh ich h h p
u au e os e e as t e at

—
, ,

r A B A C A D A E A I
te n i m th m is i m s . ts re r a ,
or e e, a s x e a u re

p i d (3
er o 3 ) pl s
‘
p d c s q t of th m s s u a re e at e on e u en r ee ea u re .

( HAM N o 1 4 7 ) , .

f mvm ts
In t h e t h ree s Wh ich i cl d s l s or ou r -
'

o e en on at a ,
n u e o o on a

t s mbl w k s c c tos d ymph

as , en e th e d f ms or , on er ,
an s on 1 e s ,
*

e ron o or

s d i th f ll wi g m v m t s
are u e n e o o n o e en

Fi s R d F m sl w m m t
r t on o or o ov e en

S c d R d F m sl w m v m t l st m v m nt
e on on o or o o e en or a o e e

Th i d R d F m— rl st m m on o or a ov e en t

A c p i t h is c s m y pl is h
n ex e f t h th i d
t on d o t u to ar an
'

t e u se o
’
e r ron o

f m f sl w m m i B th v s Sy mph y N 4
or or a o ov e en t n ee o en
’
on o . .

AS S I G NMEN T

1 . An a ly ze o n e o r m or e of t h e f ll wi
o o n g e x am pl s e of t he fi rst r on

do f m or
!

A n th o logy o f M u si c a l F o rms No , . 13 .

1 Al l L ib e r Us u a l is r e f e ren c es are t o the

'

E dit ion# 78 0c of 1 94 7 , in w hich m o de rn r at h e r

t h an n e u m e n o t at io n i s u se d .
 R on do forms

B ee t h o en , v S on a ta , Op . 2 , No . 2 , L argo .

Ra vl e ,
S o n a t in e f or pi an o , s c dm v
e on o e m en t .

c
S h u m an n , S y mp h on y N o I in B fl at , L argh et t o .
-
.

vi sky pi S
St ra n ( 1 9 2 4 ),
s c d m v man ot on a ta e on o e en .

Ch pi S o i B mi
n, Op 5 8 L g
o n a ta n n or , .
,
ar o .

B hms Sy mp h y N I A d s s
ra ,
on o .
,
n an t e o t en u t o

P k fi
ro S o N 4 Op 2 9 s c
ev , d m v m
o n a ta o .
, .
,
e on o e en t .

2 . A lyna m ze f h f ll wi g
on e mpl s
or or e o t e o o n exa e of th e sc de on

d f m
r on o or :

A n th o logy o f Musica l F o r ms , No . 14 .

B hvee t o en , S on a ta O p , . 1 0 , No 3 , . Fi l na e

B hvee t o en , R on do in C , O p . 5 1 , No . 1 .

S ch b u e rt , S o n a t a in D m ajor Op ,
. 53 , Fi lna e .

Ch pi o n, Mazu r ka in B fi at m a -
j or , Op . 7 , No . 1 .

Mosk ow ski , S p a n ish D a n ce , Op . 1 2 , No . 1 .

Wien iawski ,
P o lo n a is e in A m a j or , f or vi li o n an d pi an o .

3 . An a ly ze at l s
ea t on e of th e f ll wi
o o ng e x am pl s e of th e th ird
r on do f o rm :

A n t h o logy o f Mu s ic a l F o r ms N o , . 15
B th v
ee o en , S o n a ta O p 2 , N o 2 ,
, . ls mvm t
. a t o e en .

B hvee t o en , S ona ta O p , . 13, l st m v m t

a o e en .

B hvee t o en , S o n a ta O p , . 1 4, N 1 l s m v m
o .
,
a t o e en t .

B thee ov e n , S on a ta O p 5 1 ,
, . N 2 l s m v m t
o . a t o e en .

B hvee t o en , S y mp h on y No . 6 l st m v a o e men t .

S ch m u an n , A u fsc h w u ng Op , . 1 2 , No . 2 .

B hms
ra , Vio lin S o n a ta N o 3 .
, Op . 1 08 , l st m v m t
a o e en .

Prok ofiev , S ona ta N o 8 .

, Op 8 4 , . l as t m o vm te en .

4 . Id ify
en t t h e u se of r on d f o or m s in gen e r al m sic 1n u y ou are

st dyi g
u n .
 C h a p t er X II I

Var ia tion form

ari at ion is m g th ld s d m s t b sic d vic s f d

t re at m en t a on e o e t an o a e e ou n

i m i
n I igi tes in i h
us c . d cy
t or m dify id
na ic l a n n e r en t t en e n to o en t a

c c P f m s v
re u rr en e h l w s t l v l f civili
. e r or i er e en on t e o e e e o z at on are

g lly
en e r a bl p p h s
una w h t c heg to d m
re m s me at a ra e 1t ou an e an u

m ho re x ct p i i is h d t b
t an on e e a re et t on ar o e ar .
”1

Th cc c f v i s i p imitiv m sic is ill st t d i th

e o u r ren e o ar an t n r e u u ra e n e

f ll wi g mpl s
o o n ex a e :

d vic m d h p h y f d i h O i t d ss m d
A e e t er e e te r o on , ou n n t e r en an a u e

to h b p c ic d i ci t im s i v lv s th cc mp im
av e e en ra t e n an en t e ,
n o e e a o an en t

o f m l dy by
a mb llis h d v si
e o f i t s lf an e e e er on o e .

Vo i c e

Ba g p i p e

1 C u rt S ach s, Th e C o m m o n wea l th o f A r t ( N ew Y k or : W W . . N o r t on an d Co
p 29 5
. .
S in g le mo ve m e n t
-
f o r ms

me l dy
o in acc d c with
or an e th e c v i s
on e n t on of it s me t er an d
p at t e rn .

Pa v a n e

G a l l i a r de

is p c d
Th igi i g i h si
ro e u re , h c y ld oh
or n at n n t e xt e e n t en t u r ,
e t t e

sv h c
e en t e en t yG m -
i i s i s f S ch i P l d
en t u r er an v ar at on u te o e n, eu e r ,
an

i w h ich ll h d c s w v i i s f si gl m l dy
_

K h u n au , n a t e an e e re ar at on o a n e e o .

V y p ssibly
er ff s h
o f h i d c pl d c is h
an o oot o t e v ar e ou e an e t e

d ub l f h l B q s i T h is d bl w fig i “ ”
o e o t e at e ar o ue u te . ou e as a u rat on

or mb llis h d
an e i e f i mm di ly p c di g d c I
e v ar an t o an e at e re e n an e . n

B ch s cc mp i d P i f i li i B mi
a
’
un a o an e h ll m d ar t ta or v o n n n or , t e a e an e

and c f ll w d b y s ch d bl s
orr e n t e are o o e u ou e .

3 G . d b ss f m s s ch
r ou n h p a m b or i u as t e a ssa e zzo , a ss o os t n a to ,

p g l i d
a ssa ca h ( T h s a, d i sc
anss d i C h
C p ac o n n e e e are u e n a t er

XVIII ) I h is c g y B ch s G ldb g V i i
.

’
n t at e or ar e a o er ar a t on s, on e

s f B q w k s in i i f m B c s
.

f h g o t e re a t e t o aro ue or v ar at o n or . e au e

h i i s f d d l ss h h m h
t e v ar at on ar e h b ss ou n e e on t e t e e t an on t e a ,

S ch w i ch c i d h is c mp si i p ss c gli “
e tz er ar a t e r z e t o o t on - as a a a a a

w k d i h i sc or e ou t n C aro u ro .
” 1

4 Th p ph s yp i wh ich p g ssi l y m c mpl x

e ar a ra e t e n ro re ve or e o e

mb llis h m s d fig i f h m l dy h p i cip l
.

e e en t an u r a t on s o t e e o ar e t e r n a

m s f i i H d l s H m i B l k mi h i
e an o v ar at on . an e
’
ar on o u s ac s t v ar a

i s t on p s i are a r e mpl f h is yp re e n t at v e e x a e o t t e .

D i g h R c c
ur n p i d ( 1 7 25
t e v i i s mph si d
o o o er o ar at on e a ze

t u mb llis h m
n e -
e ie h p ph s s yl h h p lyph ic
en t n t e ar a ra e t e r at er t an o on

h m ar ic l m s s di d b ss i
on evo v e m
ent E mpl s
or tu e a -
v ar a n t t re at en t . xa e

f di R m
as ou n k yb
n d w ks a ypic l f his t m t
e au s
’
e oar or are t a o t re at en .

1 Al b e rt S c h w e it ze r J S B a c h , . .
( L on don : A . an d C . B l ac k , I, p . 3 23 .
 Var ia tio n fo r m

c ys lli i f h h m ph ic v i i f m
T h e de fi n it iv e r ta z at o n o t e o o on ar at on or

occ s d i g h Cl ssic
ur ur n ( 1 7 5 0 1 8 27 )
t e d m s p ic l ly i
a e ra -
an o t ar t u ar n

h w k s f H yd
t e or M o d B h a S p isi gly
n, g h ozar t , an e et ov e n . ur r n en ou ,

H yd s i i ch iq is m i s i g d i g i s h
’
a n v ar at on te n ue ore n t e re t n an n en o u t an

M s Th sl w m m s f H y d s S p i Sy mp h y
oz ar t
’
. e o ov e en t o a n
’ “
ur r se on

(N 6 i G m j )
”
o .
,
D m R ll S y mp h y N
n a or 1 03 i E fl ) ru o on o . n -
at ,

Q l l l f p ssiv ss d i
,

“
an d h K i t e a se r u ar t e t re v e a a ev e o ex re en e an n

i f q ll d i his f m by M
v en t v en e ss n ot o Th
t en e u a e f n t or oz art . e u se o a

d bl h m i h F mi V i i f pi
ou e t e e n t e d i h sl w n or ar a t o n s or an o an n t e o

m m
ov e f h S y mp h y N
en t o 1 i E fl t e is iq wi h H yd on o . n -
at un ue t a n .

I B h s w ks h w i s c s f d bl h m
’ '

n ee t ov en b or t e r e are ut t o n t an e o a ou e t e e

i i i m m
n a v ar at on i h s c d m m f h Pi
ov e en t , on e n t e e on ov e en t o t e a no

T i i E fl
r o Op 7 0 N
n 2 h
-
at , h i h sl w m v m
. f h o t e ot e r n t e o o e en t o t e

l i s c I ds f s
.
, ,

Fif h S y mp h
t y I h on T h m. n m m
t e att e r n t an e , e e e x t en ro ea

u res 1 2 1 T h m II f m m s s 2 2 4 8 E mpl s f v i
to , e e ro e a u re to . xa e o ar a

i f mi M
t on or s w ks f d i h S
n o z ar t i A m j
’
d or are ou n n t e o n a ta n a o r an

h Q i
t e f cl i
u n te t d s i g q or ar n e t an tr n u art e t .

Th h i gh s d e l pm f h e t i i f m f di B
ev e o ent o t e v ar at on or IS ou n n ee

th ov en sw k s Th s i cl d m g m y mpl s h h i y
’
or e e n u e, a on an e xa e ,
t e t rt

C mi (b h f
.

tw V i i
o i a r a t on s d h D i b l li V i i n n or an t e a e ar a t o n s ot or

pi ) h A d
an o ,
f h S
t e f n i li d pi
an t e Op 4 7 o t e o na t a or V o n an an o , .

d h l s m m f h T h i d S y mp h y T h
an t e a t ov e en t o t e r on . e

m s i mp
o t c mp s f i i s f B h
ort an t o is B h ms
o er o v ar at on a ter eet ov en ra .

Hi s i i s h m s by H d l
v ar at o n d P g i i f
on pi
t e h e an e an a an n or an o , t e
H yd a V i i n Op 5 6 f
a r a t on s , ch s a d h Fi l f h . a, or or e t ra , n t e na e o t e
F h Sy mp h y
our t m s pi c s i h is f m
on are a t er e e n t or .

R eb t i i i s by i
re sen at y e h d w i hc y
v ar at on n n et een t an t en t e t -
en t u r
'

co mp sé i cl d
o rs n u e

Sch b Imp mp
u i B fi
e rt , ( pi ) ro tu n -
at an o

Sc h m V i i
u S y m p h iq
an n , ( pi )
ar a t o n s on u es an o

M d lss h V i i S i ( pi
’

en e o n, ) ar a t o n s e r e u s es an o

P ag i i C p i an n N 24 ( i li )
,
a r ce o . Vo n

E lg E igm ar ,V i i ( ch s )
n a ar a t o n s or e t ra
Gl Vi li C
azu n ov , Fi l o n o n ce r t o , na e

K d aly P o k V i i , ( ch s
ea coc ) ar a t o n s or e t ra
R hm m R h p dy ( pi d ch s ) t ra
"

ac a n ov , a so an o an or e

S hb b g V i i
c n ( ch s t )
er , a r a t ons or e ra

So u r ce o f t h e t h e me
T h e t h e me i i s is b s d m y b gi
on which a se t o f v ar at on a e a e o r1 n al

( P agan i i Cpi N
n , b w d f m h c mp s ( B
a r ce o . o rr o e ro an o t er o o er ee

t h ov e n , V i i a T h m b y D i b ll i )
ar a t o n s o n f l k s g ( C ill i e e a e or a o on a et ,

b d)
,

Va r ia t i P p G
o ns on h W l f o , o es t e e a se or an .
S in g le -mo v e me n t f or m s

St r u ct u re an d n a t ure o f t h e t h e me
W th i
xc pti f s i the e e on o o t n at o t yp s is s lly f m
e , t h e th e me u ua ro

six t th i ty w m s s i
t een o r -
t o ea u r e n l gth I is g lly tw
en . t e n e ra a o or

h p t s g f m d is p s
t re e - ar on or an r e en t e d i simpl f sh i ; i it i lly
n a e a on an n a

c mpl x st m t w ld t d
o e at e en ou en to mk s cc di g v i t i s t i
a e u ee n ar a on an

clim cti c
a .

Va r ia t io n pr oc e d u r es
Ea h c v i i ar at on s d iv d f m is a c mbi i
o n at on of s ome f e at u re er e ro

th e th m d s me w e m I m s t c s s ( s m wh t i
an o e ne t re at en t . n o a e o e a n

th e f
n at u re d ) p ic l hy hmic p tt
o an m l dic et u e a art u ar r t a ern
‘

or e o

id is ili d h gh
ea ut ch i i Wh il h f ll wi g p
ze t r ou ou t e a v ar at on . e t e o o n ro

ce d list d s p t ly f r h p p s f id tifi t i
u re s are e d e ara e o t e ur o e o en ca on an

an alysis si gl v i i will f c mbi tw

,
a n me p ar at on o t en o ne o or ore r oc e

d s Th f ll wi g is list f i ti
u re . e o m ts o l t d i m st n a o v ar a on t re at en re a e n o

i s c s t th o ch s l sc f B h m s V i i
n t an e o e Th m r e t ra o re o ra
’
a r a t o n s on a e e

by H y d f a ch s t Op 5 6 ( f d t h ft
n or or B H V) e ra , . a re e rre o er e a er as .

1 U .f s m h m y wi t h
se w m l dy — B H V ( m s
o a e ar on a ne e o ea .

40

2 . U se of s ame me l dy with
o ne w h armon —
y Vari at on i 6 of B ee
t h ov en
’
s Va r ia tions in E flat -
,
Op . 35 E ro ic a
”
)
3 . Em b llishm t f m l dy E H V ( m s 3 0 3 4 d 5 9
e en o e o ea .
-
an

4 . Fig ti f h m y — E H V ( m s 9 8
u ra on o ar on ea .

5 . U f m l dic fi g
se o f m h th m E H V ( m s 5 9
e o u re ro t e e e ea .

6 . U f se h y th m ic fi g
o f m h
a h m — EH V ( m s
r u re ro t e t e e ea .

30

7 . Ch g f m d — B H V V i i n 2
an e o o e , ar at o .

8 . Ch g f k y—i B h v s V i i 0 p 3 4 f pi
an e o e n ee t o en
’
a r a t on s , - . or ano ,

each i t i is i diff k y ( b y d sc di g t h i ds )
v ar a on n a eren t e e en n r .

9 . Ch g f m t — B H V V i t i s 7 d 8
an e o e er ,
ar a on an .

10 . E pl i t i
x f dy m ics
o ta —
dy mic c s B H V V
on o na or na on t ra t ,
ar

iat ion 8 .

11 is
R e g t e r t re at men t ,
f h i gh l w gis t h gh u se o a or o re er t rou ou t
—
.

a v i i i c
ar at on s i g s cti s f v i ti
or BH V n on t ra t n e on o a ar a on ,

V i i 8 (fi t t
ar at on m s s) rs en e a u re .

12 . I mit ti — BH V ( m s 5 6 7 0 d 1 0 8
a on ea .
-
an

13 . C i B c h s G ld b g V i i
an on y hi d v i i
n a
’
o er a r a t on s e v e r t r ar at on ,

b gi i g with v i ti N 3 N 2 7 is w p t
e nn n ar a on o . to o .
, a t o -
ar

c p g ssi ly i h is h gh h i h
an on ro re ve n t e un on t rou t e n nt .
S in g le mo ve m e n t
-
f or m s

is f s d h gh
o t en r e h lis
t at e t h b gi ig f
as t ou t o re t u rn t e te n e r t o e e nn n o

hi m sic l j y
,

s u a o u rn e .

A q s i which m y cc is wh h h v lidi y f v i i
ue t on a o ur et er t e a t o a ar at on

is d p d e h lis
en s c g ii
e n t on w ss f i d ivt e te n er
’
re o n t on o r a are n e o ts er a

i f m rl i
t on ro h h m or I m y i i s h h m ic
e at o n t o t e t e e n an v ar at on t e t e at

s c is t ly diffi l id ify lly b is f bsc d

.

ou r e no on cu t to en t au ra ut o t e n so o u re

as bto v l d ly f dilig s dy Th s i h B h ms H yd
e re ea e on a te r en t tu . u ,
n t e ra a n

V i i h f ll wi g v i t s f
ar a t ons si mpl d sc di g sc l li
t e o o n ar an o a e e en n a e ne

w ld h dly b l d h igi l by h lis ; m s 3 0 3 4

ou ar e r e at e t o t e or na t e t e n er ea .
-
,

2 44 2 4 7 ,
-
an d 3 07 3 1 0 -
.

T he l ck
bvi s d iv i d s t l ss h m sic l
a of o ou er at on oe no e en t e u a or ae s

th e t ic v l
f h v i i
a ue o i h i i t s lf i i c t t l l
t e ar at on , e t er n e or n ts on ex u a re a

i hip
t on s th w k wh l If bvi s th m ic d i i s
to e or as a o e . o ou e at e r v at o n are

c ssi y wh h
n ot a n e e th f c t s wh ich if y
, f i
at t e n are e a t or un a se t o v ar a

i s ? R i f th h m ic sch m th c sp d c f ch
t on e t e n t on o e ar on e e, e orre on en e o ea

v i i t h h m i m s l gt h d st ct
ar at on o t e t s tylis ic d
e e n e a u re en an ru u re , a t an

idi m ic c sist cy d p g mm tic ss ci i s ( i E l g

o at on en ,
an ro ra a a o at on as n ar s
’

E n igma Va r ia t io n s d In dy Ish t ar Varia tions) are am on g t h e im

’ ’
or s

p or t an t u n ifyi n g e eme n t l s which do n ot n e e c ss il y i cl dar n u e me l dic

o

iden t ifi c at ion .

w i hc y v i i
In t h e t en t et tm s diff i h f ll wi g
en t u r ,
ar at on t rea en t er n t e o o n

w ys f m th p c d s f d i ypic l ight h d i t th
a ro e ro e u re ou n n t a e een t an n ne e en

c t y mpl s
en u r ex a e

1 L gh f enc h v i
t i — wh il i t di i l Cl
o ea d R ar at on e n ra t on a ass1 c an o

ic foms ch v i i h d h s m mb f m s s
.

m an t r ea ar at on a t e a e nu er o e a u re

th h m
as i w i h c y yp s h is is h c p i
e t e e, n t en t e t -
en t u r t e t t e e x e t on

h hrat th erl Th s i C pl d s V i i f pi
t an e ru e . u , n o an
’
ar a t o n s or an o ,

h v i tit e s f m ight m s s ( V 1 2 ) t fif y th
ar a on are ro e e a u re ar . o t -
re e

m s s ( V 20 ) i l g h
e a u re ar . n en t .

2 I d p d c n f h m y— he
e en i ti s d
en d t f ll w
e o ar on t v ar a on o n ot t en o o o

h h m y f h cl sely w t i p vi s
.

t e h m
ar on o t e t e e as o as as ru e n re ou

c is en tu r e .

3 L ss di c d i e i f m h hm i
re —t l iv ly g
e r v at on ro t e t e e n a re at e r eat er

i ti s h d iv i f m giv h m t ds
.

mb nu i er o v ar a on t e er at on ro a en t e e en

to b e m o re re mot e .

4 F dm f
r ee m t—
o m o f th m ic m i l ft
t re at en t re at en t o e at at e r a o en

ds w d d v l pm v i i I h latt
.

t en to h h
ar a e e o e n t rat er t an ar at on . n t e e r,

a dh c v ll m l dic h m ic hythmic
e ren e t o an o e r a t e o ,
ar on ,
r , or s ru c

t lp
u ra p s v s s m ss ci i with h tli f h
at t e rn re er e o e a o at on t e ou ne o t e

th m eI d v l pm t
e nh h h d s m si gl f c
e e o en on t e ot e r an , o e n e a et , a

h yth mic m l dic m t iv d i d f m h h m is s d

.
,

r or e o o e er v e ro t e t e e, u e as

a p i fdp o nt o d is f ly d l p d wi h
e f h
ar t u re an
y r ee ev e o e t ou t an u rt er
 Var ia tio n form

f c h h m Th m f v i i is s m t im s
re eren e to t e t e e . e t er ree ar at on o e e

s d f his p c d E x mpl s f s ch f v i ti
u e or t t ro e u re . a e o u re e ar a on t r e a

m m yb
en t bs d i N 2 6 7 d 9 f Elg E igm
a e o er v e n os .
, , ,
an o ar s
’
n a

Var ia tions .

5 Cl d h y t h m ic
o or tm
ant pl y p p i t ly g
r t re a en a a ro ort on a e re at er

l i h w i h c y h i igh th d i
.

ro e n t e t en t et th en t u r t an n e t een an n net e e n

c y f ms en t u r or .

AS S G I NMEN T

1 . A ly i d
na il th B h v V i i i A h l gy f M i
ze n et a e ee t o en a r a t on s n nt o o o us

cal F m (N or s o .

2 . S l i m h f ll wi g w k s
e e ct ro mpl s f
t e f th lysis
o o n or ex a e or ur er an a :

B h v ,See t Op 1 4 N
o en 2 sc dm vm t
on a ta , .
,
o .
,
e on o e en .

B h S
ee t Op 2 6 fi t m v m t
ov en ,
o n a ta , .
,
rs o e en .

B h S
ee t f i li d pi Op 1 2 N 1 s c d
ov en , o n a ta or v o n an an o , .
,
o . e on

m v m o e en t .

B h S i g Q
e et ov en , i A m j Op 1 8 N
tr n 5 hi d m v u a r te t n a or , .
,
o .
,
t r o e

\ men t .

B r ah m s ,
Var ia tions on a T h e me b y H a n de l , Op 24 . .

B ra hm s ,
Va r ia t io n s on a T h e m e b y H a y dn O p 5 6 a ,
. .

l
E gar , E n igma Va r ia tio n s f or or ch s e t ra .

Rich d S ss D Q i
ar t r au ,
on u x o te f or or ch s e t ra .

C pl d V i i f pi
o an ,
a r a t o ns or an o .
 C hap t er XI V

The son a i n e t form

s o na t in e , or i s
dimi tiv s T h w d is s d i t w
on at n a , 1 s a nu e on at a . e or u e n o

s ss ( )i fr c
en e : a si gl m v m f rm d ( b ) i f
n r e e en e to a n e- o e en t o ,
an n re er

c
en e th
to a m v m c mp siti Th s i th m v m t
ree -
o e en t o o on . u ,
n a r ee -
o e en

w k i l d s t i h fi m m t is i h s o i f m
or t t e on a n e , t e rst ov e en n t e n at n e or .

Th itl cc s i ss ci i wi h s v l B q w k s wh ich
e t e o ur n a o at on t e era aro ue or

are t s
no ti s i h p s ly cc p d s s Am g th s is
on a ne n t e re en t -
a e te en e on e e

—
.

N o 1 0 f h th i d c ll ct i
. o t e f t h cl vi w ks
r f H dl
o e on o e a er or o an e a

w k i
or m s
n n e t ee n s i l gt h d i simpl bi y f m B ch
e a u re n en an n e n ar or a

s d h il c —
.

u e i th sh
t e t t e on e i s r m t l i d c io th n e ort n t u en a n t ro u t n to e

C an t at aN 1 06 G o Z i i
. di ll b Z i o tt e s e t st e a er es te e t .

h Cl ssic l ( 1 7 50 1 8 2 7 ) th t h d fi it iy f m f
,
.

It w i as n t e a a era -
a t e -
e n e or o

th e s t i w s blish d Th si gl m v m t p t is
on a ne as e ta e . e n e- o e en a t e rn as

f ll ws
o o :

E xp osi t ion

I d ci (
n t ro u t on r ar e

M i Th m i h
a n ic e e n t e t on

T si i ( s m im s mit d )
r an t on o et e o te

S b diu Th m i h d mi
or n at e e e n t e o n an t

Cdt cl si g s c i
o e t a or o n e t on

Middl e s ec t ion

T h e m dd i l s ci e e t on m ay b e z ( a ) b i f d v l pm t
a r e e e o en , (b ) an id
n e

p d
en en t e pis d o e , or (c) a r e t r an s i i
t on ( si gl ch d a n e or ,
me a s . 4 5 , in
B h
e et ov e n sS’
o n a ta , Op . 1 0 , No . 1 sl w m v m
,
o ) o e en t .

R e cap i t u la t ion
i T h m ( ic )
Ma n e e t on
T si i ran t on

S b diu Th m (
or ic )
n at e e e t on
C d t cl si g s cti
o et a or o n e on

C d (i f q )
o a n re u en t
S in g le mo ve men t
-
f o r ms

AS S I G NMEN T

1 . M k c mpl
a e a o ete an a lysis of t wo e x mpl s f
a e rom A n tho logy o f
M i l F m (N
u s ca or s o . 1 7a an d b) .

2 . On e or m OI e of t hef ll wi g may b s d f
o o n e u e or an a lysis :

a . The sl w
o mo vm s fB hv sS
e en t o ee t o en
’
on a tas , Op . 1 0 , No . 1
an d Op . 3 1 , No -
. 2 .

b . T h e fi rst m o v em en t ( s on at n e i ) of Tch ik vs ky s S
a o
’
e r e nad e f or
s itr n g or ch se tra .

c . T h e fi rst m ov e me n t of s on at n e i s ( fo r pi an o ) by R v l
a e ,
B art 6k ,
or Ch a v ez .
 C hap t er XV

The son a a a e r o t -
ll g form
w d
or is d iv d f m h I li
s o n a ta ( ls
er e ) s d ro t e t a an so n ar e a o s uo n a r e , to oun

or pl y j s c
a is d i d f m
u t as si g A s
an t at a is er v e ro ca n t a r e , to n . on at a a

p ic l yp f i s m l w k s lly i h f m
,

art u ar t e o n t ru en t a or u ua n t ree or ou r ov e

s ; c p i lly i m y c sis f f m m v
,

m en t ex e t on a fi t a on t o ro on e to ve o e

m s Si c h fi m m is g lly ll g i mp h
en t . n e t e r st ov e en t en e r a a e ro n te o, t e
m s ll g is s d id t if y h p f h is m
i
t er on at a a -
e ro m u e to e t t e at t ern o t ov e en t .

H w h s ll g f m i ls f s d f h sl w d L /
o ev e r , t e on at a- a e ro or s a o o t en u e or t e o an

fi l m
na m s T ov e id c f si h m s en t . f m sh ld
o av o on u on , t e ter on at a or ou

b s d ly id ify h f m f h s
e u e on to wh l en t t e or o t e on at a as a o e .

Th s e ll g f m is h m s mp
on at a a -
d h i ghly v l d
e ro or t e o t i ort an t an e o ve

si gl i s m l p
n e n Th is f m is f d
t ru en t a ly i s l att e rn . or ou n n ot on n o o so

n at as b ls i s mbl s ( d s i s q
,
ut a o s n en e sym ph i s e uo ,
tr o ,
u ar t e t ,
on e ,

s c c s p g m w k s d i s misc ll
ov e rt u r e ,
on e rt o ,
s m ro ra or ,
an v ar o u e an e o u co

p si i s I is i h is f m h h m s i spi d
o t on . t n t cs f h or t at t e o t n re u t t e r an e o t e

g re ati s m nl c m p s s h
t ru b gi en t a xp ssi o o er av e een v en e re on .

Th d fi i ie f m i f h s e ll g p
n t ve or cc s i h at on o t e on at a- a e ro at t e r n o ur n t e
p i d f Cl ssicis m ( 1 7 5 0
er o o a mpl ifi d i h i c . as e x e e n t e n st ru

m t l w k s f H yd M d B n H w s ”
en a or h o a n, oz art , an e et ov e . o ev er , o n at a

h b i c i s
as een i l si c h middl f h six h
n on t n u o u u se as a t t e n e t e e o t e t een t
c y M y w ks i l d s
en tu r . anh v li t l i c mm ith
or en t t e on at a a e t e n o on e er

wi h ch h wi h h Cl ssic l s
t ea ot f m S as by G b i li
er or t t e a a on at a or . on at a r e ,

T i i P sq i i T
ur n , i i D m ic Sc l i B ch H yd L is
a u n ,
ar t n ,
o en o ar att ,
a a n, zt ,

Hi d mi h f m ch h th t
,

n e d P k fi t difi
,
an ro o ev are so eren t ro ea ot er a on e

m yq s i
a h
ue is c f y c mm q li i s wh ich l t h s
t on t e e x t en e o an o on ua t e re a e t e e
w k s Wh d s j s ify h
or . f h s m ti l f
at oe s ch di ifi d
u t t e u se o t e a e t e or u v ers e

typ s is h f c h m s s
e t e s a d d i st m l w ks
t t at o t on at a are e x t en e n ru en t a or

bs l ( p g mm ic ) d f c i l i n t c sis
,

a o u te n on - ro r a at an n On -
un t on a n a u re , on t
i g f c
n o s i g m m t s ( s c i ns ) Wh m h tw
on t ra t n ov e en or e t o e re ore t an o

p f m s i lv d h ms i q
e r or er are nvo
q i t e ,
t e t er
“
tr o, u art e t ,
” “
u n et ,
”
et c

sd h h s h d s p i
.

“ ” “ ” “
ar e u e O
r at h h er t an on at a . n t e ot e r an on at a , art t a,
l ss si d w i lly i ch g bl
,
” “ ” “ ”
e on , d u te , an or re e re v rt u a n ter an ea e as
S i n g le m o v e m e n t
-
f o r ms

i l s d i g h B q p i d Oi hi i w k s f s l i li B ch
t t e ur n t e aro ue er o s s x or or o o v o n, a

i l d h fi hi d d fif h s
t t e t e r st , ; t h
t s c dr f t
,
h an d si h t ,
on at a
”
e e on ,
ou r ,
an xt ,

“
p i S m di i s simply list h s
ar t ta . o e e i s l s t t s on t e e as s x o o on a a .

Th s e m g s imp t i s me l f m i h ly
o n at a e er e as an or an t n t ru nta or n
'
t e e ar

sv e h c
en t e e n t y I p dc f hen tu r fl . f h t 1s on e ro u t o t e con u en c e o t re e

B q ar o ds ( ) h s c l i i f xp ssi ; ( b ) th s t b
ue t re n : a t e e u ar z at on o e re on e e a

li hms f en t o li idi m pl ci g m d li y ; d ( ) h p f ct i
a t on a o ,
re a n o a t an c t e er e on

o f i s nm s p ic l ly h s f h i li f mily
t ru en t ,
ar t u ar t o e o t e Vo n a .

Bf h sv e or e h c
t e y t m sic h d b p d min ly
e en t ee n t en t u r ,
ar u a ee n re o an t

v c l d wi h s di g m d ig ls d h s c l f ms w
o a , an ,
n ot t t an n a r a an ot er e u ar or ,
as

e ss i lly f c i f li gic l p ssi T h s c l i i f

en t a a un t on o tu r a ex re on . e e u ar z at on o

ex p ssi le ds h
re on h d t h
a p ; h h it m k s
on t e on e an o t e o er a on t e ot er , a e

p ssibl
o m sic wi h t
e an art t m sic f bs u c xp essi t ou a ex t , a u o a t ra t e r on ,

ra t h her f w d bt an o m i P i sly i s m l m sic

or -
or n e e ot on . rev o u ,
n t ru en t a u

h db a ih een e t dj c f v c l m e r an a m t h h i e th c un y t o o a u 5 1 c , as e t rt e n -
en t u r

m i h d b
o t e t , or s d i h p f m nc f f lk lik d c s
t a een u e n t e e r or a e o o -
e an e or

d c d i d f m
an e i
e r ve h mp i Th gh th B q il
or s, as n t e e s ta ou e aro ue st e
'

-
e .

ra pp i w c
r e se n t a t v o c d wi h h xp ssiv s
as i g f x t
on e rn e t t e e re e e tt n o a te

f or a s l v ic i o o lly p i d h w y h xp ssiv p ssi

o e, t e v en t u a o n te t e a to t e e re e o

b il i i f
t es o l ss m sic f s l i s m t
t ext e u or a o o n t ru en .

Th s blis h m
e e f ta li y wi h cl ly d fi d l iv ch d en t o t on a t t e ar -
e ne r e at e or

an d k y s p ic l ly h d mi
e ar e a s bd mi
,
ar t d ltd
u ar t e o n an t , u o n an t , an re a e

mi d m j
n o r an w c ss y p q isi f f m i wh ich
a or , as a n e e ar re r e u te or a or n

c s i g l c s m ch c s i g m l di s li d h
on t ra t n t on a en t er as u as on t ra t n e o e ou t ne t e

p at t e rnA li y pl c d m d li y
. s t on a t did h m ph y pl c re a e o a t so t oo o o on re a e

c p i T h g d l l i g f h s t ll gro f m il
,

ou n t er o nt . e ra ua ev o v n o t e on a a a -
e or u nt

i ts c s mm i i h w k s f h Vi s S ch l sp s th
on u at o n n t e or o t e en n e e oo an re e

p i ds— h B q R c c d Cl ssic l B y h middl f h

er o t e ar o ue, o o o, an a a . t e e o t e

e ight h c y p d mi e en t p li
en t u r m l dy b s d a c t s
re o n an t to -
ne e o a e on on ra t

i g h m s di ff i s his i s m l f m f m li c
,

n t e e e r e n t at e t n t ru en t a or ro e ar er on t ra

p l yp s s ch h f g
un ta t e ,
cc which w b s d
u as t e u ue or to at a , e re a e on a

si gl m i
n e s bj c ot v e or u e t .

Si c h s n is xcl siv ly i st m t l p t it is bvi s

e t e o n at a e u e an n ru en a at e r n , o ou

th h d
at l pm f i ns m s is c ss ily cl s ly ss ci d
t e ev e o en t o t ru en t ne e ar o e a o at e

wi h h t l i f h is f m F m his i wp i h p f ct i
t e ev o u t on o t or . ro t v e o nt, t e er e on

o f th vi li i I ly d i g h s v
e o n n h d taly igh th ur n t e e en t een t an e ar e t een cen

tut ei s is m s t i mp Th fi
o sch l f i li pl yi g d v l p d
o rt an t e r st oo o v o n a n e e o e

It ly i h ly s t h c y d h ly h is t y f
.

i n a n t e e ar e v e n e en t e n tu r ,
an t e e ar or o

s on at af m is b f d i h w k s by i li ist c mp s s f his
or to e ou n n t e or v o n -
o o er o t
sch l R ssi F
oo : L g o i f ll w d by V l i i Vi li B
on t an a , e re nz ,
o o e a en t n , ta ,
as

s i T i i Vi ldi d th s A B q p ss d i R c c d
,

an , ar t n va an o er . s ar o ue a e nto o o o an

Cl ssicism h ch ct f h s ch g d h c f c iv
, ,

a ,
t e ar a er o t e on at a an e ,
t e en t e r o re at e

a ctivi i s sh if d f m I ly G m y d h h psich d f ll w d
t e te ro ta to er an ,
an t e ar or , o o e

by h pi t epl c d h i li
an o , th m s t i mp
re a et i st m t t e v o n as e o ort an n ru en
S ing le mo vemen t f or ms
-

9 . F m v m t f m ( All g —Ad gi —Mi t—All g )

ou r- o e en or e ro a o nue e ro

s d i symph i s f M h im c mp s s J h St mit
u e n on e o an n e o o er o ann a z

( 1 7 1 7-1 7 57 ) an d Georg Monn ( 1 7 1 7 -

1 7 50 )

Son at a f
s d i f p i cip l c t g i s by Cl ssic m
or m u e n ou r r n a a e or e a co

p s s— s l ch mb m sic symph y nd c c t ; th
o er o o, a er u ,
on , a on e r o e

s l s at d co c t i th m v m t s ; th s mbl
o o on a an n er o n re e o e en e en e e

s t d symph y i f m v m t s
on a a an on n ou r o e en .

B th v f m v m s l s t ; sch m v m
ee o en ou r -
o e en t o o on a a e rz o o e en t t e

pl c s mi t ; dditi f v ic s t symph y
a e nu e a on o o e o on .

O m v m t s
ne - t —L is t S
o ei B mi en on a a z , o na ta n nor

Cyclic t m — B h v Op 8 1 ; S ch m Sy mph y
t re a en t e et o en , . a u an n , on

N 4 F o ck Sy mph y i D mi
.
; ran d th e s , on n nor , an o r .

F f m s o t f th t w t i h c t y—Hi d mith S
r ee - or na a o e en et en u r n e ,
on a ta

No 1 ; Pr ok ofiev S on a ta N o 7
.
,
. .

Str u ct u ra l o r ig in s o f t h e so n a t a - a l l egr o fo r m
The or igi s n of wh at we n ow t er m t h e so n at a a —llegro or fi rst mo -
v e

m en t f orm f d p d xic lly are gh i

ou n t h l s ,
t m v m
ar a s o a en ou ,
n e a o e en t

o f s t s f
on a a i li d f h psich d by c mp s s f th l t
or V o n an or ar or o o er o e a e

s v t h d ly ight th c t i s I th f m v m t
.

e en een t an e ar e e en en u r e . n e o u r- o e en

B q s t th fi t m v m t w i sl w t mp ; th s c d
aro ue .
on a a, e rs o e en as n o e o e e on

w as an a ll g ft imit t iv i ch ct ; th th i d
e ro , o en i a th e n ar a er e r ,
an ar a or o er

sl w m v m yp ; d th l s
o -
o e en t ll g m v m t
t e an e a t, an a e ro o e en .

Th i fl e f th s i is t b n t d i t h f ll wi g p c d
n u en ce o e u te s o e o e n e o o n ro e u re

f di m yB q
ou n n d anly R c s t s ( ) th p titi
ar o u e an e ar oco o on a a : a e re e on

o f b t h h lv s f t h m v m
o a ; ( b ) t h p c t ic
e o ef b gi i ng th o e en t e ra e o e nn e

s c d h lf f h m m t with d mi
e on a o t e l t iv m j
ov e en a o n an t or a re a e a or

t r ansp si i f th pe i g ph s
o t on o s bj c ; d ( ) h
e o n n f ra e or u e t an c t e u se o
m iv s
ot es bj ct s ( th th th m s ) ft t t d imit ti ly
or u e ra er an e e , o en re a e a ve
-
.

A ig ifi s t chn g cc s
c anw h n h m s pl
an c s bj
e c t s
o T h ur e t e e re a e u e . e

p i cipl f c s t i h B q s it d s t ppli d t dif

r n e o on t ra n t e aro ue u e an on a a a e o

f c i key s b t s bj ct s ; by th s c d q t f h
e ren e n are a ut no to u e e e on u ar e r o t e
e igh h c y it ppli d t diff c s i h m s C t s i g
t een t en tu r a e o er e n e n t e e , on ra t n

ton a l s d c s i g h m s f d i h l s m v m ts
are a an on t ra t n t e e are ou n n t e a t o e en

o f i li s t s by G mi i i L c t lli V i i d T ti i
v o n on a a e n an ,
o a e ,
e r ac n ,
an ar n ,

a m g t h s A ypic l p tt
on o eri h l s t m v m t is t h f ll wi g
. t a a e rn n t e a o e en e o o n :

S c i I
e t on S c i II e t on

( T ic ) on ( R l t d k y) e a e e

T sp si i f ran D v l pm t
o t on S c i o II e e o en e t on

b gi i g f Se nn n o ( i T ic )
ec n on

i I ( D mi
t on to o

t n an l t d k y) , or re a e e
 T h e so n a t a l legro
a -
fo r m

Th is f m is s d ls by Sc l i i m y
or u e si l v m t
a o ar at t n an of h i s n g e- mo e en

son at a s—th S i G ( AMF N e 1 8 ) is

on a t a p s ti n o . a a re re e n t a ve ex

mpl ; h S i F mi ill s s
,

a e t e ( A M P
on a taN 1 8 b ) nt t h f n or , o . u t ra e e u se o

a t ern aryp att e rn .

T h l s t m v m t s f m y f h cl i
e a o e s t s f W F B ch
en o an o t e av e r on a a o . . a

an d C P E B ch h f m tli d b
a I h fi l
u se f Sy m
t e or ou ne a ov e . n t e na e o

y i D m j ( 1 7 4 0 ) by G
. . .

ph on n g Ma or m di fi t i f g t e or on n , a o ca on o re a

s ig ifi n cc s h m i h m
c an c e o ur lm s b siv ly f
: t e a n t e e r et u r n s a o t uno t ru e a t er

h d v lo
t e pm f ll w d by th s b di
e e en t , h m t o osp s d t e e u or n at e t e e ran o e o

th e ic
t on .

A i g p i is p s t d i h Cl i S
t u rn n o nt i G Op 1 7
re re en e n t e a v er o n a ta n ,
.
,

N o 4 by J C B c h I
.
,
h is w k h p . wh ich w h v b
a . n t or ,
t e at t e rn e a e ee n

disc ssi g is w f d i h fi m m T h d v l pm t b
.

u n no ou n n t e r st ov e en t . e e e o en e

ig s wi h h d mi t sp si i f h m i h m A i h
n t t e o n an t r an o t on o t e a n t e e . s n t e

M onn x mpl h m i h m
e a e, s f th d l p m t b t
t e a n t e e re t u rn a ter e ev e o en ,
u

h ere fl i mph i l l y T h
u te e si i m t i l d h s b di t
at ca . e t r an t on a er a an t e u or na e

h m f ll w
t e e sp s d h ic Th pp
o o t r an c f h mi
o e t o t e t on . e re a e ar an e o t e a n

d s b di f h d v l pm ig ifi h
,

h m
t e e an h m u or n at e t e e a t er t e e e o en t s n es t e
ch g f m bi y p t
an e ro ill s d i h di g m b v
a n ar at e rn , a s u t rat e n t e a ra a o e, to

th t e yp
e r n ar f h s ll g
att e r n o t e on at a a -
e ro .

It is i H yd s w k s t h t h fi l c ys lli i f th s t
’
n a n or a t e na r ta z at on o e on a a

a ll g f m cc s I s d f b h h lv s f h m v m t ly h
e ro or o ur . n tea o ot a e o t e o e en ,
on t e
fi rst , h p si i is p d Al h gh s m d v l pm t s i
t e ex o t on , re e at e . t ou o e e e o en n

H ayd ( d M n ) s ill b gi wi h h d mi
an oz art sp si i f t e n t t e o n an t t ran o t on o

h m i
t e h m a n h is is t el fig e, f m l Th d v l pm
t no o er a se t or u a, e e e o en t

f ly t sp s s c mbi s d t ct s f gm t y m t i l f m
ree ran o e ,
o ne ,
an ex ra ra e n ar a er a ro

p si i Th is p d mi ly h m ph ic ; i s d f
,

h
t e ex o t on . e t ex t u r e re o n an t o o on n tea o

s bj ct s
u e d i imi i w fi d h m s b s d
t re at e n ph s p i d
t at on e n t e e a e on a ra e -
er o

pt a T h dy m ic c
t e rn . s f h m i d s b di t h m s
e na on t r a t o t e a n an u or na e t e e

b c m s cl ly s blish d th p i cip l h m ss tiv d m

e o e e ar e ta e : e r n a t e e, a er e an e

ph ic ; h s c d h m —i fi
at t e e on d by h c l li f h p
t e e n u e n ce t e vo a ne o t e o era
ly ic d s t i T h k y l t i sh ip b c m s st blish d M T i
r an en en t e e re a on e o e e a e : n

—
. . .

ton ic jm S T i d
a or m i M T i . m i .
— ST i n l t iv
o n an t , or n n or n re a e

m j
. . . .

a or .

Th t esposit i a d f gm ti f p sit i m t i l i h
ran on n ra en t a on o ex o on a er a n t e
“

s t ll g d l pm t d iv s f m h k i d f m i ic t am
on a a- a e ro ev e o en er e ro t e n o ot v re t en t

wh ich cc s i th B q s it m v m t imm di t ly ft h
o ur n e ar o ue u e o e en e a e a er t e
d bl b It is h e th s q c imi i
ou e ar .
‘

d t
er sp si i f at e u en e t at on , an r an o t on o
p vi sly s t blish d m i l
re ou e a si ly s d Th t sp s d e at er a ar e e x t en ve u e e r an o e

c c f l g it s f m ph s c mpl s c i is
.

r e u rr e n e o ar er u n , ro a ra e to a o et e e t on ,

s v d f h l t p i f h m v m t H w th ch
re e r e or t e at e r ort on o t e o e en o ev e r , e te
iq f f gm t ti w t ppli d i disc imi t ly t ll B q
.

n ue o ra en a on as n o a e n r na e o a ar o ue

d csSi mvm s k
an e u te f m th F ch b ll t— h mi
o e en t t a e n ov e r ro e re n a e t e n
—
.

u et , b é d
ou rr e , an
g t t i d m ch f h i igi l d c chav o ez re t a n e u o t e r or na an e ar
S in g le mo veme n t
-
f o rms

a c t er an d w
l ss w k d t ; th ld s it e re e or e ou e o er u e mo vement s alle
—
m d c
an te, s b d d gig —h d b c m l ss d c lik
ou ran e , ar a an e , an ue a e o e e an e - e

an d m styli d d w th f m s sc ptibl t d v l p
ore ze an e re e re ore ore u e e o e e o

m t It is f m d v l p m
en . l p c d s f d p tic l ly i th s
ro e e o en t a ro e u re ou n ar u ar n e e

old d c s th t h
er an t ll g d v l p m t t tm t is d iv d
e a t e s on a a a e ro -
e e o en re a en er e .

F m th ro h gh t h d m
e c a n zon a t d d r ou e so n a t a a ca er a an s on a ta a

chi th
e sa , ly h ist y f th s t is f d i h p g s f It li
e e ar or o e on a a ou n n t e a e o a an

vi li m sic f th s v
o n u th d ly ight th c i s A th
o e e e n t een an e ar e een en t u r e . s e

Cl ssic s t s cc ds th B q p d mi c i i st m t l
a on a a u ee e ar o u e, re o n an e n n ru en a

m sic s h ift s f m I ly t G m y
u d A st i
ro d t h h psich d
ta o er an an u r a , an e ar or

an d pi s p s d th i li th p i cip l s l m di m i h is
an o u er e e e V o n as e r n a o o e u n t
f or m .
f
ar “

O u t l in e o f t h e so n a t a a l l eg r o -
for m

I n tro d cti
l)u on (O pti on a

P i cip l Th m — T ic r n a e e on

T si i r an t on
S b di t Th m —D mi u or na e e e o n an t or re at e l dky e

Cdt cl si g s cti o e t a or o n e on

DE VE L OPME N T—S c t i lf m e on a or

R e t r an sit ion

Pr i cip l
n ic
a T h eme —T on

RE CAP ITUL ATION T si i

r an t on
Su b di t Th m —T sp s d t
or na e e e ran
’

o e o t on ic
C d t cl si g s cti
o e t a or o n e on

T h e in t r o d u c t ion
T h e in t ro du ctl on f m is pt i l I t d ln th e s on at a a —ll e gro or o on a . n ro uc

ti on s l tiv ly m f q t i ch st l m v m t s wh ich
are re a e ore re u en n or e ra o e en u se

t h is f m ( w h th
or i sy mph i s i si gl mv m t w k s s ch
e er n on e or n n e -
o e en or ,
u

as o v t s) h s l s t s Oi B th ve s thi ty tw pi
e r u re t an ln o o on a a . ee o n
’
r -
o an o

son at a s l y f h v i d ct i s ; f th i symph i s f
on ou r a e n t ro u on o e n ne on e , ou r

h v sl w i t d c t i s f s m l gt h ( N d 7 ) wh il
,

a e o n ro 1 2 4 u on o o e en os .
, , ,
an e

N o 9 h
. si t m s as a t icip t o y i t d c t i i t h t mp
x e en - e a u re an a r n ro u on n e e o

o f h m v m t
t e o e en

A c t y f R m t ic m sic m y l d ss m th t th i t
.

‘
en u r ot o an u a ea us o a u e a e n ro

d cti t s t symph y lm st c ss ily c t i s m tiv s

u on o a on a a or on a o ne e ar on a n o e

or t h m s wh ic h will pp
e e i th m v m t p p b t i w ks a e ar n e o e en ro er , u n or

by H yd M t B th v a n, d t h i c t mp
oz ar i s th is is v y
,
ee o en an e r on e orar e er
S i ng l e -
mo ve me n t forms

Al l e g ma n on t r o pp o
é
o

Mot iv ic c st c i i R m tic
on ru t on n a o an t h em e 1s ill st u r at e d in t h e fir st
m ov em en t f T c h i k vs k y s S y m p h No 6 :
’
o a o o ny .

A l l e gr o n on t roppo

EX 1 22

M ore ly ic h m s m im s lm st f lk lik i ch ct m y
r t e e so et e a o o -
e n ar a er , a

cc si lly b f d B h ms i p ic l w f d f this typ

, _

o a on a e ou n . ra ,
n art u ar , as on o e:

o pp o

p d ol c e

Re f er a ls o q li y
t o t h e l yr1 c ua t of t he p i cip l
r n a t h e me s of the first
m ov e me n t s f s ch w k s B
o u or as r ah m s ’
S y mp h on y N o 4 . an d Mah ler s ’

S y mp h o n y N o . 4 .

Mo s t
f q ly h w v i d re s t blish d mph si
u en t o e er, n or er t o e a an e a ze a

c s wi h ly ic s c d h m h p i cip l h m will b m
,

on t r a t t a r e on t e e, t e r n a t e e e ore

cti ic will v i divid li y

_

a d
ve gan W h i en e ri h et . at e v e r t s n at u re , t a e n ua t

an d ch c I s s y h m m y b d l p d; h c i i
a ra ter . n a e n e , an t e e a e ev e o e t e r t er on

of g da m i ooh m is h i m y
a nb d v l p d
t e b h t it e n ot t at t a e e e o e , ut t a

d m d d
e anl pm s ev e o en t .

T h f m f h p i cip l h m m y v y f m p h s h t o a t re e
~

e or o t e r n a t e e a ar ro a ra e

p s gf m
art on or

T h p i cip l h m ph s ( p t d ) b f d i th
.

e r n a t e e as a ra e re ea e c an e ou n n e

m m f B h sS Op 3 1 N 3 A MP N 19
’
fi r st ove en t o ee t ov e n o n a ta , .
, o .
-
,
o .
 T he so n a ta a ll egr o -
fb r m

( me a s 1 T h e pr1 n cipal t h e me as a e r o d p i is e x e m pl ifi e d in B e e
s —p i
.

t h ov en s S o n a t a Op 2 N o 3 , fi r st moye men t ( me a 1 13 e r od
’
-
.

wi h p B v c s
. .
, ,

t re ) e at e d e h S O p 1 0 on e q u e n t . In an ot h e r et o en o n a ta , .
,

N o1 (m s 1 h p i cip l h m is
ea h p s gf m t e r n a t e e a t re e - ar t on or .

T h p i cip l h m m y c m c d c b f ll w d
. .

e r n d fi i i a t e e a o e to a e n t ve a en e e o o e

by c d a l di
o si i by p c ss f diss l i
et t a, or ea nto a t r an t on a ro e o o u t on .

T he T r a n s it io n

T h e t ran t simpl b idg p ss g si i i B h s

on m ay b e a e r e a a e, as n eet ov en
’

S Op 2 N 1 fi m m (m s 15 O i m y b t
‘

o na t a , o rst ov e en t ea . r a e

si i l pis d c sis i g f s c i s A MP No
—
. .
, ,

a t r an t on a e m o e, on t n o o n e or ore e t on ,
.

1 9 ( m s 25 O cc si
ea lly i d p d pis d m y cc a on a an n e en en t e o e a o u r,

s ch i B h s S s
.

u as Op 2 N
n 3 fi m m ( m
ee t ov e n
’
o n a ta , .
,
o .
,
r st o ve en t ea .

13
s f q ly h
Mo t si i ( p ic l ly i s l
re s mblu en t t e t ran t on art u ar n o o or en e e

s s ) will c sis f c i p ss g w k M i l f m h
,

on at a on t o or on t a n a a e or . at e r a ro t e

m i th m m y ls b
a n s di h
e si i e mpl f w h ic h a a o e u e n t e t r an t on , an e x a e o

is f d i AMP N 1 9 ( m s 1 8
ou n n , o . ea .

The s u b o r d in a t e t h e m e

sic p ic l ly f h igh h d i
In t on a mu l h art u ar o t e e t een t an n n e t ee n t c en

h s b di h m is di i lly i h d mi if h
, [

i
t u r e s, t e u or n at e t e e t ra t on a n t e o n an t t e

m i h m i i m j i h l i m j if h m i h m is
'

a n t e e s n a or or n t e r e at v e a or t e a n t e e

i mi
n N mn or s c p i s cc ly i h l i u th e ro u ex e t on o u r , n ot on n t e at e r n n e t e en

c y b ls i B h s w k s E c p i l k y l i s hips
.

’
entu r ut a o n ee t ov e n or . x e t on a e r e at o n

f di h fi m m s f B h sS
,

Op 2 N
’
ar e ou n n t e rst ov e en t o ee t o v en on a t a s , .
,
o .

2 A m j E mi ) O p 2 N 3 Cmj a or n or o . a or

G m j Bm j )
,

S T G mi
.
,

fi rst .
) Op 3 1 N 2
. n or o a or a or ,

d T ch i k s ky s P i C mi
, ,
.
,
.
~

i B fi B fl
’
an a ov ano o n ce r t o n -
at n or -
at

mi n or A fi mj ) -
at a or .

ch c h s b di
In ara t er , t e u or n at e th em e is mo s f q ly ly ic
t re u en t r an d

exp ssi Th c s wi h
re ve e on t ra t t th e ma i n t h e me is h f f k
t e r e o re on e o ey ,

ch c d m l dy
.

t er ,
‘

ar a an e o .

mi n o r
EL"1 3 10 !
A l l e gr o con bf io
S i n g le m o ve m e n t
-
for ms

MI . .
,
E mi n o r
A l l e gr o m o l t o S I , Ae o l i an mo d e
. . on G

In s
i s t c s h m s which s mi gly q it c t s i g
ome n an e t e e are ee n u e on ra t n

m y b sh w l d by b i g d iv d f m b sic p
,

a b e o n to e re at e e n er e ro a a t one - at t ern

or c Th l i sh ip is diffi l
on t o u r . c g i i mm di ly
e re at o n cu t to re o n z e e at e

b c s i is b s d
e au e b i s p ii s q c
t n ot t sa e o n an o v ou re et t on , e u en e , or r an

p si i f c sis ly c g i bl m i b
o t on o a sf m
on t en t re o n za e ot v e , u t on a t ran or a

i i wh ich l d h y h m s d i p l i s disg is h d iv
t on n a t e re r t an n t er o at on u e t e er a

ti T h is typ f sf m i is ill s d i E 1 7 1
on . e o t r an or at on u t r at e n x . .

I h s n ll g f m f h ly Cl ssic p i d i w
t e on at a- a e ro or o t e e ar a er o t as n o t

s l f h s b di
unu u a h m t b e h d mi
or t e t t sp si i
u or n at e t e e o t e o n an ran o t on

of h mai h m Thi s is ill s di h fi mvm f h

'

t e n t e e . u t rat e n t e rst o e ent o t e

H yd S i g Q
a nOp 7 4 N 1 i C m j
tr n h sy mp h i s N
u ar te t , . o . n a or , t e on e os .

h l s m s S y mp h y i E fi t
,

d 85 d i m f M
’
84 an ,
an n t e a t ov e en t o oz art on n -
a

( K 543 ) .

Wh il h s ll g f m c i s b
e t e p i cip l h m
o n at a a -
e ro Or on t a n ut on e r n a t e e,

h s b di a s c i
t e u m y c sis t f
or nm h m s A
te eb t on a on o on e or ore t e e . su

or di g p is f d s p isi gly f b t by y m s i
n at e r ou ou n ur r n o t en u n ot an e an n a

m j i y f W k s T h si gl s b di
a or t o h m m y bor f m . e n e u or n at e t e e a e ro a

p id s g f m i l g h T h s b di
_

er o to a h me f h fi t
on or n en t . e u or n at e t e o t e rs

m v mo f h B e h v S en t Op 3 1 N
o 3 ( m s 49 5 3 )
t e e et o en o n a ta , .
,
o . ea .
-

is p i d i l g h y h f h fi t m v m f Tch ik vsky s
a er o n en t t at o t e rs o e en t o a o
’

Sy mp h y N 4 ( m s 8 9 1 6 0 ) is i i s lf
on fi o d f m ea n t e a rst ron o or

f d i h fi mv m f B
. .

T w s b di h m s
.

o u or n at e t e e are ou n n t e r st o e en t o ee

h sS
t ov e n Op 7 ( S T I m s 4 1
’
— S
o n a taT II — m s 59 ) d .
,
. . ea .
,
. .
'

ea . an

h
t rees b di t h m s f d i h fi m v m nt f T h
u or na e t e e ar e ou n n t e rst o e e o c a1

k ky F if h S y mp h y
’
ov s s t on .

S T II
. . .

po c h e t t m o pm an i mat e
A l l e gr o con a n i ma

p m ot t o e sp r e s s .

Mo l t o pi n t r a n qu i l l o

Th e s b di
u or h m m n at e t e e ay be f ll w d by cl si g h m f
o o e a o n t e e o on e

or m ore s c i s ( A MF N
e t on ,
o . 19, S cti I m s 64 S c i
e on II m s
,
ea .
,
e t on ,
ea .
S i n g le m o v e m e n t
-
fo r m s

3 . h arm on y
4 . x
t e t u re
5 . dy n am ics
6 . c h ara t e r ( c l st cc t
e gat o , a a o, et c )
is i (c l )
.

7 . n t ru m en t at on o or

8 . reg ist er

9 . a cc mp im
o an en t p att e rn

Em pl ym t f
o en o

1 0 v i d hy hms
. ar e r t
11 gm. i
au dimi t i f hy h m
e n t at on or nu on o r t
12 g m
. i
au dimi i f i t v l
e n t at on or n u t on o n er a

13 c . ic t tm tan on re a en

14 f g l t
. t me t
u a re a n

15 f .imi t i ree t a on

16 c t . ym i n on rar ot o

17 .
g d r e t ro r a e

18 i v . dc t p i
n e rt e ou n e r o nt

19 p i i f fig
. re et m iv
t on o a u r e or ot e

20 s q . c f fige u en m iv e o a u r e or ot e

2 1 sim l t
. s c mbi ti ( c t p i ti g) f m t iv s
u an e ou o na on ou n e r o n n o o e

h m s f m difi
t e p i s f th xp sit i
e ro ere n t o r t on o e e o on

I n h s p b d
t e l pm s c i ( m s 1 5 2 3 9 8 ) f th fi
u er ev e o en t e t on ea .
-
o e rst

m v m t f B h v s Sy mp h y N 3 E ic l m s ll f ’
o e en o eet o en on o . ro a a o t a o

th e ab t m s m y b b y d R ly w m i l wh ich
ov e re at en t a e o se r e . are ne at e r a

pp d i h xp si i m y b d i th d v l p m t
,

h as n ot a e are n t e e o t on a e t reat e n e e e o en .

O ne s ch i st c is ph s i h fi m v m f M d lss h s
u n an e a ra e n t e r st o e en t o
“

en e o n
’

S y mp h y N 4 ( m s 2 0 2 2 05 ) w h ich
on o . f b i g s d c sid ea .
-
,
a t er e n u e on er

a bly i h d l pm t
n t e s th ec pi l t i
ev e o en , re t u rn 1n e r a tu a on .

E ss i lly h
en t a h b sic c g i s f d v l p m
, t e re are t t ree a at e or e o e e o en t t re a

men t :
1 . T sp si i — c sid bl s gm f m i l f m h
r an o t on a on e ra e e en t o at e r a ro t e ex
p si i is s t d i
o t on h k y wi h li l re l i
ta e n an o t er e t t t e or n o a t e r at on
b y d ch g f li y B h s S
,

Op 2 N 1
’
e on an e o t on a t . ee t ov e n o n a ta , .
,
o .
,

fi t m v m
rs m s s 49 5 5
o e sp si i f m t i l
en t , ea u re -
are a t ran o t on o a er a

f m m s s 1 6 d 56 63
ro sp si i f 2 1 2 7
e a u re -
,
an -
a t r an o t on o -
.

2 . T sf m i —m i l f m th p si i is m difi d t
ran or at on at er a ro e ex o t on o e o

s m d g wi h h w
o e ed s yi g i c g i bl id
ree t ou t , o ev e r , e t ro n t s re o n za e en

i y I B h s S y mp h y N 3 fi m m t m s s
t t . n eet o ven
’
on o .
, r st ov e en ,
e a u re

1 8 7 20 6 w c
-
p i is g i s s q c f m
a ne ou n t e r o nt se t a a n t a e u en e o a o

i d i df m h fi t w m s s f h m i hm
,

t ve er ve ro t e rs t o e a u re o t e a n t e e .

3 . M m p h sis— m ch m
eta or adic l l ai
o th i (2) a u o re r a a t e r t on an n

c s B y s f mp h y h m i
o cu r . l ch g ( s i gly
re a o n o te o, r t , or n t e rv a an e n
 T h e s o n a t a llegr o
a -
fo rm

c mbi i ) h igi l ch c f h m t i l is
or in o n at on t e or na ar a ter o t e a er a

l g h l d I B h m s S ymp h y N 4 fi m v m
,
’
a t o et er a t er e . n ra on o .
, rst o e en t ,

m s s 1 69 1 8 4 e a u re dic l l i f h mi hm I -
are a r a a a t e r at on o t e a n t e e . n

D b ssy s S i g Q c mp h f ll wi g m s s wi h
’
e u tr n u ar te t , o are t e o o n ea u re t

h fi tw m s
t e s f h fi m m fi mvm t
r st o e a u re o t e rst ov e en t : rst o e en ,

1 52 1 55 ; s c d m m
-
5 6 5 9 1 24 1 2 8 1 4 8 1 4 9 ; f
e on h ov e en t , - -
,
-
ou rt

m v m
,

1 25 1 3 3 1 4 1 1 44
o e en t , -
,
-
.

Th d f h l s s c i
e en h c mpl
o t el s s ci f h a t e t on , or t e o et e a t e t on o t e

d l pm is
ev e o i i ( A MF N 1 9 m s 1 2 8
en t , a r e t ran s V y t on o . ea . er

f h is icip y E mpl s f icip y

, ,

o t en i i t e re t r an s t on an t at o r . xa e o an t at o r te

t si i
r an f d h d f h d l pm s f h fi m
t on are ou n at t e en o t e e ve o en t o t e r st ov e

m s fB h sS
en t o Op 2 N ee t 2 M d lss h s S y mp h y
o v en
’
o na t a , . o . en e o n
’
on

N 4 M h l s S y mp h y N
, ,

4 d D i ak S y mp h y N 5
’ ’
o .
,
a er on o .
,
an vo s on o .

T he r ec a p i t u l a t io n

Th e s p i cip l d s b di t which
r e t u rn of t h e t h e me r n a an u or na e, c on

p si i is m d h c pi l i T h p i cip l h m
,

sti h
tu te t e ex o t on t er e t e re a tu at o n . e r n a t e e

s i h igi l t ic ; s ch l i s m y cc
re t u rn n t e or s lly
na on u a t e rat on as a o u r are u u a

i ss i l T h
ne en t asi i l piso dic m i l b tw h p i cip l
. e t r an t on a o r e at e r a e ee n t e r n a

an d s b di u h m s m y b sh
or d p ic l ly if i igi lly
n at e t e e a e o rt en e ar t u ar t or na

c in d m i l f m h m i h m (AMF N 1 9 c mp
,

on t a e at e r a ro t e a n t e e o . o ar e

m s 1 5 3 1 6 9 wi h 1 7
, ,

ea .
-
t
R ly i h l s m m f B h s S
are ,
as n t e i C sh p a t ov e en t o e et ov e n
’
o n a ta n -
ar

mi Op 2 7 N
n or , 2 h si i b w p i cip l d s b di
.
, o .
,
t e t r an t on et een r n a an u or n at e

h m s m y b
t e e mi d l g h a e o tt e a t o et e r .

I l m sic h s b di
n t on a h m i h
u c pi l i is
,
t e u or n at e t e e n t e re a t u at on t ra
di i lly
t on a sp s d h ic I h s s t ran s fB h
o e i t o t e t on . n t o e on at a o e et ov e n n

which h s b di h m i
t e h p si i cc s i m di
u or n at e t e e n t e ex o t on o ur n a e an t or

s b m di k y h s m m y v id th
u e an t e ic I h fi t e r e t at e en t a a o e t on n t e rst

f hi S i g Q O p 1 3 0 h s b di
, .

m m
ove en t i B fl o s tr n u a r te t n -
at , t e u or n at e

h m ( m s 5 3 7 0 ) cc s fi
.
,

t e e i G fl
ea . d i h -
c pi l i o ur r st n -
at , an n t e re a tu at on

i D fl t T h cl si g s c i
n -
a . i h d mm t i
e h oxp si i is n e t on , n t e o an n t e e o t on ,
t ran sp s d h ic i h c pi l i
o e t o t e t on n t e re a tu at o n .

T he c o da

c pi l i is g lly f ll w d by c d B f B
Th e re a t u at on e n er a o o e a o a e or e ee

h c d w f c si d bl l ng h ; i p im y f c
.

h
t ov e n , t e o a a s n ot o on er a e e t ts r ar un

i nw
t o mi as m m g c f lly
to t er d p di i sly I
n at e a ov e en t ra e u an ex e t ou t
f w li l m h b i lli mplifi i f h c d c
.

o ten as tt e o re t an a r an t a c at o n o t e a en e
mi ig h fi mvm fM s S y mp h y i
.

Th c d e o a t er n at n t e r st o e en t o ozar t
’
on n

E fl -
m j K 5 4 3 ( l s si
at a or , m s s ) ill s s h b vi y
. a t xt een e a u re u t rat e t e re t
h is p f h f m c ld h ly Cl ssicism T h is d
"

t art o i t e or ou av e n e ar a e re no Co a
c cl si f H yd s Sy mph y i G m j
.

th
’
at e on u on o a n on n a or

fi m v m
rst h l s
o h e m s s
en t , as si f h t e a t t ree e a u re are an ex t e n on o t e
 —
S i n g le mo ve me n t fo r m s

c ade n c e of the cl si o ng t h e me ( me a s 249

ls ve m
s S y mp h y i C m j K 5 5 1
.

T he a t mo e n t oiz Moz art ’

on n a or , .
,
c on

ta ni s hi m s dd d lb
s oc d ( m s 3 66
t ext en e an e a or at e o a ea . a

c t p tl
on r a d f c wh ich c mbi s h fi
un a t ou r p i cip l m e or e o ne t e ve r n a o

i
t ve s o f th m m t wi h i c dibl vi t sit y
e ov e en t n re e r uo .

Th c mp is f h f y
e o m s ar c d i B th v s
on o t e
'

o rt -
on e e a u re o a n ee o en
’

S o na ta , Op 2 N 3 wi h h cl si g h m
. x si
, mi t i g
o . t t e o n t e e e t en on t er na n

m v m t f S h w s
_

th e fi rst Op 2 N
o 1
e mplifi en o ona t a , .
,
o . exe es o oon

th e cd bg o ss m ig ifi f c i i hi w k s Th
a e an to a u e a s n c an t un t on n s or . e

c d s f th Sy mp h y N 3 ( m s 5 5 7 6 9 1 ) d Sy mp h y N
o a o e on o . ea -
an on o .

9 ( m as 4 2 7 5 47 )
.

e v i bl s c d d l pm s
.
-
ar e er ta e e on ev e o en t .

L i k th d v l p m t h
e e d d c d is divid d i s ct i s
e e o en , t e e x t en e o a e nto e on .

I h fi l f B h m s S y mp h y N I h d is m pi
’ “

n t e na e o ra on o . t e co a no ere e

lg b
o u e, c s mm i i t l y th m v m t b t f
ut a t ru e on u at on
\

o no on e o e en u o

t h wh l w k A s dy
e o e f i i s c i l divisi ns will sh w h
or . tu o ts s x e t on a o o t e
mas y f h is c cl si
t er o t on u on .

Th i d ci f w m i l i h c d
e n t ro u c mp tiv ly
t on o ne at e r a .

n t e o a, a o ar a e

r are o cc c m y b bs v d i h fi t m m t f th B
u rr e n e, a e o er e n t e rs ov e en o e er

li S y mp h i F d S ch m n s S y mp h y N 1 i
’
oz iq on e a n t as t ue an u a n on o . n

B fi -
m j
at a or .

Ex c ep t ion a l p r o c e d u r es

c p i l s ct l
Ex e m s i th s
t on a t a ll gt ru f m u ra t re at en t n e on a -
a e ro or are

f d i h w k s f Cl s ic w ll l i
ou n n t e or h d w o a s as e as at e n n et een t an t en

ti h c
et y c mp s s I cl d d i h s
-
en tu r th
o f ll wing o er . n u e n t e e ar e e o o :

1 O m issi
. f h p i cip l h m i hon c pi l i
o Ch
t e r n a t e e n t e re a t u at on o

pi s S i B fln
’
m i o Op 3 5 fi t m v m t ; S ch
o n a ta n -
at n r, .
,
rs o e en u

m s Sy m p h y N 4 i D m i fi l ; S m
ann
’
S i g on o . n n or , na e e t an a s
’
tr n

Q A M m m L b
u ar t e t fi m v m
“
; P k fi v
us e e e en ,
”
r st o e en t ro o e ,

S N 7 Op 8 3 fi
ona ta m v m o .
,
.
,
r st o e en t .

2 R f h p i cip l
e t u rn s b di o h m i t e k y th r n a or u or n at e t e e n a e o er

C mj N 1 5 fi
.

h h t ic M
— an s S t e i t on o z ar t
’
on a ta n a or , o .
,
rst

m v m ( h p i cip l h m s i F m j ) ; S i bi ’
o e en t t e r n a t e e r et u r n n a or cr a n s

S N 5 (b h h m s
ona ta sp s d p f h )
o . ot t e e t r an o e u a ou r t .

3 R t . f h s b di t h m b f h p i cip l t h m
e u rn o t e u or na e t e e e o re t e r n a e e

i h c pi l i s m im s f d
n t e re a h v sdt u at o n , o et e r e e rr e to as t e re er e

c pi l i —Mre s Pi S
a t u at on N 3 i D mj oz art
’
an o ona ta o . n a or ,

fi m m ; D
rst i ak P i Q ov ei E fi O 8
en t
p 7 fi vo
’
s an o u ar t e t n -
at , .
,
rst

m m ; H i d mi h s S f i li d pi ’
ov e en t n e t o n a ta or V o n an an o

fi m v m r st o e en t .

4 Th is l i shi p f s b di
e ax d m i h m s wh
r e at o n o u or n at e an a n t e e ere

h s b di ig i v l b l w h p i cip l
.

i n h m
t e u or n at e t e e, a v en n t er a e o t e r n a

h m i ht e p si i e s h sm in t e ex o l b h t o n , r e t u rn at t e a e n t e rv a a o ve t e
S i n g le -
mo vem e n t f or ms

Wo o dw i n ds

’
l S t r i n gs

U
C op y ri gh t
Y rk
1 903 , 1 9 3 1 b y B r eit op f
ren ew e d

M
H art el k .

se d b y p e rmis sion o f A sso ci at e d

e
u si c P u b l i sh e r s, In c , N ew . o .

7 M. i os a c m p cd
tre a t mpl ifi d p
en t ic l ly i a ro e u re ex e e art u ar n

G s M h l s sy mp h i s M i s yi g i l gth f m
’
u t av a er on e . ot v e v ar n n en ro

h t re e s s l m s s
n ot e m pl y d s m i m s
to ev e r a e a u re ar e e o e ,
o et e

h m p h i c lly
o o d s m i m s p lyp h
on a ic lly Th m man o et e o on a . e t er o

s ic is s d b c s f h j p si i f h s m i s wh ich
a u e e au e o t e u xt a o t on o t e e ot v e , ,

i s cc ssi
n u d i c mbi
e i p dc h p
on an f hn o n at on , ro u e t e att e rn o t e

m mov e Ill s d i h A h l gy f M i l F m
en t u t r at e n t e nt o o o u s ca ar s are

w p g s 4 i G m j wh ich
.

h fit e r st f th S y mp h y N
t o a e o e on o . n a or ,

ili s
ut ze f h b sic m i s
ev e n f h is w k T h m s ic
o t e a ot v e o t or . e o a

m
t r e at f M hl en tdifi f m h i duc i m h d f Si
o a er ers ro t e n t ve et o o

b li e i h f c h
us n m i s
t e d h m a i M hlt t m i i at ot v e an t e es n a er a nta n

h i i d p d
t e r nid i y wh s i Sib li s h y f s d
e en en t en t t ,
e re a n e u t e ar e u e

i h
n t l m f
e ev o v e w d d m l dy en t o a ne ,
e x t en e e o .

I NMEN
AS S G T

1 A ly
. na i dze il h sn ll g f m gi i A h l gy
et a t e on t
a a -
a e ro or v en n nt o o

M i l F m N 19
u s ca or s, o . .

2 A ly
. na ze m on e f h f ll wi g
or mpl s ore o t e o o n ex a e :

Moz art ,
E i n e K le in e N ac h tm usik , fi rst m ov e m en t .

B e e t h ov en , S o na t a O p 2 , N o , . . 1 ,
fi rst m ov e m e n t .

B rah m s ,
Sy mp h o n y N o 1 .
,
fi r st mo v e men t .
S e c t ion 4

Con tr ap un t al forms
C
o n t r ap u n t a l fo r ms

tr i dic
a gro u pi gs n rem a n e i d the b sisa of We s t e rn mu sic f ro m 1 6 0 0
to 1 9 00 .

In b
d li y d t li y ch sc l p
ot h mo i l fiR
a t ‘
fi gfi an on a t ea a e at t e rn s P

d f s v ss ti l s I h w i hc y hw
,
'

co mp o se o e en e en a t on e . n t e t en t et en t u r o

v h pt ic sc l s f v i s c st ct i s d c mbi
,

e er , n on - e at on a e o ar ou on ru on an o na

i s
t on s d D d c pl sc l s i wh ich ch f h w lv
ar e u e . uo s e u e a e n ea o t e t e e t on e
are f ct i lly ss ti l p lyt l c mb i i s d n m d l
un on a e en a , o on a o n at on ,
an e o- o a

c mbi ti s ( si g b h m di v l nd sy h ic m d s )
o na on u i n ot e e a a nt et o e are n

cl d d i th t ch iq s f this c t y
u e n e e n ue o en u r .

T h f ll wi g di g m
e o l s idiom ch l gy d cc pt d
o n a ra re at e ro n o o an a e e

c s c s f m 8 00 th p s t
, ,

on on an e ro to e r e en

Idi m o Mo dl a T on a l
Ch l gy ron o o 8 00 1 4 00 1 6 00

C s con on an e U ni s on Tri dic m sic

a u N on - t r i dic m sic
a u

F ou rt h A ddi i f t on o E m an ci p afib h of

c s t hi d
on on an t r diss on an e c
O ta c v e d si h
an xt

Wh ilv c b l y th idi m h ch g d i h
e t h e specifi c o a u ar e o as an e n t e
m i dic t d i h ch t b v c p l d ic s d ch
ann e r n a e n t e ar a o e,
”

on t ra unta ev e an te
niq s m iue lt d A i tLi L QQL } my b m d l
re a n una l ere . Q IP I a e o a , t on a , or

d d c pl d imi t i is imit i wh h f d i Ob ch
_

uo e u e, an t a on at on et er ou n n re t,
P l s i
a e B ch Hi d mi h Scho b g Th b sic d
t r n a, a ,
sd n e t ,
or n er . e a e V1 ce s u e

i c
n t p i t
ou n e r f ll ws o n ar e as o o :

1 S q .
—th c c f
e u e nc es cc ssiv ly dif e r e u rr e n e o a n u e e

f d g s f th c l i th
e ren t e r ee o e s a e n e

2 . Im it a t io n —th e c
r e u r en e r c f m t iv i s c d v ic
o a o e n a e on o e

i mm di t ly fe a e a t er it s o cc c i h fi t Imi i is st ic
u rren e n t e rs . t at on r t
wh i dh sen t a ere ex a c ly h i v llic d hythmic l
t to t e n t er a an r re a

t ion ships of t h e fi rst s m ; f wh i d s t

t at e en t re e en t oe no .
 C o n t r ap u n ta l t e c h n i q ue s

f re e i mit a t l o n ,

s t ri c t i mi t a t l o n

3 . R ep e t it ion th e imm di e at e c
r e u rr en c e of a m ot i ve in th e
s ame v ico e or v ic s
o e .

re p e t i t i o n

4 . A ug m e n ta t io n th e mu lt iplic at i on in un if orm r at o i of th e
t ime vla u e of e a ch n ot e an d re s t of a g1 v en mot iv e or t h eme .

A n da n t e c on m ot o 80 81 82

5 . D i m i n u t io n th e re d ci
u t on in unif orm rat o i of th e t im e

vl a ue of ea ch no e t an d r e st of a giv en mo t iv e or t h e m e In
ll wi g mpl iddl pp v ic s
.

th e f e; n ot e t h at t h e m e an d u
’

o o n ex a er o e

are ea ch dimi i a n u t on of th e b ss a .

6 . R e tr ogr ade ( C a n c r iza n s , C r a b w is e p d ci

) t h e re ro u t on of a

m otiv i v s d Th
e n re e r e or er e f ll wi g c p is f m
o o n ex er t ro a t h ree

v ic c mp si i f y m s s i l gh M s s
.

o e o o t on ort e a u re n en t e a u re 2 1 -40
f th c p
.

o e n h
on t r at e or art are t e r e t r o gr a de of 1 20 T h e
-
ot h e r

ic s ch
.

w
t o vo h g d
e are t e r e t ro ra e of ea ot h er .
C
o n t r ap u n ta l for m s

c o n t ra t e n o r

7 . C o n trary mo t i on c sist
the on en t re v sler a in me l dic
o dire c
i
t on of t h e t on e s cc ssi s f
u e on o a m ot iv e .

A l l e gr o

A specifi c t yp e of c y m i is
on t r ar i wh ich
ot on t ly th on e n no on e

i l (i q i y) b t h ct d g ( it q lity )
,

Sl z e of th e n t e rv a ts u an t t u t e ex a e re e s ua

iS
‘

r et ain e d in t h e c t
on r ar y m ti Wh th i typ f c t y m
o on . en s e o on rar o

t i is s d
on u e aga n i s t t h e or igi l m tiv i is c ll d mi t tm t
na o e t a e a rr or rea en .

C o p y r igh t 1 9 4 0 b y H aw k es S on , L t d .
,
L on don . U se d b y p ermi ss1 on .

8 . In v e r t e d l i v si n f p t s
co u n t e rp o i n t
‘

-
r
—th e mu t u a n er o o ar , so

h
t atth pp p b c m s h l w d w v s If tw
e u er art e o e t e o er an oe er a . o

p s art i l d th m d bl co t p i t is s d ; if
ar e nvo ve ,
e t er ou e u n er o n u e

th p t s ipl c t p i t
ree ar ,
tr e ou n e r o nt , e c .
C on t rap u n t a l for m s

B f pp ch i g p ifi c p t l f m s h g l
e ore a roa n s ec c on t r a un a or ,
t e e n er a c on

c p f f m i c t p l m sic m s b l ifi d P lyph ic
e t o or n on r a unta u u t e c ar e . o on

w ks d
or d t c f m p s blish d p t s d h om
o n ot t en o on o r to re e -
ta e a t e rn as o o

ph ic c mp si i s F
on o mpl o d spi m y i n l v i s
t on . or ex a e, e te an n t er a ar an t ,

th es s d symph i f H yd M t d B h v h v
on at a an on es o a n, oz ar an e et o en a e

ic si il i y c sp di g p i s m i
,
.

m m
‘

or e h tg an a en er ar t at o rr e on n o nt ,
a n

h m s
t e b di t th m s d v l p m
e su or na e d c pi l i d
e e e e o e n t , an re a t u at on o oc

h is s s i ei d f g s f ms ly i th i
, ,

cu r I. n t en e , n v n t ons an u ue are or on n e r ex

p si i s A f e h p si i h mb f s c i s k y l i s
o t on . t r t e ex o t on , t e n u er o e t on e r e at o n ,

d p c s ci ( wi h i b d limi s ) i ly p i l
,

an at t e rn on t ru t on s ar e t n ro a t e n t re o t on a .

F h is
or t s h f g h s m imes b
r e a on , t e m d u ue as o et e en t e r e a t ext u re or
a p cd ro e h h u re f m A r at h dis i c i th t m st b
er t an a or n ot er t n t on a u e

m d b w h m p h i c f ms ( p ic l ly f h Cl ssic d
.

a e et een o o on or art u ar o t e a an

R m o ic sch ls ) d p lyph ic im i iv f m s is h h l
an t oo an o on t at e or t at t e att er

ar e b s d m iv s s bj c s
a e on h lf
ot igh m s s i l gth
e or u e t on e -
a to e t e a u re n en ,

pp s d h m ph ic h m s f h p h s p i d yp wh ich
,

as o o e to o o on t e e o t e ra e- er o t e

m y b f m i gh t t
a e rom y f ty m s
e s i l gth
o as an as or e a u re n en

Fi ll y h B q i mi iv f ms m s f q ly m
.

na ,
t e aro ue t at e or ar e o t re u en t on o

h m ic i
t e at lvi g ch iq f c i s xp si
nv o n a te di n ue o on t n u ou e an on , a scu r

si ddi i si gl m iv Cl ssic d R m ic
,

v e or a tm f t v e t r ea en t o a n e ot e . a an o an t

h m ph
o ic f m s
o on b s d c s i g p i cip l d s b
or ar e a e on on t ra t n r n a an u or

di h m s
n at e t e e .

I NMEN
AS S G T

Fi d mpl s f b sic c p l d ic s i h f ll wi g
n ex a e o a on t ra unta ev e n t e o o n

w ksor :

1 A h l gy f M i l F m
. nt o o N 2 1b ; N
o 22b ; N
u s ca27 or s, o . o . o . .

2 M . s f Pls i o t et d d L ss s ( m d l )
o a e t r n a an e a u o a .

3 I . i s d f g s f B ch ( l )
n v e n t on an u ue o a t on a .

4 L d . T liu f Hi d mi h ( d
us d c pl wi h n l c t )
ona s o n e t uo e u e, t a to a en er .
C h ap t e r XV II

Imita ti ve con tr ap un tal f orms

Can on in ven tion fug ue

w ord c a no n is
i df m G kw dm iglw de r ve l
ro a r ee or ean n a or ru e .

Th c e is f m i wh ich m l dy is s ic ly imi d by
an on a or n a e o tr t t at e on e o r

m orev ic s f gi i m d
o e a t er a p ic l i v l T h m s v en t e an at a art u ar n t er a . e o t

ri gid f f m s i is f
o or cis i i g i y ; i h
t h l ss
o t e n an e x e r e n n en u t t as n ev e r t e e

b s f p ssi c mm i c ai ly i h w ks
,

e en m a e an o ex re ve o un t on , n ot o n n t e or

o f c mp s s p i m ily c
o o er c d wi h p
r b ar ls i h w k on e rn e t att e rn ut a o n t e or s
ic c mp s s s ibly m di c ly c c d wi h
,

o f R m o an t o o er o t e ns ore re t on e rn e t
c Th p which b gi s h c is c l l d h l d
,

on t e n t . e art e n t e an on a e t e ea er or

p p ro h im i
o s t a; i g p is m d h f ll w
t e t at n i p ar t ter e t e o o e r , or r s osta .

Wh il c c g g is f d h m s p i mi i l l i is
e an on i s1 n 1n ou n at t e o t r t ve ev e , t

f ccid l h h i i l I W s m sic h c
o t en a en t a rat er t an n t e n t on a . n e t e rn u ,
t e an on

is an g w h f
ou t r o i m i i T
t h w k s of h N D m c i
t at on . e or o t e ot re a e on

p s Pe i ( 1 22 5 )
o er r ot n m g h fi
c . sh w h d lib are a on t e r st to o t e e e r at e

u se f i mi
o i S m hi t at on h c . y m s ls ili i mi
o e t rt e e n t -
en t u r ot e t a o ut ze ta

i ; s bs q ly L di i D s bl d H g d L i m g
t on u e u en t ,
an n ,
un ta e , an u o e an t n s, a on

ot h s ermpl y d i mi i
,
e i c si gly B y h f
o e h c
t at on y n re a n t e ou rt e en t en t u r ,

f mbcm li y
.

h c
t e an on as a or e a e a re a t .

Si c nh f e h c
t e y h c
ou rt e e n t h b s d by m en t u r t e an on as een u e co

ps si y s yl d p i d d lik h l
,

o er n e v er t e p an p er o an e ot e r c on t ra u nt a ro

is f d d ic i s i l w m si
,

ce d u r e s, a av o r e ev e n er a or t on e r o -
u c

c sdf c mpl w k m m
.

Th m y b
e an o n a e u e or a o ete or or ov e en t

( C s ll Child , N 2 ; Sch m Op 68 N
’
a e a, Pi ren s 27 ;
e ces o . u an n , o

B hm s T h i C w m s ic s O p
. .
,

f
’
ra ,
r te en an ons f or o en vo e or a sec

i f w k ( B ch T w V i I i N 2 d
.
,

t on o a or a i o -
o ce n v en t o n s, os an or n

h m (F ck S i li d pi l s m m ;
.
,

a t e e i A f
r an on a t a n or v o n an an o , a t ov e en t

B h m s 14 1
,

e et Sy mp h y N
ov e n , 4 fi m m on I o .
, r st ov e en t , ea n

B ch s G ldb g V i i y h i d i i is c s cc s
.

’
a o er a r a t on s , e v er t r v ar at on a an o n , u e

i ly i
s ve h is s ec d h i d
n t e un on , on t r et c

C s ifi d ( ) cc di g h i v l f i mi i
.
, ,

an on l a re c ass e a a or n to t e n ter a o t at on
C
o n t r ap u n t a l for ms

c an on at th e un is on , fi f th , et c .
,
an d (b) a cc dior ng t o th e t im dis
e -

c b tw l d
t an e d f ll w
e een c f m s
e a er tw an o o er as an on o a ea u re , o

m s s t
e a u re ,
e c .

Typ s f c s incl de o an on u e

1 C . i di im it i Di c i
ano n h y th m
n d i v ll ic
r ec t a t on re t on , r an n t er a

l t i sh ip t i d id ic lly i th imit ti g
.
,

re a on are r e a n e en t a n e a n -
v 0 1 ce o r

v ic s Th m st f mili x mpl f th is t yp is h
o e . e d o a ar e a e o e t e rou n .

All e gro de c i s o

2 . C a n on i n a u g m e n t a t io n .

3 . C a no n tn dim in u t ion .

( Al l m o de r at o )
’

e gr o
x

( Pi ir m o s s o )

C an o n i n c o nt r ary mo t ion .

( c o n t ra r y m o t i o n an d d i mi n u t i o n of b a ss )

5 . C a non in r e t r ogr a de ( cr a b can on , c a n on ca n cr izan s) .

C
o n t r ap u n ta l fo r m s

9 . A cc o mp a n ie d ca n o n

B ch c si
.

a , an on n t h e G o ldb e rg Va r ia tio n s
F ck ran ,
S ona t a f or i li
V o n an d pi an o , ls a t mo v e m en t

S ch m u an n , Op . 6 8 , No . 27

S u m e r i s ic u m e n i n

P u zzle F q ly ly li is giv
ca n o n d th re u en t on on e ne en an e

p bl m b s l d is wh i l d f w h im
.
,

ro e to e o ve at at n t e rv a an a t er at t e

h f ll wi g
t e ic s t I s m i s c s b l i dic
o o n vo e en er n o e n t an e v er a n a

ti s p vid s m i m s s b l cl h s l i
.
,

on ro e a o et e u t e ue to t e o u t on .

B ch c s i M i l Ofi i g
a ,
an on n u s ca er n

D f y Mi L H mm m é Ag s D i III ( H AM N 66
’
u a , s sa o e ar ,
nu e , o . 0,

p 7 2
.
)

AS S I G NMEN T

An a ly i ze n de t ai l an y of the c an o n s f r e e rre dt o in th is ch p a t er .

In v e n t io n
is f m is ss ci d wi h d d
Th or di c t ly f m h w k s
a o at e t an e r1 v e s re ro ,
t e or

f B ch B f B ch h ti l w s d by G B Vi li ( 1 6 8 9 )
,

o a . e ore a t e t e as u e . . ta c .

f orc mp si i s wh ich mpl y d i s ch ic l ifi

o o t on d by e o e v ar ou te n a ar t ce s an

B pon i ( 1
or t7 1 4 ) sy y
c m .f s i B c h s d th i l
as a f n on or u te a u e e t t e or

c ll c i f did c ic k yb d w k s w i i 1 7 2 3 Fif
.

a o e t on o a t i e oar or r t t en n . t e en , n

t w p o s w il di
ar t i s d fif e re i h
t t e p s if i ; n v en t o n an t een , n t re e art s n on ae

h s w c mm ly k w T w d Th P I i
, ,

t e e ar e n o o on no n as o an re e- ar t n ve n t o n s .

I is p ssibl
t ho h p d c ss s f h B ch i
e t at i w th
t e re e e or o t e a n v e n t ons e re e

i
r ce r ca r i d i f h
a s huec y w ic c l
—v oc o t e ev e n t een t en t u r t o vo -
e vo a

c mp si i s wi h
o o t on d i i mi i c p i Th s w
t o u t t e x t an n t at ve ou n t e r o nt . e e ere

i n h t e n at u r e of c l cis s vo a e xe r e

s d b y B ch h i i is i mi i i s m l f m
.

A s u e a t e n v en t on an t at ve n t ru en t a or

p s I m iv ( s bj c ) is f m h lf m s
,

f or w t m o or or e ar t . ts ot e or u e t ro on e - a ea

u re f m s s i l g h Th f m is s c i l I h fi
to ou r e a u re n en t . e or e t on a . n t e rst s e c

i
t on , t er m d h p si i h m i pp s l s c i ch
e t e ex o t on , t e ot v e a ear at ea t on e n ea

o f h p t e s I fi art c m m y b cc mp i d
. ts r st can n ou n e en t a e a o an e or u n a

c mp i d If h is
o an e cc mp yi g ic h c
. t ere pi my an a o an n vo e t e ou n t e r o nt a

b e ss i l c s i i g p
e en t a f l m s c dion t i mp c
tu t n a ar t o a o t o or n at e o rt an e

( B ch T i ss i l b i g
,

a —V i I i
wo N o ce n ven t o n , o . or ne en t a e n a n on

h m ic c p i ( B ch T V i I i N 1 3 )
, ,

t e at ou n t e r o nt a wo -
o ce n ven t on , o .

i mi i f h m i is c ll d h sw U lik h
,

Th fi e r st t at on o t e ot ve a e t e an er n e t e

fg h i l f h sw is p i l I h w ic i
.

u ue, t e n t e rv a o t e an er o t on a . n t e t o- v o e n v en

i h sw cc s h c
t o n , t e an fif h ; i
er o h h ur ic i at t e o t av e or t n t e t r ee v o -
e n v en

i h m s f q s cc ssi is ic d mi
t on , t e o t re ic I N 2
u en t u e on t on -
o n an t - t o n . n o .

an d N 5 f h o h
. ic i o i s h p si i is i c mpl ;
t e t re e - v o e n v e n t on t e ex o t on n o et e

N 5 is c
o . lly cc mp i d w ic i
a tu a i an a o an e t o- v o e n v e n t on .
 Im i t a t i v e c o n t r ap u n ta l f or m s

I is t w hy h wh il i s m f h w ic i i
n ot e o rt t at , e n o e o t e t o- v o e n v en t ons

th s bj c is i
e d
u d wi h e cc mp yi g ic h fi
t n t ro u ce t ou t an a o an n vo e, t e r st

an n ou nc m f h s bj c i ch f h h
e en t ic io i s t e u e t n ea o t e t r e e- v o e n v en t o n

i i bly pp s wi h c
n v ar a pi a e ar t a ou n t e r o nt

mb l g h d m d l y sch m f h s c i s f
.

Th e nu er, en t an o u at o r e e o t e e t on a t er

p si i is p i l T h l mb f s c i s is s lly
,

h
t e ex o t on O t on a e t ot a nu er o e t on u ua

f h l gh ch s c i yi g f m i
.

h
t re e o r f ou r , t e en t o ea e t on v ar n ro s x t o t en

m s s Th b sic ch iq s s d
e a u re im i i s q ce a d te n ue u e are t at on , e u en e, an

d bl c p i E ch s c i is mi d by ic
.

ou e ou n t e r h
o nt a e t on t er n at e an au t en t

c d c wi h p s w y ic
.

a en y e h i h h h m m
t ou t anm au e , o ev e r , n t e r t ov e en t .

Th is f m is ls s d by B ch i s m f h p l d s i h
or a o u e a n o e o t e re u e n t e

W ll T m p
e d Cl i
-
(V l I N
e 3 4 9 d 11)
er e d i s m a v er o . os , , ,
an an n o e

f h i ch lp l dsf g
.
,

o s or a re u e or or an

w i hc y h i i f mh b i d
.

I h n t e t en t et en tu r t e n v en t o n or as ee n r ev v e

p ic l ly i w k s si g s i l ch i q A m g h s
, ,

art u ar n or I u n a er a te n ue . on t e e are n

i
ven t o ns by E s Ki k f pi rn t en e or an o .

AS S I G NMEN T

1 . S tu dy N o 20a an d an a ly ze N o 2 0b in t h e A n t h o logy o f M u s ic a l
F
. .

or m s .

2 . An a ly
p si i s f h fif
ze wthe ic i ex i s by o t on o t e t een t o- v o e n v e n t on

B ch cc di g h f ll wi g li
a ,
a or n to t e o o n ou t ne :

a l gh f m i
. en t o ot v e

b i . l f swn t erv a o an er

0 . f h c
n at ur e pi h w o t e ou n t e r o nt to t e ans er

(1 l gh f h
. en p si i t o t e ex o t on

A ly e h l s f B c h s h ic ’
3 . na p z f h t e ex o su i o n s o at ea t t r ee o a t r ee -v o e

i i s cc di g h b
n v e n t on li ki g
a f h
or n to t e a ov e ou t n e, ta n n ot e o t e

thi d c m f h s bj c i h p si i
r ann ou n e en t o t e u e t n t e ex o t on .

4 . A ly i d
na il N 3 d N 9 f h th
ze n ic i
et a i s o an o . o t e r ee - v o e n v e n t on

f B ch
.

o a .

F ugu e
w d f g is d i d f m h L i f g fli gh Th f g
The or u ue er v e ro t e at n u a, t e u ue

is p lyph ic w k f w ic s i s m s whi ch
.

'

a o m on or or t o or or e v o e or n t ru en t

d l ps by c p l m s s bj c
ev e o , m i Th m s on t r a unta e an a u e t or o t ve e o t
h i gh ly l d i mi i f m i s d s i h s m l i B
, .

-
ev o v e t at v e or t t an n t e a e r e at on t o ar o

m sic h h s ll g f m d s h m sic f Cl s
,

q ue u t at t e on at a- a e ro or oe to t e u o a

i i m Th m s im p
s c s c ll c i f f g s is h w l m
e o t ort an t o e t on o u ue t e t o vo u
-
e

W l l T mp d C l i f J S B ch
.

e -
e er e av e r o . . a .
C o n t r ap u n ta l for m s

E vo l u t io n o f t h e f u g u e f or m
B f i p f ci
e or e f m i h w ks f B ch th f g
ts er e t on as a or n t e or o a e u ue

v l d h gh h f ll wi g ph s s
,

e o ve t r ou t e o o n a e

1 Th i t
. h c y b g g f imi iv co t p i t i
r e en t en t u r e 1nn 1n o t at e u n er o n n

w ks by Pe i ; ppor c f imm h ( d bl c rot n a e aran e o st ta u s c ou e ou n t e r

p i t) o n .

2 F .t h c t y c ic t m t i th
ou r e en t i h en u r an on re at en n e ca c c a , C a ce ,

r o n d e l lu s , an d r o t a .

3 . Fif n h c y t ee t en t u r m or e x siv e t en e u se of imit tiv c a e ou n t e r

p i by O ck gh m
o nt e e an d Ob c h re t .

4 . S ixt th cee n y en t u r :

a Th m
. t f me ot e or of Josq i d u n es Pr és ( c . 1 5 00 ) c sis i g on t n
f sh o s ci s or t e t on ,
ea ch s c i e t on t rea t i g it
n s own s bj ct im
u e

it at iv ely .

b . T sfran e r of c i
m ot et t e h n qu e t o organ i n t h e organ ca n zo n a
“

wi d ci
,

th e p ol yt h e m at i c r ice r ca r i o f C av azzon i ( t h r e u t on in
‘

n u m e r of b u e t s bj c s l
on ger e t on an d m ore ,re u en t r e s ci s ,
f q
cu rr e n e Oi cu e t ) s bj c s
an d m on ot h em at ic r ice r car i of L uz
,

zasco L u zzaschi .

5 . Se v en t e e n t h c en t u r y t h e t erm f u ga c am e to b e u e sd as a

ge nic
e r t e r m f or imi t iv w k s
ta e or . Th e e m e rg n g i f u gu e is re

v l di
ea e n a il
t t e , F u ge n , O de r w ie es die I ta lie n n er n e n n en , C an
F
zo ne a l la ( F g s h y c ll d by h I
r a nce se
“
u ue or as t e are a e t e ta
li s F ch C s B Sch mid T bl b h 1 607
,

an ,
ren an z o n a .
,
a a t ur uc
-
, .

6 . I mp p d c ss s f B ch i h d v l pm t f th
ort an t re e e or o a n t e e e o en o e

g
o r anf g i cl d B i g
u l (
ue1 6 2 6 W n ck ( 1 6u3 2 e r e e e er

d J C B ch ( 1 6 4 2
an . . a

7 . Th p f c i e f h f g
er e f m i th w ks f J S B ch
t on o t e u ue or n e or o . a .

The ex p os it ion

The f
is s ct i l f m It fi s c i i wh ich h b
u gue a e on a or . s r st e t on , n t e su

j
e ct sw pp
or an s i c h f h
er v
a ic s is c
earll d h p i n ea o t e o e ,
a e t e ex os
i Th f g s bj ct is f m
t on . e u ue l g m s ( B ch W ll
u e ro on e ar e e a u re a ,
e

T mpe d Cl iere [ W T C ] V l I N
a v er X V II ) i gh -
( xc p t i o .
,
o . to e t e e on

a lly m ) m s s i l g h Th ypic l f g s bj ct will h v

ore e a u re n en t . e t a u ue u e a e

a dis i c iv hy hmic d m l dic id i y b t will m s f q ly

t n t e r t an e o en t t u o t re u en t

v id ph s p i d c s t c i ; th l t impli s h m ph ic
.

a o a ra e - er o on ru t on e at e r e a o o on

r ath h er p lyph ic t m Th p d
t an a o on fig i re at en t . e re e at e n ot e u re , n

e vid c i m y f g h m s ( AMF N 2 l b ; B ch S
en e n an u ue t N e e , o . a , o n a ta o .

I i G min f s l i li s c d m me ) is gibl vid c

n or or o o v o n, e on ove nt , t an e e en e

o f d iv ti f m h i st m t l
a er a on ro i w h ich t h
t ite n ru en a c a n zo n a , n e re er

at e d w th m ic ch
n ot e ct istic
as a e at ara er .
C on t ra p u n ta l f o r ms

( A n da n t e con m o t o)

c o u n t e r s ub e c t i

The an sw
cc imm di ly f th s bj ct ds ( W TC
er m ay o ur e at e a t er e u e en -
,

V l I F g
o VI ) sim l sly wi h th l s
u ue f h s bj c t ,
u t an eou t e a t n ot e o t e u e

F III f s i v
.
,

( W T C -
V l I g V ) o m t u ue ,
a ter on e or ore t on e n e r en e

b tw h d f h s bj c d h b gi i g f h sw
,
.
,

e een t e en o t e u e t an t e e nn n o t e an er

( W T C V
-
l I F g I i t v i
o g F
.
g V II s
‘

v u ue on e n er en n n ot e , u ue e en

i i g t s ) sligh ly b f he s bj ct is c cl d d T h
, ,

n t e rv e n n no e or t e o re t u e on u e . e

l is m d c d is i f q t ( W T C V l I
,

att e r t er e a s t re tt o e nt ran e an n r e u en -
,
o .
,

Fu gu e IX )
c sw h m l dic pi
d h y th mic i
.

The ou n t e r o nt t o th e an er as a e o an r n

di id li y f it
v ua w d is f i mp
t c i h s bs q t d v l
o s o n an
-
o ort an e n t e u e u en e e

o p m f h
en t of g If h is c t p i is
t es d c ly ug in s tue . t ou n e r o nt
-

u e r e u rren t a a

th f g
e us bj ct i is id ifi d
ue c t s bj c
u e t en t e as a ou n e r u e t .

f h pp s m d l i th d mi sc d
,

If as o t en t a en a o u at on to e o n an or a e on

d mi t cc s by h d f h sw b i f pis d l ds b ck
, ,

o n an o ur t e en o t e an er, a r e e o e ea a

to h igi l k y f h s c d p p nc f h s bj c i h
t e or na e or t e e on a ear a e o t e u e t n t e

t on ic T h is will fig f m h sw it c t p i t I u se u re s ro t e an e r or
“

s ou n e r o n . n

xp si i th s bj c d sw pp lt t ly i ch f
.

th e e o t on e u e t an an er a ear a e rn a e n ea o

h v ic s
t e s lly i dj c
o e d T h f llowi g bl lis s th
u ua n a a en t or er . e o n ta e t e

d v ic s i w h ich s bj c sw lt
,

or d er an
'

d o e n u e t an an er a e rn at e :

S bj c
u (T i )
e t
J

on c

A sw n ( D mi er t) o n an

S bj c ( T
u e t

A swn (D er

p si i is c cl d d wh
The ex ch f h v ic s h
o t on on u e en ea o t e o e as en u n

i
c at ed h s bj c sw S m im s
t e pis d will f ll w h
u e t o r an er o et e an e o e o o t e

ls c m f h h m d x pp c f h b
.

a t an n ou n e en t o t e t e e an an e t ra a e aran e o t e su

j m
e cty cc ( W TC V laH F g X VI I — mo s 1 3 1 7 i
uri -
,
o .
,
u ue ea .
-
,
i

h b ss )
t e a

p si i i mi t d by c d c — f d mi
.

Th e ex o i
t on s ter na e a a en e o t en o n an t n

a m j fg a or l i m j i mi f g H w v h e h y h
u u e , r e at v e a or n a n or u ue . o e e r, t r t

mi m cm c i s He ov e ls t th d f s bs q en t on t n u e re , as a o a e en o u e u ent

s c i s h d fi i i f h c d c is m h m ic h m ic
.

e t on t e e n t on o t e a en e or e ar on t an et r .

,
 Imi ta t i ve c o n tr ap u n t a l f o r ms

AS S I G NMEN T

1 . A lyna h s bj c s d sw s f h f g s i W TC V l
ze t e u e t an an er o t e u ue n -
o 1 .

Id ify h sw l l If n l pl i why
.
,
.

en t t e an e r as t on a or re a . to a ,
ex a n .

2 . A lyna h p si i s F g s I X II i W TC V l I
f ze —
t e ex o t on o u ue to n ,
o . .

F u ga l d e v e l op m e n t
f p si i h f m is s c i al E pis d s g m i s
A t er the ex o t on , t e or e t on . o e u s1 n ot v e

which h d pp d i h m h s bj c
a i i
a c pi l e ar e e t er t e u e t or n ts ou n t e r o nt a

t e rn at e wi h h s m s f h s bj c T h s bj c m y b s d
t t e re t at e en t o t e u e t . e u e t a e u e

i i n igi l f m i h i th p i cip l
t s or na l dky i or e t er n e r n a or a r e at e e or n an

l d si wh ich m y i l c y m ti i
, ,

a t ere v er on gm t a nvo ve on t rar o on , au e n at on ,

or dimi i I s m i s c s h p i n u t on f ll w d imm
. n o e n t an e t e ex o su o n 1s o o e e

di l y by
at e c p si i i which s bj ct s d sw s p
a ou n t e r e x -
o t on n u e an an er re a

p b i diff
e ar , v ic s h i h p si i ( W TC V l I
ut
‘

n ere n t o e t an n t e ex o t on -
o

F g IX )
.
, ,

u ue .

I h W TC V l I F g
n t e XX h p si i ( m s 1 1 4 ) is
-
, o .
,
u ue ,
t e ex o t on ea .
-

f ll w d imm di ly by c
o o e p si i m c y m i
e at e a ou n t e r - e x o t on on t r a r ot on

(m s 1 5 ea Th p p s s
. d f c i s f h pis d e ur o e an un t on o t e e o e ar e to
eff c e m d l it ( W T C V l I F g II m s 9
a o u at on sc -
o . u ue ea e u re

i y b y i g ly p i f h s b j c c s bj c
, , ,
.

v ar e t t re at n on a or t o n o t e u e t or ou n t e r u e t to
thi h n ( W TC V l I F g
t e t ex t u re XXI m s 1 9 -
o u ue ea or to
c l nd ch i c l b l c ( W TC V l I F g VII
. .
, , ,

se u re t on a a ar t e t u ra a an e -
o u ue

si i s s pis d m s s f ll wi g
.
, , ,

ex p o m t on ea u re ,
e o e e a u re ,
o o n se c

T h e fin al s ci m y th d ic s f s e
g p i
t ont a u se e ev e o t r e t t o o r or an
"

o n

( W - T C V l I F g s II d XV I ) Wh il s m y b mpl yed t re t t o
‘

, o .
,
u ue an . e a e e o

s c i s ( W TC V l I F g s I d VIII ) i is m s
’

i
n li e ar er e t on -
o .
, u ue an t o t
s lf pi cc ywh b i h l s s c i
, ,

u nu u a g or an or an o nt to o u r an e re ut n t e a t e t on
l f wh w m y m h s f mi d
.

”
A s a re su t o f m at e a t er t e
“
on at a ra e o n

mp s h b e m d cl ssify th f g m g yp
,

at t e t av e en a e to a e u ue a on t e rn ar at

t e rns wi p si i
h — m i ddl s
t i ex I h g o m t on
‘

e e c t on r e t u rn n t e re at a

j i y f i s c s h is is f c d S f is h f m f
.

or t o n ly it an e t a or e an a s s ; o ree t e or a t er
b c ll d
.

'

h p i i
t e e x os t on t at t eh h i g h h h n ue as e en a e a t ex t u re rat e r t an a
p at t e r n , d h s gg s i h
an b m d h i migh b p f
t e u e t on as e en a e t at t t e re e r

a bl sp k f f g p c d
e to ea h h fg f m
o a
“
u ue ro e u re
”
rat er t an a u ue or
”

lysis p ic l i sh ld b p id h e ili i
.
{

I n an a ,
ar t u ar att en t on ou e a to t re u t zat on

o f m ri a l i h b y di c
at e sp si i eby d bl t ipl
t er re t t ran o t on or ou e, r e, or

pl c p i I h A h l gy f Mu i l F m N
,

q uad ru e ou n t e r o nt . n t e nt o o o s ca or s, o

d i i s h gh h f g — m s 7 8 f m
.

2l h a, t e r e ar e e r v at on t rou ou t t e u ue ea -
ro

3 4 m s 15 16 f m 7 8 m s 1 7 18 f m 5 6 m s 19 f m
.

-
ea -
ro -
ea -
ro -
ea ro

1 8 m s 20 2 1 f m 1 5 1 6
, .
, .
, .

,
ea .
-
ro -
.

If f g h w s bj c s f c di
a u ue mp i is
as m d t o u e t o oor n at e 1 o rt an c e t ter e

a d bl f g ou Wh e h e h s bj c s
u ue i dcd g h. t e r or n ot t e u e t are n t ro u e t o et er ,
C
o n t r ap u n t a l f o r ms

t he y are m an ip l u at e d sim lt u an eou sly in t h e c s ou r e of the c mp sio o

i
t on .

Th ere are f typ s f d bl f g xp siti s

ou r e o ou e u ue e o on :

1 . The s bj c s
u c d g th
e gth b i v
are
g ic s an n o u n e to e er 1 n n e1 or n o e at

the b gi i g f th f g O f
e nn n mb f p ssibl pl s
o e u ue . ne o a nu er o o e an

is :

So p r an o Su b . B An s . A
A to l
T en or

B ss a Su b . A An s . B
( H an de l Cl
,
a v ie r S u i t e N o 6 , t h ir
, . dm v o e men t ; B e e t h ov e n , Op 1 2 0 , .

Var i i at on

2 .s c d s bj ct e t s
The e on c t p i t th sw f u e n er as a ou n e r o nt o e an er o

h fi t es bj c ; t h ft b h s bj ct s t e d t g th
r st u e t e re a er ot u e are r at e o e er .

A s c d s bj c is dis i g is h d f m
e on c
u es bj ct i t t n u e ro a ou n t e r u e n

th h f m h
at t e m h m ic i divi d li y ( B ch W TC
or er as ore t e at n ua t . a ,
-
,

V l I F g o X II ; V l II F g XVI; H nd l M i h N
.
,
u ue o .
,
u ue a e ,
e ss a ,
o .

A d wi h H i
“
23 ,
n t s

3 Th . xp si i c sis s f tw s cti s I h fi t s bj c A
e e o t on on t o o e on . n t e rs ,
u e t
is t d l i ll th v ic s nd i h s c d b
re at e a on e n a e o e ,
a n t e e on ,
su

j t B is
ec t t d l . I h s bs q t
re a es c t i s ( s m a on e n t e u e u en e on or o e

t i m s th thi d pe ) th w s b j ct s
e t r d im l t art e t o u e ar e re at e s u a

l y ( B ch W—
n e ou s T C V l II F g s IV
. a d XVIII ; A
, , o .
,
u ue an rt

f F g o N u ue , o .

4 I s . d f s p t p si i f B h s c d s bj ct is
n tea o a e ara e ex o t on or t e e on u e

c mbi d wi h A d is t d i c j ct i with i i
,

o ne t an t re a e n on u n on t n se c

ti II f h e p si i ( B ch A f Fug N 9 Th m
on o t e x o t on a rt o ue, o e e

A — m s 1 3 4 Th m s A d B —m s 3 5
.
, ,

ea .
-
d) ,
e e an ea . t o en .

ipl f g tr e m wh ich h
u s bj s
ue 18 m ip l t d
on e t ree u e ct ar e an u a e

Slm lt u ly I
an e ou s h p si i ll h s bj c s m y b
. n t e ex cd o t on a t e u e t a e an n ou n e

g th
to e (B h v
er S i g Q e et Op 1 8 N
o en , 4 sc dmv tr n ua r t e t , .
,
o .
,
e on o e

m m s 64
en t , ea A . d B m y b to cdtg h fl an a e ann ou n e o et er , o

l w d by C i B ch s f g t th e d f h P
o e as n a g li i C ’
u ue a e n o t e a ssa ca a n

mi cd l d h m s B d C i
,

; h m A m y b
n or t e e a e ann ou n e a on e an t e e an n

d
t ro u c ed h f ( B ch W TC V l I F g IV; A f F g
t ere a t e r a ,
-
, o .
,
u ue rt o
'

u ue ,

No .

A m on g c
y W k s h l st m v m t f th Q i
on t e m p orar or t e a o e en o e u n te t

pi d s i gs by R y H is is ipl f g
,

for an o an tr n o arr a tr e u ue .

T h Fi l f M s Sy mp h y i C m j r ( J pit wh il ’ “
e na e o o z ar t on n a o u er e

c s i h f m f s t ll g o c t ins f g l pis d s d
a t n t e or o a o n a a- a e r ,
on a u a e o e an a

q i pl f
u n tu g T h fi es b j c s wuh ic h c m p
ueis h.h m ic e ve u e t o r e t e t e at
C
o n t r ap u n ta l fo r m s .

in G m i
s l i li ; B h v s G F g Op : 1 3 3 d
n or f or o o V o n ee t o en
’
re at
.

u u e, an

pi S O p 1 1 0 Fi l ; A h F t Si i Emj f
,

an o o na t a , .
,
na e rt ur oo e , u te n a or or

s i g ch s a Fi l ; B hm s Fi l f V i i ( H d l ) Op
tr n or e tr ,
na e ra
’
na e o a r a t o ns an e .

2 4 ; R h i nb g
,

-
F g e Op 7 8 N 2 f
er e r , g u ue, o o r or an

A sh fg f g l p ss g i h c s f l g m m
. . .
, ,

ort u ue, a u a a a e n t e ou r e o a ar er ov e en t ,

or a f g c sis i g f u ue p si i f ll w d by b i f pis d
on t n o an ex o t on o o e a r e e o e

is c ll d f g
a e f gh E mpl s f d i V i i 1 0 f
a u at o o r u et t a . xa e ar e ou n n ar at on o

B ch s G ldb g V i i S ch m s F gh Op 1 2 6 f
’ ’
a o er a r a t o ns ; u an n u e tta , .
, or

pi B h s Sy mp h y N 7 s c d m m t ( m s 1 8 3
an o , ee t ov en
’
on o e on ove en ea .

d bl f gh ) ; Fi l f h R ch m i v P i C
.
,

2 25 a ou e u et t a na e o t e a an n o ano on

ce r t oN 2 d f h B h ms P i
O . C an N 2
o t e ra an o onc e r to o . .

Si c h f g d i i s mbl ch h i c t i p
,

n e t e u u e an n v e n t on r e e e ea ot er n er a n ar

i l h f ll wi g dis i g is h i g ch
t cu ar s, t e oc is ics sh ld b
o n d t n u n ar a t er t ou e n ot e :

1 Th .
g f g s b j c is
e av e ra e l g h h e g i v u iue u e t on er t an t e av ra e n en t on

m t iv o e .

2 The f g s bj c is dit i lly u ue cd l u wh s e t t ra on a an n ou n e a on e , e re a

i v i m iv m y b c d wi h wi h
.

th e n en t on ot e a e an n ou n e t or t ou t an

cc mp yi g ica o an n vo e .

3 Th f g . sw r is diti lly i h fif h wh e s h i
e u u e an e t ra on a n t e t ,
re a t e n

ti sw m y b i y i t v l
v en on an er a e n an n er a .

4 Th f g . is l g f m b th i le gt h d i c c p
e u ue a ar e r or ,
o n n an n on e t .

5 D ic s f s d p i m f l m
‘

ev g e o q tt r et t o an
y or an o nt ar e or e re u en e

pl y d i h f g h i h i t i
.

o e n t e u ue t an n t e n v en on .

6 F g f m is mpl y d by
u ue or i s t m t s wh s e o e v 0 1 ce s or n ru en ,
ere a

h i v i is i st m l f m cl siv ly
.

t e n e n t on an n ru en t a or ex u e .

AS S GI NM E N T

1 I. A h l gy
n f M i l F m
nt o o s dy d ly N 3 1 o u s ca or s, tu an an a ze o . a

an d b .

2 . An a ly F ze u gu e s IV V V , III an d XVI of B ch s a
’
We ll -
Te mp e r e d
Cl
, ,

a v ie r , Vol I . .

3 . An a ly F ze u gu e s N os 2 . an d 3 of i d mi h s
H n e t
’
L u du s T o n a lis or

s o me ot h e r t w i en t et h - c en t u r y e xa mpl s e .
 C h ap t e r XV III

0 s tin a t o forms
Gr oun d mo ti ve groun d bass
p ass acaglia h
C a con n e

f( m I li m i g bs i ) ls c ll d g d
o s t i na t o ro ta an , e an n o t n at e ,
a o a e r ou n or

g d b
r ou n ss is c m ia h m w hi c h is
a p d
r e u rr e n t ot v e or t e e re e at e ,

s l ly i h s m ic h gh c mp si i s ci
,

u ua n t e a e vo e, t r ou ou t a o o t on o r a e t on

th f A
e re o ly mpl is f d i h e igh m s
. n e ar p ex a f e ou n n t e t- e a u re
“
es
”
o

T h is w ic p si ”
'

i i m
“
S m u er i ( s cu en n c . t o vo-
e es or o t n at o ,
wh ich cc mp i s fa ic c o is c lly f m s
an e a o u r -
vo e an o n , a tu a a ou r - e a u re

ph s s d i d bl c
ra e u e pi s imm sch
n ou e ou n t er o n t or t t au .

T h e re i s f g ds ( ) g d m i ; ( b )
ar e t h ree c at e go r e o r ou n : a r ou n ot v e

g d
rou nb ss ph s -

b ss s i ; d ( ) p ifi s c
a ra e or a o o t n at o an c s ec c t ru t u re
typ s — h p ss c gli d h c
e t e a a a a an C a on n e .

Th g ed m i is s lly m s
rou n w i l gt h I is
ot v e u ua a e a u re or t o n en t
ly l p d l d d s d mi h s e
.

of m
t en m ere an orn a en t a e a an oe n ot .
et er ne t e t ru
t u re d h g
as d b ss p ss c gli h m s I is s d i h m
o t e ro u n a or a a a a t e e t u e n o o

ph nic p s m f h i c p l f ms
.

o at t e rn or e o t en t an n on t r a unta or .

A l l e gr o c o n s pi ri t o
156 - 1 61 1 62

£9 F in al e
Co n t r ap u n ta l fo r m s

Be n sost e n u t o i l t e m po
13 4 1 55 p r e c e de n t e

fi rst mov emen t

x mpl s m y b f d i h Ch pi B
O t h er e a Op 5 7 h
e a e ou n n t e o n e r ce u s e , t e
mi 4 by S c i bi
,

P l d i B fl Op 1 7 N d i h P
‘

re u e n -
at n or , o r a n , an n t e as

f S ib li s P l l
. .
, ,

l d Meli
’ ’

t or a e o d e u e e as a n sa n e .

I t h sl w m v m t s
n ef h i vi li c c t s B ch i v i bly
o o e en o s o n on er o ,
a n ar a

u es s g d m iv i h b ss T h is m iv is t p t d id
‘

a r ou n ot e n t e a . ot e no re ea e en

t ic lly ch im ; wh il h hythm is i d x c ly h m l dic

a ea t e e t e r ret a n e e a t ,
t e e o

c t c s wi h s m f d m
on ou r re u r t o e ree o .

A n da n t e

A da g i o

b ss s i
Th e g dab s iso g lly si gl
o t n at o p h s or rou n a s e n e ra a n e ra e

( s ll y f
u ua ly w t ight m s i l gth ) F d i
ou r , rar e t o o e ,
e a u re s n en . ou n n

b h h m ph ic d p lyph ic m sic i is m f q i h
ot o o on an o on u ,
t ore re u en t n t e
l I c
at t e r s
. h g n d m i h b ss st i t ph s
on t r a t to t e rou n ot v e , t e a o o na o ra e

is m s f s do f m d mi i g p
t o t en th
u e divisi s d as a or -
eter n n at t e rn , e on an

i m
n y c s s v i i s c sp di g h dim si s f th
an a e ar at on orre on n to t e en on o e

h m h Fi l f B h ms H yd V i i h f ll wi g
’
t e I e . n t e na e o ra a n ar a t o n s , t e o o n

h m is h
t e e ds im s i s cc ssi
e ar ch c c ss
e v e n t een t e n u e on , e a r e u rren e a o

i t d wi h
c a e v i ti t a ar a on :

A n da n t e

p l e gg t e r o

Th i i i s cc v h b ss ( x mpl b l w ) f th
rt e e n v ar at on o ur o er t e a e a e e o o e

f B c h s B mi M Th f ch m t ic lly’
C ifi
ru c xu s o a n or ass . e u se o a ro a a

d sc di g b ss i ss ci i wi h m sic d picti g g i f
e en n a fin a o at o n t u e n r e or su er

i g w
n ly p ifi f
as n ot on f B ch s w k s b t ch c a s ec c e at u re o a
’
or u a ar a t er

i i
st c f B q c
o m p si i s i g l
ar o ue o o t on n en e r a .

( G r av e )
EX 1 62
C
o n t r ap u n t a l fo r m s

T h e p a ssa c a g l ia
T hep ss c gli d ch c a w
a a cl s ly l d B q a an a on n e are t o o e -
r e at e ar o ue

i i f ms b h d i i g f m h b ss s i
v ar at o n or ,
Bc s h
ot er v n ro t e a o o t n at o . e au e t e
i l s h s m im s b
t t e av e s d i ch g bly b y c mp s s s m
o et e een u e n t er an ea o o er o e

c f si h s l d i h tt mpt d fi a d dis i g ish h s

_
,

on u on as r e u te n t e a e to e ne n t n u t e e

f ms P ss c gli is ps d I li
or . a a a m f m h S p is h p a a eu o -
ta an t er ro t e an a sa

ca ll d w
e an igi lly d c A s c as or si c h B q na a an e . s a t ru t u re , n e t e ar o ue

p i d i is c pu t l f m c sis i g f s i s f co i s
er o ,
t a o n t ra n a or on t n o a er e o n t n u ou

v i i s bv
ar at on igh m s a si o h m e i an ipl m e t -
e a u re o t n at o t e e n tr e e t er

an d i mi n h h m b i g g n or , lly fi t e t ecd l i e e n e n er a rst an n o u n e a on e n

h b ss Wh il
t e a h h m c . i s m s f i h b ss i m y e t e t e e on t n u e o t -
o t en n t e a t a

cc si lly b f d i i pp ic E ly mpl s f
,

o a on a e ou n n an nn e r or u er v o e ar ex a e o

h v i i p ss c gli m y b bs v d i HAM V l II N
.

t e ar at on -
a a a a a e o er e n ,
o .
,
os .

23 8 d 24 0 T h s i cl d a p
an g li by
. Bib f e e i li d
n u e a ss a c a a er or v o n an

c i ( 1 6 7 5 ) d p ss c gli by G g M fi ( 1 6 9 0 )
on t n u o c . an a a a a a eor u at c .
-

wh ich c mbi s th oi i a d d f m s F ch B q ne e v ar at on n ro n e au or ren ar o ue

c mp s s d h m s c h c d
.

o os e r d p
u e il l f t h e ter a on n e an asse c a e or t e r on e au ,

an e x ampl b i g f d i ch ce by C h mb ié ( 1 6 5 0 )
e n ou n n a a on n e a on n re s c .

H AM N 2 1 2 ; h is h
, th f m A B A C A D E A
o . t as e or .

P ss gli
a s by B h
ac a d d P ch lb al i m p p d
u xt e u e an a e e ar e ort an t re e ces

s s f h c lmi i g w k i h is f m B ch s P
or o t e u n at n gli d or n t or a
’
a ssa ca a an

i C mi O i gi ll y f c mb l wi h p d l i w b
,

F g u ue n n or . r na or e a o t e a t a s su se

q ly d by B c is b s d f ll i
,

u en t g h f
arr an g I e t h e w g a or or an . t a e on o o n

h m
t e h fi h lf f w h ich is
e, t e k f m h Ti
rst a P o i ll ta en ro t e r o en a ss e c a e

by h F ch c mp s A d e R is
t e re n Tho B ch w k o er , n r a on e a or

c sis s f w y v i i s f ll w d by d bl f g ;
on t o t en t f h
ar at o n o o e a ou e u ue on e o t e
f g s bj c s is d i d f m h h h lf f h p ss c gli h m
u ue u e t er v e ro t e r st a o t e a a a a t e e:

EX 1 63

f
B ch d H d l c p f h cl s ly l d ch c
A t er a an an e ex e t or t e o e -
r e at e a o nn e

f m p s d i h Thi y T w V i i f B
,

or as r e r e en t e h d n t e rt -
o ar a t o n s o eet ov e n an

h Fi l f B hms F h S y mp h y h l c mb i i g h ’
t e na e o ra ou rt on ,
t e at t e r o n n c a

c on n e d p ss c gli f an s h ly ig ifi w k s
a a a a e at u r e t e re ar e n o t ru s n c an t or

h is f m il h w i h c y I h i h c y
,

in t or unt t e t en t e t en t u r . n t e n n e t een t en t u r

h f m w c s d sp k i b ks d i mpl s
“ ”
t e or as o n e rv e so to ea n text oo an n ex a e

m d l d h B ch p yp s h f d i Rh i b g
, ,

’
o e e on t e a rot o t e uc as ar e ou n n e n er e r s

E ig h h S t Op 1 3 2 ; h i E m i P
on a t a , g l i O p 1 5 6 ; d s n or a ssaca a, . an

s Op 5 6 ll f g I h w i h c y h p
.

’
R g e er a g or or an . n t e t en t et en tu r t e ass ac a

l i is c gi f s d f m b i g f d i m y m di
.
,

a on e a a n an o t en -
u e or e n ou n n an e a .

W h il c i f d ms c h m is s ill f f d
,

e e rt a nh r ee o o cu r , t e t e e t o ten ou n as an

e igh m s t -
i i im h b sis f f m si g c i s
ea u re u n t n t e, t e a o a or u n on t n u ou

i i T h p i cip l d p
v ar at o n . is h displ c m f di i l
e r n a e art u r e t e a e ent o t ra t on a
 0 s t i n a t o f o r ms

t on a t li y by o n e o r an ot h e r o f th e t w i en t e t h -
c en t u r y idi m s o of wh ich
t h e t h e me b l w is
e o an ill s i
u t r at on .

U se d
C o p y righ t

b y p e rm ission
1 9 5 2 b y S ch o tt
o f Assoc i at e d
C o , L t d , L on d on
M
u sic P u b lish ers, In c , N e w
. .

.
.

Y k or .

The s h ic c s c iv p ipl f h p ss c gli is h f

ae t et on t ru t e r1 n c e o t e a a a a t at o

re p ti i e p i i wh ich p i d s c i i y c h c d
t on , a re et t on ro v e on t n u t ,
o e ren e, or er ,

an d sy mm y I h w i hc y hs lm sbcm h
et r n t e t en t e t entu r t e e e e en t e o e t e

m s gh f i d
.

or e ou c mp s f h l c k f h g
t a ter n or er t o o e n at e or t e a o t at o r an

i i
z at on which w p i sly p id d by li y d dh c as re v ou rov e t on a t an a e re n e to

e s blish d f m s Al h gh h m Cl ssic is s d id ify

ta e or . t ou t e t er n eo - a u e to e nt

h
t at t d wh ich is ch ct i d by th g
ren i ili i ara er z e e re en e r at on or r eu t z at o n

o f s v e h d i gh
e n t een t h c y f ms h m B q
an e t een t -
en t u r or ,
t e t er n eo - ar o u e

1s m m y i s c s d p ic l ly i h is m
an n t an e pp p i ,
an art u ar n t ,
ore a ro r at e .

AS I N M E N
S G T

1 A ly B ch s P g li i C m i ( AMP N 2 2 ) ki g
’
. na ze a a ssac a a n n or , o . a , ta n

p ic l ar t i u ar n ot e o z

h a h y h mic
. t e i s f h hm
r t v ar an t o t e t e e

b h s ccessi
. t v i s wh ich
e u h s m h y h mic p
ve ar an t u se t e a e r t at t e rn

h l c i
c . t e f h h m
o at on o t e t e e

1 h( . i d h m ic s i gs f h h m
t e v ar e ar on ett n o t e t e e

2 U si g h
. b v
n li fi d d ly
t e a w i hc y
o e ou t ne,
'

n an an a ze a t en t e t -
en t u r

p ss c gli a a a a .

C haco n n e
igi lly w l d M ic d c imp d i Sp i h h
Or na a 1 ex an an e or t e nto a n, t e c a

con n e( Sp ish h f m B sq h an m ig p y )c a co n a ro a ue c oc u n a , e an n
“
re t t
”

is m i d f h fi im i 1 5 9 9 i s m
e n t on e s s by Sim
or t e r st t e n n o e v er e on

Ag d w i u f h w ddi g f h S p is h m
o r tt en ch Philip III
or t e e n o t e an on ar

p i d d c i fi l l y b c m s yli d
.
,

R fi d e d E ne an u ro e an z e as a an e, t na e a e t ze as

a v i i f m by h l s
ar at on h c y Al h gh h is
or t e at e e v en t e e n t en t u r t ou t e re
c sid bl i c sis cy i h il i m yb d fi d
.

on era f h e n on t en n t e u se o t e t t e, t a e e ne

as a i i f mbsdv ar at ons i s f h m ic p g ssi s or a e on a er e o ar on ro re on

s lly igh m s s i l gt h i ipl m d i mi

,

u ua e t I
e a u re n en ,
n tr e et e r , an n n or . n
Co n tr ap u n ta l fo r ms

sm css
o e a e t h e t h e me is p i d f
a er o or m , in ot h e r css
a e ,
a re p e at e d
ph s ra e .

p h ra s e

Mo l t o m o de r a t o mo d if ie d re pe t i t i on o f phr a s e
ph ra s e

8 00 b a sso

The d sc di g t ch d of h b v
e en n mpl is m s ypic l f
t e ra or t e a o e ex a e o t t a o

early B q w k s i his f m
aro ue or n t or .

T h p i cip l dis i c t i b w t h ch c d h p ss
“

e r n a t n on et ee n e a on n e an t e a a

c gli is th t i h f m th v i ti s
a a a n d iv d f m h
t e or er e ar a on are er e ro a ar

m ic s i s wh il i
on th
er e l tt h v i ti s
, e c t p tl
n e a er t e ar a on are on ra un a

lb i s bv
e a or at on blw c t m l dy Th s ti t f
a o e or e o a r e u rren e o . e o na o o

h ch c
t e is th c s q c f th
a onn e i f t h s m ch d
e on e u en e o e re t en t on o e a e or

p g ssi s it is th b ss f s i s f h m s ; th p ss
ro re on e a o a er e o ar on i e 1n e a a

c gli h s i t is m m l dic d is th h m ic ifi f
a a, t e o t na o o re e o an e t e at un er o

th f m
e or .

T h B ch Ch i D mi th l s t m v m t f h S d
’

e a ac on n e n n or , e a o e en o t e econ

P i
ar tf s l vi li is t ly h g t s t x mpl f this f m
ta or o o o n, no on t e re a e e a e o or

b t ls
u a f th m s t m g ifi
o on e o f w k s i it v s t
e o
g f a n cen t o or n s a ran e o

em i l p ssi
ot on a d it exm i g rehit t m
on an s a az n arc ec o cs

p t d ph s s t ct h m is c i d th gh t
.

Th e re ea e f th ra e ru u re o e t e e arr e rou ou

s m f h v i ti s I h v i t i s th s c d f m s s
o e o t e ar a on . n ot er ar a on e e on ou r e a u re

mb llis h m f th fi t f
,

are an e e en t o e rs ou r .

EX 1 67
 C ha p t er X I X

Oth er i
s ng e l movemen t forms
-

Tocca t a Ch or ale p r e lu de

t o c c a ta I t li( f ro m ch ) is f i f m d i s yl
a an , t occa t a , t o t ou re e n or an n t e,

ch c i d by
ara t er i g p ss g s
ze pid fig wi h p ti l imi
ru n n n a a e or r a u res , t o on a

i
t at ve or sl w s c i s o er e t on .

Th igi f h cc is f d i h si
e or n o t e to h c yi at a ou n n t e xt e e n t -
en t u r n to n a

i
z on e, a sh g p l d
ort orf m p i
an y f
re u i f m e o an 1 rov sat or n at u r e , ree n or

an d li gic l i f c i
tu r ; i w
a s d s blish h pi ch f h
n un t on t as u e to e ta t e t or t e
ch i imm di ly p c di g ch l c mp si i
o r e at e re e n a ora o o t on .

Am g h on li s cc s w h s f A d G b i li
t e e ar e t t o d
at a ere t o e o n re a a r e arou n

1 5 5 0 w h ich s d c h d s
,
d sc l p ss g s T h
u e or cc s f Cl di an a e a a e . e to at a o au o

M l ( 1 5 3 3 1 6 04 ) s blis h d p t
e ru o -
f fi s c i s (1)
e ta e a a t e rn o ve e t on : t oc
c ( 2 ) i mi i
at a , m ( 3 ) t cc
t at v e t r eat ( 4 ) i mi iv m (5 )
en t , o at a , t at e t r e at en t ,

to cc ( N 1 5 3 V l I f HAM) T h cc s f B P s q i i
at a see o .
, o . o . e to at a o . a u n

an d A Sc l .i w f h vi s yp si g p d mi ly p
ar at t e re o t e rt u o o t e, u n a re o n an t er

p l
etu a m i s yl A m
o t on g A S c lt i s w
e . k s h T on N . ar att
’
or ,
t e o cc a ta on a

is p ic l ly c iv w k i fi l s c i b i g
a art u ar att r a t i s wh ich
e or ,
ts na e t on e n a n ar o o

l ds i
ea cli m c ic c sc d ( AMF N
n to a a t re en o , o .

Wh il S h G m e c mp s s ( F b g K ll ) f ll w d h
ou t er an o o er ro e r er, er o o e t e
I li m d ls b i g sp ci lly i fl
t a an o e d by F sc b ldi h N th
e n e e a n u en ce re o a ,
t e or

c mp s s ( B h d d J S B c h ) d l p d m
,

G m er an o o er u xt e u e an . a ev e o e a o re

ex p si an d m v e anf lly i m gi iv f m M y f h s h w v
ore u a n at e or . an o t e e, o e er ,

a dh e re h M l sch m
to t e f fi s c i s wi h s m im s
e ru o e e o ve e t on t o et e a

d cl m y i t l d Th s B ch s T i G mi ( B ch G
,

’
e a at o r n er u e u a o cc a ta n n or a e

V l XXXVI ) h f ll wi g divisi s ( 1 ) t cc
.
,

se ll h f
sc a t, o th as e o o n on : o at a ,

( 2 ) d bl f g ( 3 ) d gi s c d f g ( 5 ) t cc
.

ou e u (4) ue, a a o, a e on u ue, o at a

cc s yl is s d ls i p l d s f g s I V l I f h
.

Th e to at a t e u e a o n re u e to u ue . n o . o t e

W l l T mp d C l i t h p l d s
e -
e e re F g s II V d VI i
a v er e re u e to u ue , ,
an are n

t h is c g y at e or .

Th p p e l m i yp f cc is f d i h vi t s pi
er etu a ot on t e o to at a ou n n t e r uo o an o

li f h
t e r a t u re o i h d tw i h c i s i cl di g w k s
t e n n e t e en t an en t et entu r e ,
n u n or
 O t h e r sin g le mo v eme n t -
f or ms

by Sch m D b ssy P k fi H gg C s ll d Kh ch
u an n , e u ,
ro o ev , on e er, a e a, an a a

tu ri an

E c p f s c i f m h cc p ss
.

x e h M l fi t or t e eru o v e- e t on or ,
t e to at a at t ern u e

a f t m st
ree or a p i l d si g s c i l i i di isi s T cc
o an o t on a e n, e t on a n ts v on . o at a

is h f t ch c d fi i g h h
e r e o re a f md fi i g il a ra t er -
e n n r at er t an a or -
e n n t t e .

AS S GI NMEN T

1 A ly
. N 2 3 i A h l gy f M i l F m
na ze o . n nt o o o u s ca ar s .

2 A ly P l d s II V d VI i V l m I f B ch s W ll T m
’
. na ze re u e , , an n o u e o a e -
e

p d Cl i er e a v er .

3 A ly
. h T na f pi by Kh ch i
ze t e sm h o cca t a or an o a at u r an or o e ot er

c mp y w k si g h i l f cc
on t e orar or u n t e t t e o to at a .

C h or a l e p r e l u de
Ach l p l d i p lyph ic l b i f ch l s lly
ora e re u e s a o on e a or at on o a or a e , u u a

for or an g A c h l is
. h y m f h G
or a e m P s Cah c h n tun e o t e er an rot e t an t ur .

I n an d en c g c g g i l p icip i i h
e av o r to en ou ra e on re at on a art at on n t e

ch ch s vic M i L h d h i f ll w s c mpil d c ll c i
ur er e, ar t n ut e r an s o o er o e a o e t on

o f si mpl s si g
e tu ne cl s Th m l di s w
u n k v e rn a u ar t ex t . e e o e ere t a en

f m s c l s gs d C h lic hym s I h P s s vic h

,

ro e u ar on an at o n . n t e ro t e t an t er e, t e

or g is an pl y d th c h la e i m m di ly b f t e i w s g by
ora e h e at e e ore t as un t e
c g g ti — h c h i l ch l p l d T h ch iq f si g
on re a on en e t e t t e or a e re u e . e te n ue o u n

a C h lic hym
at o c s fi m i p lyph ic g w k wn as a an t u r us n a o on or an or as

l dy id c d i A l Schlic k s T b l
a re a ev en e n h w rn o i t
’
a a ture n o ev e r , t
w as S m l S ch i d i h i T bl
a ue N e ( 1 6 2 4 ) wht n s blish d s a a t u ra o va o e ta e

h
t e ar t o f p ph si g ch l m l di s h g
ara ra n wh ich ora e e o e on t e or an , an a rt

re a ch d i h igh s d l pm i h v i d d m g ifi w k s
e ts e t ev e o en t n t e ar e an a n ce n t or

o f J S B ch T h . ma f V . im H i mm l i h by
e t re at en t o a ter u n se r e re c

S ch id B h d P c h lb l d J S B ch i V l m II f H AM
”

e t, u xt e u e, a e e ,
an . a n o u e o

1 9 0 p 1 3 ) is c cis ill s i f h h is ic l d l p
.

(N o .
, . a on e u t r at on o t e t or a ev e o

m f t h is f m
en t o or .

Ei h i i t er igi l m ic c s c i
n t s or i l g na l s etr on t ru t on or n on e r n ot e v a u e ,

h ch l m l dy is s d c s fi m A s ch i m y cc ‘

t e or a e e o u e as a an t u r us . s u t a o ur

i
n an y V ic b io is i i he, f h ut p t s p
t d l '

s p n e t er o t e ou t er ar e a or o ran o ,

i is m s t f q t ly f d Af ic is m s f
,

h
t at t o re u en ou n . ou r - v o e t e x t u re o t o t en

e mpl y d lth gh cc si lly h v ic

o e ,
a ou m o o h a on a a t re e - o e t re at en t r a ye

vo ic l b i ( B h m s Ch l P l d Op 1 2 2 N 2 ) is
e e a or at on ra
’
ora re u es , o

f d
. .
,

ou n .

T h f ll wi g e o h p o cip l yp sn are t e ri n a t e

1 Ch . l wi h m i ic c
ora e p i t— m tiv f d i d
t ot v ou n t e r o n a o e, o t en er v e

f m h m l dy isro t e d i mi i ly B ch O g W k V l
e o , t re at e t at ve a r an or s, o

d 3 3 ( ll B ch f cs s di
. .
,

V N 22, os an h P a a r e e ren e ar e to t e e t er e

i )
.

t on .
C
o n trap u n t a l f o r ms

2 . Ch l wi h i v i
or a e f g — h c s fi m is s lly
t n en t on or u ue t e an t u r us u ua

i nh s p t e ; h i i
o f g m iv is f d iv d
r an o t e n v e n t on o r u ue ot e o ten er e

f m h b gi i g f h ch l T h c s fi m is p c d d
ro t e e nn n o t e or a e . e an t u r us re e e

by i d c i which is c mpl xp si i
an n t ro 1f T h
u t on a o et e e o t on i n 1 t se e

f m is s c i l wi h ch s c i mi t d
.

or e t h
on a d f ,
t ea e t on t e r na e at t e en o

th ch e l ph s li A i l d f
ora e m m s s
r a e or ne . n n t er u e o on e o r o re e a u re

f q ly pp s b w h s c i s d p s l d
re u en t a e ar et een t e e t on ,
an a o t u e con
l d s th d sig B ch O g W k V l III N 4 2 ;
e u e e e n . a ,
r an or s, o . o .

B h ms Ch l P l d O p 1 2 2 N 3
,

ra , o ra re u es , .
,
o . .

Ch l m t t ( s m im s c ll d ch l wi h i v i g p )
or a e o e o et e a e ora e t n en t on ro u

s cti l f m h mb f s c i s c sp di g h
-
a e on a or ,
t e nu er o e t on orr e on n to t e
nu mb f li s i h ch
er o l A i h si h c
ne ym n t e ora e . s n t e x t ee n t -
en tu r o

wh
t et , ch s c i h it w m i
e re e a w s bj c s lly e t on as s o n ot v e , a n e u e t u ua

d i d f m i sp c iv li
er v e ro s d i ch s c i B ch t s re e t e ne 1 s u e n ea e t on . a

W k V l VI N
,

O g r an 23 a d 24
or s, o .
, os . n .

4 . C lh o r aie —
a h ch
s ar aZ l m l dy s lly i h pp m s t e ora e e o u ua n t e u er o t
p t is xt si ly mb llish d Th cc mp im is l ss
,

ar , e en ve e e e . e a o an en t e

c p l th i th h yp s f
on t r a u n t a di g w d h an n e ot er t e ,
o t en t e n n to ar t e
h m ph ic B ch O g
o o on W k V l V N 5 1 ; V l VII
. a ,
r an or s, o .
,
o . o .
,

No 4 5 .

5 . Ch l with i ll —
or a e i gm if m h y h m r t orn e e a ru n n n ot 1 ve ln un or r t

is h b sis f h m f m igh six m s s i l ng h

t e a o a t e e ro e t to t e en e a u re n e t .

This th m is s d i t d ct i i t l d d p s l d
e e u e as an n ro u on , n er u e , an o t u e .

D i g h pl yi g f h ch
ur n l li i is s d ly f gm
t e a n o t e or a e ne t u e on ra en

t il y B
ar h O g W k V l V I N 2 ; B h m s Ch
x ac ,
l r an or s, o .
,
o . ra ,
o ra

P r e l u de s O p , . 1 22 , No . 4 .

6 . Ch l f t —p i s f h ch l h h a th wh l
or a e an a s1 a or t on o t e or a e , r at er t n e o e,

are s d Th cc mp yi g ic s whil i mi tiv d

u e . e a o an n vo e e ta e, o n ot

c ss ily d i f m h ch l h m T h f m is s c i l
,

t e or a e t t on a
-
ne e ar er v e ro e e . e or e .

B ach O g W k V l V N 3 4 ; V l V I N 22
,
r an or s, o .
,
o . o .
,
o . .

7 Ch l v i ti s— h se i l d s ccessi f diff
ora e ar a lb on t e nc u e a
'

u on o e re n t e a

ti s f h s m c h l T h mb f v i i s m y
.

or a on o t e a e or a e e nu er o ar at on a

c sp d h mb f s s B h ms M Op 7 4
.

orre on to t e n u er o t an za . ra ,
o te t , .
,

No 2 . .

AS S I G NMEN T

1 . A ly c mpl ly N 24 i A h l gy f M i l F m
na ze o ete o . n nt o o o u s ca or s .

2 . Fi d v i s x mpl s f h ch l p l d d id ify ch
n ar ou e a e o t e or a e re u e an en t ea as

to typ e .

A ly na f h ch l p l d mpl s by B ch B h ms
z e on e o t e ora e re u e e xa e a or ra

f d i his ch pt
re e rr e to n t a er .
 Chap t e r XX

The s on a a as a t wh ole
y l i c tr e a t me n t
c c

so n a ta will g lly c sis f h

e n e ra f m m s I on t o t r ee o r ou r ov e en t . n a t h ree

m ov e m w k h mi
en t or sch ( t m il
e d c n u et or erz o or a 51 ar an i d
e - der v e

m ov e m ) is
en t di ily mi d d h mp s f h m
or n ar o tt e an t e te o o t e ov e m s en t

are : I f s
— II sl w III— f s S c l p ssib ili i s f
a — t, o ,
a t . t ru t u r a o t e o h i
t e v ar

ou s mov e m si h s
en t wh l f ll w
n t e on at a as a o e o o :

F ir s t m o v e m e n t :

G en e r a lly s on at a- a ll e gr o

S e co n d m o v e m e n t :

1 . Fi sr t r on do —B e e th ov e n , S o n a t a s Op 2 N o s 1
,
.
,
. an d 2 , Op l o .
,

No . 3
2 Se c on d r on do —Moz art S er e n a de f or s i g ch s ; B
tr n or e t ra ee

9 Q
.
,

t h ov en , S o n a ta O p 1 3 S y mp h o n y N o i A mi u ar te t n n or ,

l
.
, ,
.
,

Op . 1 3 2 ; Mah e r , S y mp h o n y N o 4 .

3 . Th id r r on do ( v er y r ar e —
) B e et h ov en , S y mp h o n y N o . 4
4 . Son at i ne —Moz art ,
Q u in t e t in G m i n or (K 5 1 6) .

5 S on at a -
l
al e gr o —B e e t h ov en , S y mp h o n y N o 2 S tri n g Q u ar t e t in
j Op 5 9
. .
,

F M a or , .
,
No . 1
i i s H yd
— j p is i
_

6 . Var at on a n, Sy mp h on y in G m a or Su r r e S be
li s
u ,
S y mp h on y N o 5 ;
“
. B ee t h ov en , S o n a ta f or V o i li n an d pi an o ,

Op . 4 7 ( K r e u tz er

7 . F r ee f C
or m— N B eet h ov e n , P ia n o on c er to o . 4

Thi d m m
r ( f f
ove m m w k)
en t o a ou r - ov e en t or

1 S g f m wi
on h i ( ) mi
s — ors f H yd t tr o n u et o a n an d Mozart so

s d sy mph i s ; m i s d sch s B s
.

of e et h ov en
’
n at a an on e n u et an e rz o

w ks or

2 S c . d d —B h m s S y m p h y N
e on r onI o ra , on o .
M u l t i m o ve m e n t a n d m u l t i
- -
se c t io n a l fo r ms

F o u r th mo ve m en t
-
( or idmvmth r o e e n t of a t h re e - m o e me n t v w ork )
1 . Se c on d r o n do f m —H yd
or a n, S o n a ta f or pi an o in D ma j or ;

B th v S
ee o en , o n a ta , Op . 1 0 , No . 3

2 . Thi d d f r r on o or m —B e et hoven ,
S ona ta s , Op . 2 , No . 3 an d

Op . 13

3 . S on at a -
a ll e gro — B eet hov en ,
S y mp h o n y N o . 5

4 . Var i i
at on s —B eethoven ,
Sy mp h on y N o . 3; B rah m s ,
Sy mp h o n y
No . 4

Exc p i lly e f v m f m h mi t sch

t on a in a ou r- mo e en t or t e nue ,
e rz o , or

si mil m v m m y cc
ar sc d h h
o e hi d m v
en t a o u r as a e on r at er t an as a t r o e

m T h is h pp
en t . s wh h m d t mp fl ti
a h c en en t e o e rat e e o o r re ec ve c ara t er
o f fi t m
a m w ld m k i i dvis bl f ll w it with
rs ov e en t ou a e t na a e to o o a

sl w m v m si c h c ss y c t s b tw h m m s
o o e en t , n e t e ne e ar on ra t e e en t e ov e en t

w ld b l s Am g f m v m t c mp siti s i wh ich s ch
ou e o t . on o u r- o e en o o on n u a

m v m is s c d M t s Q d s t i gs
"
"

’
o e ent f fl t e on ar e ozar ua r t e t or u e an r n

B h v s Sy mph y N 9 B di s Sy mph y N 2
e et o en
’
on o .
, o ro n
’
on o .
,

an d Sh ost ak ov ich S y mp h o n y No
’
s . I .

T he o n e - m o v e m e n t so n a t a

The s is f m which m g s i h l
o n at a in on e mo v e m en t a or e er e n t e at e

i t h d ly w i h c i s I m s t t b c f s d wi h
n n e e en t an e ar t en t e t en t u r e . t u no e on u e t
h
t e on e m m s -
s f D m i c S c l t i wh ich d iv f m
ov e en t on at a o o en o ar a t ,
er e ro

h
t e bi y s it m v m t
n ar u e o e en .

T h f ll wi g s t ps c
e oib d h m g c f h is f m
o n e on t r u te to t e e er en e o t or :

1 Th s t divid d i t mov m t s b t pl y d with t p s

e on a a e n o e en u a e ou au e

b w h s m v m t s—B th v S
.
,

et ee n Op 2 7 N
t e e 1 o e en ee o en , on a t a , .
,
o .

Th w m v m t s e —B h v
t S o O p 5 3 Op
-
o e en on at a ee t o en , o n a t a s, .
,
.

5 4 , Op . 78 an d Op 9 0 .

3 . T he cm
bi i
o n n g of sl w o mo v e m en t an d m i n u et in one —B ee
t h ov en , S o n a ta , O p 2 7 , . No 2 c
S he rzo ; B r ah m s ,

j i li pi c
.

S on a t a in A m a or f or V o n an d an o ; Fran k , S y mp h on y in
D mi nor

4 . So n at a s wi h cyclic t m —Sch
in ( 1 ) or ( 2 )
as a b ov e t re at en t u

m an n , d 4 S i nt S e s C l l C
S y m p h o n ie s N o s 1 . an ; a -
a n ,
e o o n ce r t o

i A mi
n ; L is t P i C i E fl
n or m j z ,
an o on ce r t o n -
at a or

5 Fi lly h
na m v m f m s lly wi h l g s c i l di
t e on e - o e en t or u ua t ar e e t on a
isi s—L is P i C
.

i A m j r; S ib l i s S y mp h y
, ,

v on zt , ano on c er t o n a o e u ,
on

N o 8 R y H
. is Sy mp h y N 3 Hi d mi h S
; o arr N I on o .
; n e t , o n a ta o .

p ; Alb B g P i S P k fi v S
,

for 1 an o N
an 3 er ,
a no o n a t a; ro o e ,
o n a ta o .
,

Op . 28

In t he P ia n o C o n cer t o of De lius ( 1 8 97 ) t h e re are t h re e l ar ge

Mu lti mo ve me n t a n d m u l ti
- -
se c t io n a l fo r m s

The f ll wi g sf m i
o o n d m
t r an or at on an e t am o r ph sis
o of th e p i cip
r n al

t h e me o cc s i D b ssy s S i g Q
ur n e u
’
tr n u a r te t , Op . 10:

'
'
Firs t Mo v e me nt
An i m e et t r es dec i de b)
EX 171

S e co nd Mov e me nt

Th is m iv ot e re u r c s s cc ssi ly th i t
u e ve r een t im s
e .

Vi o l i n l

Vi o l i n l l

Vi o l a

Fo u r t h Mo v e me n t
Tr es m o dér é m)
15
 T he so na t a as a w h o le cy c lic tr e a t m e n t

0 Te m p o t u b at o
141 1 42 1 44 1 67 1 58

p i cipl f cyclic
The r n m is imp e o s c lfc t r e at en t an ort an t t ru t u r a a t or
i
n h tg i
e or i f p g m w k s
an z at on op ic l ly h s di id d i ro r a or ar t u ar t o e v e n to

s v l w ll d fi d s c i s m m s A p p l w k i h is
,

e e ra e -
e ne e t on or ov e en t . o u ar or n t

c g y is R ims ky K k S h h d T h m cyclic is ls
at e or -
or sa ov s
’
c e e r a za e . e t er a o

s d d sig m l i m m f m s s ch h s i s
u e to e n at e u t -
ov e en t or u as t e u te , on at a ,

c c on c
er t o , wh ich c sis f cycl f m m s I h is
or an t at a on t o a e o ov e en t . n t

u se of h m c ss y h m ic i
t e ter l i sh ips f h m v
no ne e ar t e at n t e rr e at on o t e o e

m s en t mpli dar e i e .

I NMEN
AS S G T

1 Fi d mpl s f cyclic m i F ck s S y mp h y i D ’
. n exa e o t re at en t n r an on n

mi ( I is p f bl pi d ct i )
,

n or . t r e e ra e t o u se a an o re u on .

2 L is
. h h m ic d i
t t e t e i s f d i h f di isi s ( m
at e r v at on ou n n t e ou r v on ov e

m s ) f L is s P i C
en t oi E fi i h f
zt
’
s ct i s f an o on ce r t o n -
at or n t e ou r e on o

h is L es P r el u des .

3 . An a ly f h f ll wi g
ze m
on e om t w ks y t e o o n on e -
ov e en or or an oth er

y ous l c e e t:

L is S zt ,i B fl t mi o n a ta n -
a n or .

S ib li s S y mp h y N
e u7 , on o . .

L is t C z i A m j
, f pi d ch s t
o n cer t o n a or , or an o an or e ra .

Is h w k di id d i m m s s c i s ? Is h
t e or v e nto ov e en t or e t on t e t re at men t
cyclic L is h h m tic
? sf m i s Ch th dy
t t e t e a t r an or at o n . art e n am ic
sch m by s c i s o f h w k
e e wh l
e t on r or t e or as a o e .
 C hap t e r X XI

The s ui e t
su i te is an inst ru l f m c sisti g f
m en t a pti l mb f
or on n o an o on a nu er o

mo v e m en t s . Th e t w b sic t yp s
o th B
a q s it ( 1 6 5 04 7 50) e are e ar o ue u e c .

and th e mo d e rn s i f h i t h d w ti h c t i s
u te o t e n n e een t an t en et en u r e .

T h e B a ro q u e s u it e

Th e B q s it aro ue u It ly
e, kn o w ls n a o as
‘

p ar t i ta in Germ an y an d a ,

l e ssons i E gl d d n d i F nc c ll cti f d c
an ,
an 0r re s n ran e, 15 a o e on o an e

m ov e m s gi g g
en t lly i mb f m th
r an n t w lv A s ite n era n nu er ro r ee to e e . u e

by Ch mb ie ( 1 6 50 ) co t i s t w ty igh t d c s M st
a on n r es c . n a n en -
e an e . o

s it s h w v c sis f f m f
u e , o e igh m v m t s
er , on t o ro ou r t o e t o e en .

Th igi f h B q s i m y b f d i th si
e or n o t e h d
aro ue u te a e ou n n e x t ee n t an

s h c
ev e n t een t y p ctic f g pi g d c s by p i s Th s w
-
en t u r ra e o r ou n an e a r . e e e re

resp ct i ly i d pl d ipl m
e ve thn sc d d c big
u e an tr e e t er , e e on an e e n a

i d v si f h fi t Th p v g lli d d p ss m
v ar e er on o t e l rs . e a an e -
a ar an a a ezzo- s a

t are ll w o h s c mbi d Th g
e re t pi g f th u m od c si ne . e rou n o re e or ore an e n

a s i s is ill s d i l c ll cti s f h ly si t th t y
er e u t r at e n u te o e on o t e e ar x een c en u r ,

am g wh ich is h F
on ch p blic i f P Att i g t t e r en u at on o . a n n an

M s t i mp t t i s t blis h i g th p ifi d a c s f h
o or an ly s it
n e a n e s ec c n e o t e e ar u e

w asJ J F b g ( 1 616 . I hi w k s t h
ro er e rll m d c t n s or , e a e an e, ou r an e ,

an d s b d ar a s d with th gig dd d
an e pti l d c
are u e e ue a e as an o on a an e

bf e ore or af h c I p s h m s p blic i f h i w ks
t er t e ou r an t e . n a o t u ou u at on o s or

D ch p bli s ha pl c d h gig t th d f th s it
ut u er a e t e ue a e en o e u e .

W ks by S ch i Sch id K i g
or d P ch lb l
e n, ls f imp e t, r e er , an a e e ar e a o o or

c i h d l p m t f h is f m
t an e n t e ev e o en o t or .

B ch s six F ch s it s six E glish s it s d six p t it s tili

a
’
ren u e n u e an ar a u ze

h s i s ll m d —c —s b d — p i l d c s—gi g
, ,

t e er e a e an e ou ran t e ar a an e o t on a an e ue .

Th p ti l d c s m s ly F ch i cl d mi t b é g v t
e o on a an e o t re n n u e nu e ou rr e , a o te ,
p ss pi d p l is ig d i t Th E glish s it s d p
, , ,

a e e , o on a e, r au on , a r , e c . e n u e an ar

t i s b gi
ta wi h p l d wh ich s s th f m f i v ti
e n t a cc t
re u e u e e or o n en on , to a a,

o r , asi h E g li h S i N
n t e 4 F ch v t A d b l f ll wi g
n s u te o .
,
ren o e r u re . ou e o o n

a d c is an e i i ch c i d by i gp t
a v ar at on ar a ter ze a run n n a t e rn .
Mu l t i m o v e m e n t a n d m u l t i
- -
se c t ion a l for ms

D ance M e t er T e mp o o t h er C h a r a c t e r is t i c s O r ig i n

Ga v o t t e E achph r ase st a r t s o n t h e
t h ir d q u ar t e r b e a t ( T h e .
F re n ch

gav o t t e w a s o f t e n f o l l ow e d
by m u se t t e e m p l oy i n g a
'

d r o n e b ass w h ich in t u rn l e d
,

t o a d a c a p o r e p e t it i o n ) .

F ast D o t t e d rh y t h m w id e skip s
P
or , ,

i m it at iv e t r e a t m e n t a r t II
o f t e n b e g in s w it h sub e ct i n
c o n t r a r y m o t io n T h e It a lia n .
.

j
t y p e g iga i s n o n im it at iv e
, ,
-

an d i s m o r e r ap id in t e m p o .

H orn p t p e C ade nce on

m e asu r e
t h ir d b e at o f
.
E n gl ish

L a ure M o derat e D ot t e d r h y t h m s , e m p h a s is F re n ch
o n st r o n g b e at s .

M in u e t M o de r at e CF o u r t l y , c e r e m o n iou s . F re n ch
re q u e n t ly f ol low e d b y
“ ”
a t r io an d a d a c a p o .

P a ss e p i e d L iv e l y G ay , sp ir it e d . B re t o n

P a va n S t ate l y , so l e m n . S p a n ish

P o l o n a is e M o d e r at e G r ac e f u l , st at e l y a d e n ce
o n se c o n d b e at R e p e t it io n .
. C P o l i sh

o f sh or t m o t iv e s .

R ig a u do n or E a ch p h ra se b e gin s
f o u r t h q u ar t e r .
on P ro ven ga l

S a l t a r e l 10 A sso c i at e d w it h a d a n ce It a l ian
u s i n g a u mp i n g or
h o pp in g st e p
j .

S t a t e l y S t ar t s
. on d o w n b e at . S p an ish

M o d e r at e L y r ic m e l o d y , p ast or a l l ik e ,
d o t t e d rh y t h m
-
It a l ian
.

By the l at e r e igh
d c s i w s p s d d byt ee n t h cen t u ry , t h e an e u te as u er e e

t h se d e ren a d di e, c ss i
im f ms wh ich li k h s i
a at on , an v e rt en t o or e t e u te ,

w c mp s d f p i l s ies f m m s B i h s
,

e re o o e o an o t on a er o ove en t . ut n t e e
R c c
o o o and Cl ssic f m s h m p h y h ah p lyph y p or o o on r at er t an o on re

il d d h m s h h b j m i s w h s c
,
~

va e , an t e e r at er t an su ec t s o r ot v e e re t e t ru t u re
d fi i g c mp
e n n s T h e h m ph ic f m s— s
o on e n t i i. o o on or on at a , v ar at o n ,

ron d —w
o, h setc mpl y d f
. h i di id l m m s
e re t o e e o e or t e n v ua ov e en t .

Wh s h s i s h d b c mp s d g lly f k yb d i
e re a t e u te a ee n o o e e n er a or e o ar n

m
st r u h s
e n t s, d s c ss i s d di i m i we w i
t e er e n a e a at o n an v e rt en t re r tt en
s i gs wi h wi h s m wi ds T h s b y H y d d M
, ,

f or tr n t or t ou t o e n o e a n an o z a rt

b s k w B y h l igh h c y h s f m s w s p
.

are e t no n t e at e e t e en t en t u r t e e or er e u er

d d by h l g sc l s d sy mp h y
.

se e t e ar e -
a e on at a an on .
 T he s ui t e

S on a ta da c a m er a

A s e arl y s i s c sis i g f si f i g gli d d c

as 1 62 5 u te on t n o n on a , a ar ,
an orr e n t e

ar e b fto d i h p blis h d w k s f G B B
e ou n n m t e Th u e or o . u on a en t e . e

li s pp c f h il ( c h mb s
.

e ar e t a d
e ar an m e o ) t e t t e so n a ta a ca era a er on at a

is i p blish d w k by J h R miill ( 1 6 67 ) f s i gs
n a u e or o an n ose n er or tr n

d c i By h im f C l li Op 2 f i li l
’
an on t n u o . t e t e o ore s or v o n a co

l ci f l i s s d ch c h f m f h
.

e t on o e e v en t r o o n at a an a a on n e , t e or o t e so na ta

d m
a ca w s bili d c sis i g w f f
e ra as fi
ta m m s
ze on t n no o ou r o r ve ov e en t :

p l d — ll m d c b s b gi g
,

re u e a ( h )
e — an d — e or( g or ren t e or ot ara an e ue or a

) Th B ch S
v o tt e f s l i li N 2 4 d 6
e a o n a ta s or o o V o n os an are ex

mpl s f h
. .
, ,

a e d
o m t e so n a ta a ca e ra .

S on a t a da c h i e sa

In his S in f o n io a 2 3 lli s blish d h 4 Is t r o m e n ti T o re e ta e t e

f m m f m d gi — ll g — d gi — ll g wh ich w
, ,

o r
u -
ov e en t or a a o a e ro a a o a e ro , as

s bs q ly d p d by l c mp s s
u e u en t a ho te d hi at e r o o er as t e so n a ta a c esa

( c h ch s m c h ch s c m b s df ”
ur ) H w h o n at a o t e t er ur o n at a a e to e u e or

h is p is cl l h gh s m f h m sic w w i
.

t at t e rn n ot e ar , a t ou o e o t e u as r t t en t o
b pl y d i
e h ch ch A i
a e n h s i t e ch m m is di id d
ur s n t e u te , e a ov e en t v e

i w p s wi h ch p i p d Oi w k s i h c
.

n to t o ar t ,
t ea o r t o n re e at e . or n t e u r ren t

re p i h i s
e rt o r e , t s f H d l f i li d pi
e s x on at a p o an e or v o n an an o are re te

i m pl s f h is f m
se n t at v e e x a e o t or .

Th di ff e c b w h e re n d m e d h et d
een t e so n a ta a ca er a an t e s o n a ta a

c hi is h i h f m d c i l s d d c p t s w s d
e sa t at n t e or er , an e t t e an an e at e r n e re u e ,

wh s i h l
e re a mp n i l s d i mi i
t e m si h l
at t e r , te o t t e an t at v e t re at en t n t e a

lg m m sw
e ro ov e ili d I h en t d hi h d f
e re u t ze . n t e s o na t a a c e sa , t e or e r o
h m
t e m s d h s l mp d m
ov e en t anf ch w t e f ll ws u ua te o an et er o ea as as o o :

I Sl w 4 4 o B dp d s ro a , on e r ou

II F s 4 4 a t F g l i mi i u a or t at v e

III Sl w 3 4 3 2 o C bil or an t a e

IV F s r 1 2/
a 8t Of lik h gig gig o -
t en e t e a or ue

In h B q r d m
t e aro d d Ch i yp s f u d i
ue e a , a ca e ra an a esa t e ar e o n n

s sf f m
on at a f p f m s d ls i h
or ro on e to ou r e r or er an a o n t e co n c e r t o

Ch p XXII )
,

g (
r o ss o se e a t er .

P a r t it a

In t h e s e v e n t e en t h an d e igh teen th c i s h m p i d ig
en t u r e t e t er a r t ta es

mat e d eih s i s
t er a er e of v ar at on i i s or a s i O igi lly h i l ppli d
u te r na t e t t e a e

i i s i T
.
,

an d
’
t o v ar at on as n r ab ac i s R ice r c a t e p a r t it e d i v e r se ( 1 6 1 5
Fr e sc ob aldi
’
s T o cc a t e e p a r t i t e d i n t a vo l a t u r a
’
B ch s s
a u e

t h e t e r m i n b ot h s ss
en e : th e Ch o ra le Pa r t it a s f o r or gan are v ar at on i i s
wh s
,

e re a t h e six S u i t es f or h arpisch ord in t h e C la v ie r ii b u n g , an d t h e

Mu l ti mo ve m e n t a n d m u l t i
- -
s e c t iona l f orms

s l vi li s
o o o n on at a sN os . 2, 4 , an d 6 ar e e a c h i l d p it
t t e art a

T h e mo de r n s u it e

d s i is i s m l f m f p i l mb f
Th e mo e rn u te an n t ru en t a or o an o t on a n u er o

m v m t s , ifi d by b i g l
o e en d s m c l s bj ct U lik
un e e n r e at e to o e en t ra u e . n e

i B q c t p i m v m s d t c ss ily c sis f
ts aro ue ou n e r art , ts o e en t o no ne e ar on t o
d csan e l l i th s m k y
, d
are n o t ag lly t i bi y n e a e e ,
an ar e en er a no n n ar

f orm .

c t g i s f th m d s i d
Th e a e or e l f m b t
o e o ern u te o n ot re at e to or u to a
typ s ch i cid l m s c
e, u as pl y ( G i g P Gy S i )
n en t a u 1 to a a r e eer nt u te ,

b ll s i ( S i sky R i f Sp i g) p g m s i ( H ls Th
,

a et u te t rav n ,
te o r n , or ro ra u te o t, e

Pl G fé G
a n e t s; d C y ro ,
ra n an on

m s i is ls s d f h f m v m bs c
“ ”
Th e t er u te a o u e or a t r ee or ou r -
o e en t a t ra t

w k f i s
or , o f m i wh ich h i di id l m m s
t en n on at a or , n t e n v ua ov e en t are n ot

su ffi i l y i eg
c en t di l g i ll w h w k b c ll d
nt rat e n to a ar er u n t to a o t e or to e a e

s t symph y E x mpl s i cl d D h a yi S i f O
'

’
a on a a or a on a e n u e o n n s u te or r
-

Op 1 9 B g s L y i S i s i gq 6k
’
h f d B
’
c e s tr a , .
,
er r c u te or tr n u art e t , an art s

S i f
u te pi or ano .

I NMEN
AS S G T

1 A ly
. h B
na q s it
ze t e mplifi d i A h l gy f M i l
aro ue u e as ex e e n nt o o o u s ca

F m N 2 5 E mpl s 1 2 3 4
or s, o .
,
xa e , , ,
.

2 C . sid m d s it with wh ich y

on er a f mi li o ernh b sis u e ou are a ar , on t e a

f h f m
o d m sic l s yl
t e or W i g cl
an ss c mpl u a t e . r t e or 1 ve 1n a a o et e

p si g th m sic ill s
re o rt u n y pi s e u to u t r at e ou r o nt .
Mu lti mo ve m e n t a n d m
-
u l t i - se c t io n a l f o r ms

n ar yb y A s lf
e au t f h is w k is h t t h
. n u nu u a e at u re o t or t a e re are no

c c i s l is s
on e rt n o o o t .

A i h B
s q sn it e h c c g ss
ar o is h d ue on at a , so n t e on e rt o ro o t e re a a

ca m d d
e ra an hi yp D c m m s m i vid ca a c e sa t e . an e ov e en t are o re n e en e

in h fi t yp
t e wh s bs ct m m s p d mi t i h
rs t e, ere a a t ra ov e en t re o na e n t e

s c d I b h typ s x mpl s c sis i g f f

e on . n ot d fi m v e e a e on t n o ou r an ve o e

s f d T lli s Op 2 is i l d C wh il
,

m d m
’
en t are ou n . o re . t t e onc er t o a ca era , e

H d l s Op 6 N 7 m i d b v is x mpl f d hi
’
an e .
,
o .
,
en t on e a o e, an e a e o a a c e sa

t yp e .

I h B n q c c g ss
t e s l vi si y b t l
ar o ue on er t o ro o n ot o o rt u o t ut on a c on

t s ra h c t, t e st f h ligh t b dy f c c i t on t ra d th o t e er o o on e r t n o on e an e

d s q li y f h t i is ig ifi t Th is f c is
e n er ua t o ly f
t e u tt s n can . a t or n ot on o

s ylis ic imp t c b is ls s m wh t f m d mi i g I m st
,

t t or an e ut a o o e a or -
et er n n . t u

b e d s d h t h c c i ( ch s l ) i s t m t s f
un er t oo t a t e on e rt n o or e tra n ru en o t en
d bl h c sp di g ch s p s c pt i th s s cti s i
ou e t e o rr e on n or e t ra ar t ex e n o e e on n

wh ich h y s d s l i st m s
t e ar e u e as o o n ru en t .

I m y c c s h f m f h pid m v m t s is
.

n an on i
e rt o ,
t e or o t e ra o e en on e n

wh ich i ll pl y d by h a r i s mbl l
t o rn e o , s wi h a e t e en t re en e e, a t e rn at e t

p ss g s pl y d by s l p f m
a a e by g p f s l is s T h s
a e a o o e r or e r or a rou o o o t u

h Fi l f B ch s E m j C vi li sixt m s
.
,

i f
’
n t e na e o a a or o n ce r t o or o n, a ee n - ea

u re i i ll is h d fi i m s c i g id ic lly ch im
tu tt r t orn e o e ar ve t e ,
r e u rr n en t a ea t e .

O f B ach s i B d b g C N 5 i D m j is h m s
’
s x ra n en ur on c er tos, o . n a or t e o t

b illi T h c c i s cti i cl d s pi flu d i li ; h
r an t . e on e r t n o e on n u e an o , te, an v o n t e
r ipi s i g ch s
en o , d c i u I h fi m m i h is
tr n or e t ra an on t n o . n t e rst ov e en t o -

t
w k h i i ll wh ich h i w m i
or t e t u tt r s b di d
t orn e o , as ts o n ot v e , 1 s u or n at e to
h s l s c i
t e s wh ich mpl y diff r mo i T h i i l d s
o o e t on ,
e o a e e nt t ve . e t u tt n t er u e

( cc
o i g i m s s 1 0 1 3 1 9 d 29 ) q i b i f
u rr n n e a u re , , ,
an are u te r e .

Th fi m v m e di id s c r st i ly i fi s cti s wh ich
o e en t v e on v en en t n to ve e on

i cl d
n u l i f t i d s li ( D m j ) i t m f
e an a t e rn at on o u tt an o a or an n er e zz o or

i li d pi ( F sh p mi ) d t lly t
,

fl ute, v o n, an f an o -
ar n or ,
an ev en u a a r e u rn o

h p i g i ll ( D m j )
t e o en n r t or n e o a or .

Th s c dm v me i f h h s l i s m s divid s
e on o e en t , a tr o or t e t ree o o n t ru en t ,
e

symm ic lly i f s c i s d c d ch c sis i g f

et r a n to ou r e t on an a o a, ea on t n o t en
m s s E y s c i b gi s wi h ph s f d b w th “

e a u re v er e t on e n t a ra e o u et et e en e

d i li f ll w d by h s l pi pl yi g g i s fl t d
.

fl u t e an v o n o o e t e o o an o a n a a n t a u e an

vi li b ckg d
o n a rou n .

Th hi d m e m c mbi s h f g
t r d y f ms wi h
ov e en t o ne t e u at o an t e rn ar or t

A b i g f g e n i ci s h m ( D m j ) B w m l dic
a u at o o n a v v a ou t e e a or a ne e o

id d i d f m A d h h i d p ct p i i f h fi
,

ea e r ve ro an t e t r art an e x a re et t on o t e r st

p (A)
,

art .

I h w k s f Vi ldi B ch d H d l h c c g ss
'

n t e or o va a an an e t e on e rt o ro o

ch i d i m s ig ifi p ssi Af 1 7 60 h f m b c m
, , ,

a ev e ts o t s n can t ex re on . t er t e or e a e

ou tm d d oh s l c c t ss m d g t imp c
e as t e o o on e r o a u e re a e r o rt an e .

Th c ll d Cl ssic i l i t w i h c y m sic wh ich

e so - a e n e o- a re v v a n en t e t -
e n tu r u ,
 C o n c e r to ty p es

i
n m an y
sp c s sh ld m j ifi b ly b t m d B q
of it s a e t ou or e u st a e er e n e o- aro u e ,

h s l di h
as r e u ili i f h c c g ss f m Bl ch s
te n t e reu t z at on o t e on e rt o ro o or . o
’

C G f
o n c er t o pi d s i g ch s B ok C
r osso or an o an tr n or e t r a, art
’
s o n c e r to

f ch s H i d mi h s C
or or e f c h s O p 3 4 d Pi
t ra , n e t
’
onc e r t o or or e tra, .
,
an s

sC
t on
’
f ch s p s i x mpl s
o nce r t o or o r e t ra ar e r e re en t at v e e a e .

T he so l o c o n ce r t o

A c c
on is w k f s l i s m wi h ch s l m
e rt o a or or a o o n t ru en t t or e t ra ac co

p an im w h
en tic h s ss s h i si t y f
t re h s l pe f m t e T h v rt u o o t e o o er o r er . at n o

m e re ly s vil cc mp im is impli d is i dic d by h igi

er e a o an en t e n at e t e or n

mf m fi gh sid by sid igi s f h “

o f h t e t er ro Th
c o nc e r t a r e , to t e e . e or n o t e

sl c c
o o on b f d i
e rt o ar e t o h e h c ou n n t e s e n a t e c o n ce r t a t e , t e anz on a

f mf
or gor p f
a i s m s
r ou wi h s l is
o ic p ss gns g t ru lly en t t o o t a a e en e r a

pl y d by h i li A ly mpl is h S C
,

a e t e v o n . n e ar i ex a e t e o na t e o nc e r t a t e n

S il M d
t o o ( 1 6 2 1 ) by D i C s ll
er n o ar o a te o .

A h s c i s f h c
s t e e t on dimi i sh d i mb
o t e d g i d anz on a n e n nu e r an a ne

in ex t en t , an d h s l s c i s f h
as t e o o f mb e t on o t e s o n a te c o n cer ta te or e

cm l g h sl c c bg
a e on er , t e m g Wh
o o fi ll y h
on e rt o e an to e er e en , na ,
t e

s l ch iq w ppli d h B q s m pl y d by
.

o o te n ue as a e to t e aro ue on at a as e o e a

c c d g p h fi d fi ii
on e rt e r ou mpl s f h s l c c
t e rst e n t ve ex a e o t e o o on e rt o

pp d Th s w w k s b y Albi i f i li d ch s
,

a ear e . e e ere or n on or v o n an or e t ra

( Op 2 5 7 .
,
d ,
h ,
li s f wh ich d s f m b 1 7 00
an t e e ar e t o at e ro a ou t .

S bs q ly i T lli s w k s h s l i li p b c m s f q l ’
u e u en t ,
n o re or , t e o o V o n art e o e o e ua

im p c wi h h f h ch s T h c c s f An i Vi
ort an e t t at o t e or e tra . e on e rt o o t on o

va l di ( 1 6 7 5 1 7 4 1 ) imp
-
i h ms l s ar e d f h i i fl ort an t n t e e ve an or t e r n u

en c e l l s bs q
on a B q c mp s s Hi h m v m
u e u en t ar o ue o o er s t ree - o e en t

sc s f s sl w f s s d p i sly by Albi i b c m h
.

h em f e — o — a t o a t, u e r e v ou n on e a e t e

cc p d st d d d h i s yl h cc p d m d l T sc ibi g
,

a e te an ar ,
an s t e t e a e te o e . r an r n

s m f hi w d ls Vi ldi s w k s B ch w
o e o s o n an a h fio va
’
or a rot e t e r st c on

c s f h psich d d ch s Th igh c c
,

e rt o or ar or gan or e tra e e t een or an on e r tos

f H d l m g h l s mpl s f h B l c c
.

o an e ar e a on t e
q s a t e xa e o t e ar o ue o o on e rt o .

T h c mbi e i f h Rcc s
o n at on o d h s l c t e c f m o o o on at a an t e o o on e rt o or

i f
s d i h w k s f C l Ph ilipp E m l B ch d J h
ou n n t e or o ar an u e a an o ann

Ch is i B ch I h k yb d c c s f h f m h s t
r t an a . n t e e oar on e rt o o t e or er , t e on a a

a ll g sch m f p si i
e ro e e d l pm o ex c pi l i p
o t on ev e o en t re a t u at on re

va il d Th p si i pl y d wic fi by h ch s
e . e ex o t on , d h
a e t e, r st t e or e t ra an t en
by h s l is s il l l ck d s b di
t e o o t, t h m Th is s c
a e d hm a u or n at e t e e e on t e e

pp d i h c c s f J C B ch ( 1 7 3 5
.

a e ar e n t e on e rt o o . . a

Wh il H y d s w k s i h c c
e a n
’
f m or m s i is n t e on e rt o or are nu e ro u t
s blish d h p i cip l f s f h Cl ssic l d
,

M oz artwh
“

o e ta e t e r n a eat u re o t e a a an

s bs q
u e c c s yl Th s l p
u en t on e rt o w d fi i ly
t ess m s. e o o art no e n te a u e a

i s ch c
v rt u o o d p g ssi ly f m M
ar a t er an h ch ic l
ro r e ve ro oz art on , t e te n a

p ss g s f h s l p b c m m diffi l d d m di g
,

a a e o t e o o art e o e or e cu t an e an n .

Wh il h c c e t e dh s h g l li f h s
on e rt o a e re to t e e n e ra ou t ne o t e on at a as
Mu lti mo ve me n t a nd m u lti
- -
se c t io n a l for ms

a wh l o e, is m s t s lly
it o u ua a t h ree - mo e men t v wi h th sch f orm , t e e rzo

mi t d S ch f m v m w ks B hms P i C N
’
o te . u ou r -
o e en t or as ra ano o n c e r to o .

2 Vieu x t mp Vi li C E l g r C ll C
’
No 4
’

, e s o n o n c er t o .
, or a s e o on c e r to are

rare .

Cl ssic c c
In t h e
“

v m t tili s s t ll g
a on e rt o , th e fir st mo e en u ze a on a a a -
e ro

pl b t wi h c i m difi ti Wh h xp siti w t di
an , u t e rt a n o ca on s .
‘

e re t e e o on as ra

i
t on a l ly p t d i th s l s t th c c h d bl xp
re ea e n e o o on a a , e on e rt o as a ou e e o

sit i pl y d fi t by h ch s l
ou a e d th with th s l ist Th
rs t e or e t r a a on e an en e o o . e

or ch st l xp si i p s s ll h h m t ic m t i l i th t ic ;
e ra e o t on re e n t a t e t e a a er a n e on

i th s c
n d e p siti wh ich f ll ws imm di t ly th s b di t
e e on x o on , o o e a e ,
e u or na e

th m is s t t d i
e e h t dit i l d mi t Th ft d v l p m t
a e n t e ra on a o n an . e re a er , e e o en

an d c pit l t i f ll w
re a u a on o o .

I m y f th M
n an t pi o c c t s th s c d
o xp siti
e oz ar an on e r o ,
e e on e o on

i th s l i s t m t f
n e o o p s ts h m s h d i h p c d
n ru en o t en re e n t e e n ot e ar n t e re e

i g t t i Th is s c
n u t d p si i is f q ly m
. ly d v l p
e on ex o t on re u en t ore t ru a e e o

m th t h s cc di g s ct i wh ich h
en t a t e ss m s th ch ct
u ee n e on , t en a .
u e e ara er

o f s m wh t mp
a o t y fa
e si Oi Mo s t w ty fi pi
a 1 r ov 1 sa or nta a . z art
’
en -
ve an o

c c s ly K 2 7 1 3 65 50 3 d 5 9 5 c t i g i d
on e rt o ,
on .
, , ,
an on a n en u n e e

ve ol pm t s c t i s en e on .

A dis t i c i f f th c nc t is th c d
t ve Th c d is
e at u re o e on e r o e a e nz a . e a enz a

an cc mp i d p ss g i f imp vis i l s yl b s d
una o an e a a e n ree , ro at on a t e, a e on

p vi s th m ic m t i l d pl iti g th ch iq f th i
re ou e at a er a an ex o n e te n ue o e n

s t m t I th Cl ssic l c c t it cc d w d th d f
ru en n e a a on e r o , o u rr e to ar e en o

c pi l t i i h fi m v m t ; it w p c d d by 1 2
.

th e re a t u a on n t e rst o e en as re e e a

which w s l d h d mi t h cl s f th c d as r e o v e A to t e o n an at t e o e o e a en za .

b i f p ss g f h ch s c ncl d d h m v m Th c d
r e a a e or t e or e t ra o u e t e o e en t . e a enz a

m y pp a i a h p ti f h m v m t h w v
e ar n an ot m ih er or on o t e o e en ,
o e er , or e t er

or b h f h s cc di g m v m ts T h c d a i M d lss h s
ot o t e u ee n o e en . e a en z n en e o n
’

Vi li C o ni E mi pp s imm di t ly b f th
o nce r t o n pti n or a e ar e a e e ore e re c a u

l i ; i R c h m i v s Th i d P i C
at on n a t i D mi cd s
an n o
’
r ano o nc e r o n n or , a e nz a

app i l l th m v m
e ar n a e o e en t s

Th p ssibl f m s f h s c
e o d thi d m v m t s f th
e or o t e e on or r o e en o e c on

c e r t o ar e h s w h ich h b p vi sly discuss d i h s cti

t o e av e een re ou e n t e e on

on th s t e wh l on a a as a o e .

I M d lss h s c c t s t h i i i l
n en e ch st l xp siti
o n
’
on e r o ,
e n t a or e ra e o on IS

m it d Wh il h is i i f M d lss h s h d f w imm di t ’
o te . e t n n ov at on o en e o n a e e a e

f ll w s m y l
o o er i h c t y d m st tw t i h c t y
an at e r n n e t e e n t -
en u r an o en et -
e n ur

c c t s mi y t d d i d c t y t i ( p ss g s f ch st
,

on er o o t an e x en e n t ro u or u tt a a e or o r e ra

l ) A m g s ch w k s
a on e . h pi c c s f G i g Tch i
on u or are t e an o on e rt o o r e , a

k ky R ch m i v P k fi
ov s ,
a d B t ok d t h vi li
an n o ,
ro o ev , an ar ,
an e o n c on

c t s f Sib li s d P k fi
er o o e u an ro o ev .

Th d cy t w d h
e t en e n m v m t c c t f m p o ll ls ar t e on e - o e en on er o or ara e

th d w d th
e t r en m v m to s t T h c ll d m v
ar e on e -
o e en t on a a . e so - a e on e -
o e

m t f m m y c sis t f h
en or f th cl ly tic l t d
a on o t ree or ou r r a er e ar ar u a e se c
 C h ap t e r XX III

The over ur e t

o v er t u r e is an i
l c mp si i s d i d ct i
n stru m en t a o o t on u e as an n t ro u on to
an o p i b ll
e ra , or at or o , pl y c c w ki a m e t , or a , or a s a on ert or n on e ov e

m en t ss ci d wi h p g m Al h gh h i l h b
a o at e t asd ro r a t ou t e t t e as een u e

m bi g sly si c h ly B q p i d i is p ssib l cl ssif y

.

a u ou n e t e e ar ar o ue er o t o e to a

h f ll wi g w ll d fi d yp s
,

t e o o n e -
e ne t e :

I li ta O an Thi s h s c i f m ls f d
v er t u r e . N t r ee -
e t on or , a o r e e rr e to as ea

p l i o i f i w
ta n s n o n e , s lly c s c d i h f l l wi g w y as u u a on tru te n t e o o n a : a

c anz on a f ly im i i s c i i f s mp ( c s m il y
or ree t at ve e t on n a t te o u to ar

di c d re t e ll g ) s h i l d i sl w mp
as a e ro bi y
,
a or t n t er u e n o te o, a n ar

d c lik m m
an e- e ch h l f f wh ich is p d g i i
ov e e n t, ea a o re eat e a a n n a

f s mp a t te o .

Th li s mpl f his f m is h
e e ar e t ex a A l ss de o t or t e ov e rt u re t o e an ro

Sc l i s p D l M l II B ( 1 6 8 1 (A mpl
’
ar at t o e r a, a a o en e or n ex a e

o f h is f m
t h Si f or i h t p L G i ld
e by A
n on e t o t e o er a a r se a .

Sc l i is ill s d i HA M V l II N Th is f m is ici
,

ar att u t r at e n o o or an t

p d by h h s c i i s m l c h si f i p
. .
, ,

at e t e t r e e- e t on n t ru en t a anz o n a , t e n on a re

c di g A II f S fi L di s 1 1 S A l i
e n ct o te d by h
an o an
’
an ess o an t e

f s —sl w—f s s cc ssi f m m s i h B q c c

a t o a t u e on o ov e en t n t e ar o ue on ert o .

F h O
ren c E s bli s h d by L l ly
v ert ur e d ss ci d wi h s ta e u an a o at e t ev e n

d i gh h c y p h F ch
.

h
t ee n t an e t e en t h h -
en t u r o e ra , t e r en o v e r t u re as t e

pp a c f h
e ar an i
e o f m Ac lly i di isi s w
a t r ee se c t on
-
'

or . tu a ts v on e re a

sl w s c i si g d d h y h ms i d pl m f ll w d by
,

o e t on u n ott e r t n u e e te r o o e a

f s s c i i f g l f i mi i s yl g ll y i
a t e t on n u a i pl or re e t at ve t e, en e r a n a tr e

h y h m Th sl w c
r t . cl si h g ll y d d his s c i g
e o on u on t at en e r a en e t e t on av e

h i mp ssi
t e f hi d p
re on o a t r art .

Th li s mpl f his f m m g L l ly w k s is h
e e ar e t ex a e o t or a on u
’
s or t e o v er
h b ll
t u re t o t e A l id i a C s i h is f m is h
et c an e a t n t or t e ov e rt u re

to Al b y L l ly ( H A M V l II N
ces t e u o o .

li mpl s f b h h F ch d I li s h
.
, ,

I n e ar er e x a e o ot t e re n an t a an o v e rt u re t e

th m ic m
e at i l is m s f m i ic si g s bj s h h
at e r a o t o t en ot v , u n u ec t r at er t an
 T he o v er t u r e

ph s p i d h m s wi h c d c s
ra e -
er o t e e t a en e defin i n g d i isi Wi hi h v ons t n t e

l g s i A h s yl b c m m h m p h i c s bj c s w
,

ar er e ct ons s t e t e e a e or e o o on u e t ere

pl c d b y h m s s c d i ph s E m pl s f h F ch
.
,

re a e t e e con t ru te n r as e xa e o t e r en

Gl c k s d B ch s
.

’
Ip h ig
’
A li d
’

o v ertu r e ar e u ov e r t u r e t o e n ie e n u e an a o v er

t ur e t o S u i t e in B mi n or f or h ut e an d s t rin gs
si F ch i si ill s
.

E x t en on of th e r en ov ert u r e n to a u te is u t rat ed in
H an d l s s R ina ld o an d T h e o do r a an d in B hs F
’ ’
e ov e rt u r e to ac ra n zbl

zis c h e O v ert u r e of th e C la v i e r ii b u n g .

Th e B q F ch d I li
ar o ue r en an t a an ov ert ur e s dis pp a e ar e d b a ou t 1 7 5 0,
be i n g re pl c d by h Cl ssic s
a e t e a on at a - all e r o g yp t e .

The s o n a t a a l l e g r o o v er t u r e
-

In t h is c at e gor y ar e o v ert u r es c as t in t h e s on a ta a
-
ll e gr o ( or s on a

ti n a ) f orm . Th e s e cl d hin u e t e f ll wi
o o n g:

Ov ert ur e s t o o e ra p s—M oza rt , Marr iage o f Fig ar o ( s on at n a i );

B ee t h ov en L eo n o r e , No . 3; We b er, Ob er o n
Ov e rt u re s to pl ys — B
a ee t h ov e n . P rom e theus ( s on at i n a )
C c on e rt ov ert u r e s w -
Men de lss oh n , Fi n ga l s
’

C av e ( des c ip i r t ve );
T ch ik sk y R a ov om e o and J u l ie t ( n arr ati v e ) ; B li er oz , K i n g Le a r ,

Op 4 ( c h c
,

. ar a t er typ e )

T h e p o tp o u rr i ov er t u r e

p p i
Th e ot o u rr o v e rt u r e is f m dl y f m l di d c p s
a re e e e o e o es an ex e r t

f m h pl y
ro p t e a or o e r a to f ll w Th is
o o f m h m p si ere n o se t or t e co o

i b i g s cc ssi s ih ii d p i s d s Whil
.
,

t on e n a u e on o f t un e w t t r ans t ons an e o e e

p p i m sic l c m di s d p li lly
.

ot o u rr ov e rt u r es to u a o e e an o e r ettas ar e t er a
“
c i is s g
u rt a n r a er ,
”
a i yi
r e at er ar t s t r l d i s ch w k s W g s r ev e a e n u or as a

sMi ig
n er
’
e st e r s n er ov ert ur e h R si i W i lli m T l l
or t e os n a e ov er t ur e .

O v e r t u r es or p e l u d es
r in fr e e fo r m
In p s p ic l ly f h
r o gr a mm at ic ov er t ur e ar t u ar o t e n arr ati v e t yp e , th e

f m i d mi d by h s y h s i
,

or s et er ne t e t or or t e a s oc at e d p g
r o r am as in
Tch ik sky s F f f
,

m
’
a d R im i i Th
ov r a nc e s ca a n e r ee - or ov e rt u r e or pre
—
.

ld d s
u e c f m oe p s b li h d
n ot p on or to a re e t a s e at t ern f ll ws
It o o no

s y d s h i p g mm ic s i
.

t or as oe t e n arr at v e - ro ra at ov e rt u r e , n or i i s t a tr n g
i g og h
n f t s i h p p i yp ;
et er o t un e as s t e ot o u rr t e r at h er i d lp
t ev e o s a

limi d mb f h m s m i i f p
te nu er o t e e or o t v es n a r ee at t ern Th f f e r ee - or m
p l d is s d by W g i h i d i
.

re u e u e a n er n t e n t ro u c t ons t o L o h e n gr i n an d

In th e p l d T i ( disc s d m f ll y i h
re u e ch p )
to r st an us e or e u n t e n ext a t er
th e s i l di isi
ec t on a bsc d b y h f d c p i
v d c s
ons are o u re t e u se o e e t v e ca en e

id f f ll c d c f li d d c d c
,

th e av o an ce od h C u a en es , an t e use o e e a en es on

i y h s m i d c ib di g m l d y whi c h
.

”
t in u t i “
t u h a n ta n e on t r u t es to t e un en n e o

w as ci s bj c i f W g s ch i q
a c on s ou o e t ve o a n er
’
te n ue .
Mu l ti —
m
o v e me n t an d m l t i s e c ti o n a l
u -
fo rms

Th e T r is t e n p ldre u e, l ik e th at t o D as R h e in go ld an d t o Lo he n gr i n ,
ps
att e m t m d w hi ch
t o est a bli sh a oo n o t on ly l d i ea s n t o th e hr st act,

b w hi ch l
ut m y b s id pi mi a so a e a to e to ze h ch
t e c ara t e r of th e o e rap .

E li ar er w hi ch icip h
ov e r t ures an t at e t e em ot i l c on a on t e n t an d use

h m ic m i l f h f ll wi g w k i cl d th of Hayd s ’
t e at at e r a o t e o o n or n u e ose n

C i M t s M gi F l B t h
rea t o n , oz ar
’
a c u te , ee ov en sL ’
e o n or e , an d W b s e er
’

b i f p l d i t d cti g l ly fi t sh i th p
r e re u e or n ro u on e n er a su ces o u er n e O en

i g sc
n Thi s is ill t d i h p s f P cci i d R ch d
en e . u s t ra e n t e o e ra o u n an i ar

S s
tr aus .

I
AS S GN MEN T

l A ly
. nah W g ze m pl i A h l gy f M i l F m N
t e a n e r ex a e n nt o o o us c a or s, o .

l ysi s f i W s w k s f mi li i y i h
’
2S (I h C . n t
y g
e an a o tan w o a n er or ,
a a ar t .

h l i m i will p i d b i si gh i th i s ct l
.

t e e t ot v es r ov e a e tt er n t nt o e r t ru ura

g i
or i A m
an z at on g w k s w h ic h. l i s t h l i
on m i orW i d t e e t ot v es ar e n

B oo k f M o t i v es an d Th e m es f Wa gn e r Op er as an d
’ ’
spe r ge r s o o s

K ob b e
’
s W ag n e r ’
s M us ie D r am as A na ly s ed ) .

2 . l
A n a yz e W e b er 5
“
ov e rt u r e
”
to O b er o n ,
a m odifi e d s on ata all e gr o
-
.

Ei th er t h e sc o r e or a pi an o re d ci u t on m ay b e u e sd .
Mu l t i m o v e m e n t a n d
-
m i se c tio na l
u l t -
f o r ms

EX 173

p l d is divid d i s v s ec i s A ( m s 1
The re u e e B n to e en t on : ea .

( 1 7 C ( 2 5 D ( 4 5 E ( 6 3 F ( 7 4 8 3 ) d c d -
an o a

( 8 4 T h l s m s f c h s
e c i
a tp s s ly
e a u re o ea e t on re r e en t n ot on a

s c l divisi ( lw ys b s
t ru t u r a lid d ) b ls dy mic
on a a to e u re , e e ut a o a na

clim b i g f i i dy ic g s
,

ax , f i i m
e n I d d o r t e or m m o r t ss o . n a t on , a na ar c e er e

if w ch h ff c f h is wh l p l d
e art t e e e t o t o e re u e:

me a s . 1 1 10
f
bst c f m s i w i h c t y m sic Scho
A m on g ree a ra t or n t en t e t -
en u r u are n

b g s Ph y f vi li Willi m Sch m s Sy mp h y N 6
er
’
a n ta s or o n, a u an
’
on o .
,

and lm s c ss ily s ch p
,
a s o m g f m
t ne e p im s ar ,
u att e rn as e er e ro ex er en t

wi h l c ic m sic
t e e t ron u .

P r og r a m m u s ic
p g m m sic f m
In ro ra u or an d c on t e n t are a ff c d b y s
e te o me e x t r a

m sic l ss ci i p g s yp s
,

u a a o at on or ro r am . T he e t e m ay b e iden t ifie d as

f ll ws
o o
 F r ee fo r ms a nd p r ogr a m m us ic

N arr at iv b s
s i s f v s B li Sy mph i F
e, a e d on a er e o e en t er oz , on e an

iq
tast S ss D Q i
u e; t rau ,
on u x o te

D sc ip i e r p s i l R spigh i Th F
t ve or re i f
re e n t at on a -
e e o u n ta n s o

M ss gs ky P i
,

R m o e; ou E h ib i i
or ,
c t u res at an x t on

App ll iv c sis i g f e at ch c mplyi g i l

e, on t n Sch m o a ar a te r 1 -
n t t e u an n ,

C l T ch P i
a r n a va hi ; o ,
n occ o ove r t u re

Id i l e at o n a mp i g p ss s m ph il s ph ic l psych
at t e t n t o ex re o e o o a or o

l gic l c c p — L is fi m v m f F
,

o a on e t S y mp h y zt , rst o e en t o aust on ;
S ss Th Sp k Z h
t rau ,
us a e ar a t u s tra

L is d fi d zt p g m e ne y p f c ai i lli g
roi b l lra g g as an re a e n n te e an ua e

a dd d e pi c f i s m l m sic b y m s f which h m
to a e e o n t ru en t a u e an o t e co

p s i ds g d h lis
o er n t en gtoi s w u arg p ic l i
t e p ten er a a n t a ron oe t a n t er re

i
t at on an d di c hi toi p ic l id f h wh l
re t s at t en t o n to a oe t a ea o t e o e or

to p ic l p f i
a a rt u ar ar t o t .
” 1

A yp p g m m sic is c s d with ch i c ic m sic

s a t e, ro ra u on t ra t e ar t e t on u .

I n h l t e which i cl d s s ch bs c
at t e r , bj c i f ms n u e u a t ra t or o e t ve or as

h
t e to cc f g s i at a, s u h ue , ls c u wh h f
t e , or o n at a , t e t ot a t r u t u re , et er re e

or s ic tr l s f h s h pi g c h
t , e vo ve c is ics i h
ou t o i m t e a n ara t er t n ere n t n o

ti h m hy h m h m y d c
ve, t e e, r t p i wi h ar y on an ou n t e r o nt t o u t an n e ce s

s y v b l pl i
, ,

ar er a ex an at o n

li s ill s i s f w d p i i g s h
.

Am g h on t e e ar e t u t r at o n o or a nt n are uc ex

a mpl s f e d i ly Ch is i ch wh h L i
ou n n e ar d r t an an t , e re t e at n a sc e n ere

is s g un isi g p g ssi
to a r d d n d f lli g
ro re D i g on an e s ce n ere to a a n on e . ur n

th B e q a ro h ss ci
ue i f m
e ra , l dic h y h
t e am ic p s wi h o at on o e o -
r t at t er n t

m m
ove i mpli d by h
en t w c mm pl c f c l c mp si
e t e t e xt as a o on a e o vo a o o

i T h y s gg s i f w s
t on . e v er u i gw e t g h
on o i av e or r u n n n as e n o u t o se t n

m i ot on cl a s is f s Th d v l pm t f p g m
o o rat u r a er e o n o te . e e e o en o ro ra

m sic h u gh h t r ou i s is wh ich i cl d s m y i s i g
t e c en t u r e on e n u e an n t e re t n
an d s m m si g
o e mpl s I is
a u nil h i ex a h y e t n ot u n t t e n n e tee n t cen tu r ,

h w v p g m m sic which h d b l ss p mi f
.

o e h er, t at ro ra u a ee n a e ro nen t ea

f i s l m sic b c m s f p mi i mp c Ni
,

t u re o m n t ru en t a u e o e o re - e n en t o rt an e . ne

h c y R m icis m wi h i sp s fl w fp w
,

“
t ee n t -
en tu r o an t t ts on t an e ou ov e r o o o er

f l m i mp d dis i c i b w f m dc
”
u e i o t on , t s at t e te i t n t on et een or an on te n t n

or d er mp h si to e th l s gh a ic l
ze d cl ify m
e at t e r , ou t t o a rt u at e a n ar e an

i g h
n g h
t ro u b l d pic i lverss ci i s aA w an f m pp s to r a a o at o n ne
“
or
”
a e ar

ch s l w k Wh O H
.

i n 1 848 — h t e or e t ra h M i or at ne ea r s on t e o u n ta n

by L is b s d zt , p m by Vic H g T h is is h sy mph ic
a e on a oe t or u o t e on

p m i y i l i mplyi g h i f d p ic id O i
.

oe , ts ver t t e n t e u n on o t o n e an oet ea .

L is s w l mpl s i h is f m L m i d h
’
zt t e v e ex a P el d h e n t or es r u es as r e a ne t e
m s p p l
,

o t o u ar .

L i h d ly w i h c n y i lis m f d
at e n n e t e e n t an e ar t en t et -
e tu r n at on a ou n

1
F re de ric k N ie c k s P r o g ra mm e
, M u s i c ( L o n do n : N o v e l l o an d Co .
, p . 279 .
Mu l ti
-
m o ve me n t a nd m i se c t ion a l
u l t -
f o r ms

an pp p i
a dro dy v hicl i h symph ic p m ; si gl
r at e an r ea e e n t e on oe n e

m m
ove p g mm ic w k s by Sm
en t B di Sib li s R
ro ra at or e t an a , oro n, e u ,
es

pighi d Bl ch s ify his lli c T h

,
an p ms f Rich d
o te t to t a an e . e
'

t on e oe o ar

S ss i wh ich h s c l implic i s f L is s f m d th
t r au ,
n t e t ru t u ra at o n o zt
’
or an e

orch s t l i mplic i s f W g i
e ra ch iq c mbi d at o n o a n e r an te n ue ar e o ne , are

h c l mi
t e i g w k s i th is f m
u n at n or n or .

Am g S ss w k s h si gl m m t f m is dh d t i
on t rau
’
or ,
t e n e- ov e en or a e re o n

Tod und Ve r klcir u n g ( D e a th and Tr an sfig u ra tio n ) D o n J uan an d

’

, ,

T i l l E u len sp ie ge l l us t ige S t re ic h e ( Til l E u le n sp ie ge l s Me rry P ra n ks)

’ ’
s ,

wh e re a s a mu c h e x an de p
orm , in df
h h e t on h av e e o me e n w ic s c i s bc
l ar ge d t o i
V rt u a lm ov e m e n t s is f ,
ou n d i E i H ldn n e e n le b e n ( A H e ro
’
s

L if e) , an d A ls o sp r a ch Za r a t h u s t r a ( T h u s S p a k e Za r a th u s tr a) .

sic f
T h e mu p s i l i w k ch i v s i
o a re r e e n t at o n a or n arr at v e or a e e ts
p g mm tic ff ct by ss ci i
ro ra a d s gg s t i
e M sic i i s lf
e a o at on an u e on . u n t e ,

h w v
o ed s er , d c t c vy yfc
oe n ot cti an an n o on e an a t or a on , n or c an

i p ss h simpl st c c p l h ght l t l
t e x re t e t i f ph il
e on e tu a t ou ,
e a on e a ra n o o

s ph ic s i g h p c d s f syll gis ic l gic N c mbi

o r e a on n or t e ro e u re o o t o . o o na

ti on or arr an
g m t f pi c h i si y h y h m
e ic c l en i s o t n t en t r t or o or u n t c an

c v y th simpl s f c — T d y is T sd y Th is h t is d
, ,

“ ” “
on e e e t a t o a ue a ,
a re ,

bs c c c p s ch T b
or an a t ra t t t b on e t, u as o e or n o o e .

M sic h i u w s m ics c mm ic d by m s f d d
as ts o n e an t o un at e e an o or e re

s d i t im by p g mm tic ss ci i s l i s
,

ou n n e, n ot
p ro ra a a o at on or ex an at on .

Th s l t m y b k i d f dj c h m sic b t, xc p f
e e at e r a e a n o a un t to t e u u e e t or

s ch mpl s f m sic l m p i
u ex a e b ll s ds d bi d
o u a on o at o oe a as e ou n an r

imit i s v p k f it ss c P g mm ic p ssibili i s
at on ,
ne er art a e o s e en e . ro ra at o t e
ex is i i st m l m sic b c s f li gs m ds
t n n ru en t a m i s u e au e ee n oo or e ot on

ds m y b l d
, ,

ev o k d by c mbi
e i s d o f s n at o n an su c c e ss1 on s o ou n a e re at e

h f li gs m ds o m i s v k d by p ic l
_

to t e ee n oo r e ot on e o e a art u ar e xt ra

m sic l ss ci i T h y m y ls b la d t h s d h
, ,

u a a o at on , e a a o e re te o a t ou an ot er

a ss ci i s d his pl i s L is s s m th
o at on ,
an p ps f
t ex a n zt
’
t at e en t at o n e ur o e o

a p g m is g d h list
ro ra g i s t
“
w to g p ic l i
u ar t e en e r a a n a r on oe t a n t er
”
p r e t at i on .

B c s g m y I mp ssi is ic w ks titl b i g p
e au e a re at an re on t or a re e -
e ar n ro

g m
ra m t ic c m p
a si i s i is c
o ss y dis t i go is h b w
t on h t ne e ar to n u et e en t e

p g m m sic of i h c t y R m icism d th t f w
,

ro ra u n n e t e en t -
en u r o an t an a o t en

i h c
t et -
y Imp ssi i sm Wh th f m is f d sc ip iv
en t u r re on . e re e or er o ten e r t e

an d d li ive h l
e n e at is c iv d s gg s iv t e m ch
at t er ev o at e an u e t e, n ot so u

c c r d wi h h p s i f h f c l h s b l g
,

on e ne t t e r e r e en t at on o t e a tu a as t e u t e su

g sei f
t on oh w h f c i m p ss s
o T h d li t e i f h a ti re e us e e n e at on o t e se a n

s F ly i g D hm d D b ssy s L M
.

W g a n er
’
n u tc m
y p a n o v e r t u r e an e u
’
a er 1 5 s

t m i
o f h is di ff
at c o c i pp ch
t e ren e n a roa .

I b d s s y m sic l w k wi h s m yp f
n a ro a en e , an m u a or t o e t e o e x t ra -
u

i l ss ci t i
s ca a is p g mm ic I
o a on w s s p g m
ro ra at . n a n arro er en e , t ru e ro r a

m sic
u ist s ly wh h f m w ll h c
ex on t v lv s
en t e or as e as t e on t en e o e ou t
S ee t io n 6

Vocal typ es
Voca l typ es

we will c c on e rn ou r e s lv s e

T ms which
er f s di
are o t en u e n t h e an a lysis of v c l m sic
o a u ar e de
fin e d b l w e o :

1 : S y l la b ic s ty le a mu sic l s i
a et t n g in wh ich ch syll bl is s
ea a e ung

to a si gl
n e n ot e .

Di - e s i - ra e , di - e s il - Ia so l vet sae - clum in l a -v i l - l a

N e u m a t ic s ty l e a mu sic l s t i
a e t ng in wh ich ch syll bl
ea a e or

v w l is s
o e u ng t o a gr ou p f so n ot e ( two t o fi ve ) .

C an t e mi no

3 . Me l ism a t ic or flo r id s ty l e a music l s t i
a e t ng in which l a arge

num b f s er o n ot e ar e s g un to a si gl v w l ;
n e o e th e t er m c l t
o or a u ra

is ls ppli d
a o a e to t h is t re at me n t .

( a) : 1 60)

A l l e gr o

1 Se e f oot n o te p 9 0 , . .
 S a cr ed vo ca l ty p es

4 Thr o g co mp ose d
u h -
( sl i f h e G a tr an at on o t e rm an d u rc h k o m
yp f s g i wh ich ch s is dif
.

p o n i e r t ) a t e o on n ea t an z a se t to
f e re n t mu sic .

5 . M o n o d ic a si gl n e, un a cc mp i o an e d me lo dy .

6 . wi h cc mp nim
A c a pp e l la t ou t a o a en t .

F m h s dp i f m di m c l w k s w i f s l
ro t e t an o nt o e u vo a or ar e r t t en or o o

ic s mbl ch s cc mp i d c pp ll F m h e
,

vo e, en e e, or o ru a o an e or a a e a . ro t
s dp i f f ci c l w k s m y b divid d i w
,

t an o nt o u se or un t on , v o a or a e e nto t o

b sic c g i s ; s c d li gic l d s c l
a at e or e a re or tur a ,
an e u ar .

T h p i cip l s c d yp s
e r nG g i ch ps lm dy th
a a re t e are re or an an t , a o ,
e

m ss h y m
a ch l m m g ifi p ssi
n, h m c or a e , ot e t , a n c at , a on , an t e ,
an t at a,

i E c p i lly s c l c s d is ls
,

an d orat or o . x e t on a ,
e u ar an t a t a an o r at o r o are a o

tob f d e ou n

T h p i cip l s c l yp s i cl d h p ss ci d
.

e r n d i
a e u ar t e n u e t e O e ra an ts a o at e

f m s ; c ch p s g gl
or at s g d b ll d Wh il ci art on ee , ar t on an a a . e re ta
ti i p d d s c l yp s b c s i i i
, , ,

d
ve an g ar a are f h g r ou e un er e u ar t e e au e o t e r or n,

h s
t e e a ls cc i s c d w k s s ch m ss s p ssi s c
o o ur n s a re or u as a e a on ,
an t at a ,

is
,

an d or at or o .

S a c r e d t y p es

Gre gor i
is h li gic l ch
an f h ch R m
an t C h lic t e tu r a an t o t e o an at o

Ch ch I is m dic m d l i f ( b d ) hy h m d
ur . t on o o a n re e un arr e r t an se t to

L i I d i s i m f m G g y I P p f m 5 9 0 6 04
, ,

a at n t ex t . t er v e ts na e ro re or ,
o e ro -
,

d i g wh s m f th i m y h b
ur n o e difi d
ter l h gh s m o o ee t a ave e en c o e ,
a t ou o e

au th i i s b lior t ei g i i cc d
e s m c ev e i s l T h
t s or an zat on o u rre o e en tu r e at e r . e

c mpl
o p y f ch t s is di id d b w w c ll c i s h
e t e re e rt or o an v e et ee n t o o e t on ,
t e

G d l R m
ra m wh ic h i cl d s m sic f
ua e o h M ss
a nu d h n u e u or t e a an t e
m w h ich i cl d s m sic f d ily
, ,

A ip h
nt l R m o na e o ll h
an u n u e u or a ot er a

s ic s ( h Oth ) T h L ib U li is c ll cti which i cl d s

,

e rv e t e ee . e er su a s a o e on n u e

h m ic f
t e h O ff c
us d h M ss W h il
or h t eis diff c f i e an t e a . e t ere no e re n e o

O pi i c c i g h m l dy f h ch h
n on on e rn n l s h t e e o o t e an t , t e re are at ea t t re e

diff sch ls f hy hm ic i p i T h c
e re n t oo oly f v d r t n te r re t at o n . e u r re n t -
a ore

p i is h f h S l s m s sch l I h i
i n t er r e t at on t at o i f h t e o e e oo . n t e r n o t a t on o t e

ch h an t , s m s ly f q l d i
t e t on e g p
,
d i o t i s f o e ua u rat o n , are ro u e n to u n t o

f m w fi
ro t s ; h s c mb i
o to p g ss i ly f m i i
v e n ot e t e e o ne to ro re ve or nc s e s

( fig ) m mb
u re s (m i s) ,
d p i d
e Th l c sp d
e rs ot v e an er o s e att e r o rre on

l g ph s s h w ph s s cs f h hm
.
,

m ore t o h
ar e ra e t an t o t e t o- ra e en t en e o t e o o

i
p h i f
on c m s M s f q or ly m m b s d p ri d s o t m i d
re u en t e er an e o ar e t e r n at e

l g Wh il i cis s c wi hi p
.
,

by a on d m mb
e r n ot e m y . e n e an e e rs a re u r t n a ar

ti l s l c i sym m i l di isi s
c u ar e e t on , he c pi h h et r c a v on are t ex e t on rat e r t an

h
t e ru el .
Voca l typ es

P e r io d
Me mb e r Me mb e r

Di -
xit Do mi - -n us D o- mi - no me o Se - d e a de x- t r i s m e is

The f ll wi
o o p i cip l f ms f d i h ch
n g ar e th e r n a or ou n n t e an t

1 Th.
gh mp
ro u d i m st -
s s h is i cl d s h Gl i
co o se n o c a e t n u e t e or a ,

S c s an d C d tu ,
an re o .

L ib U li G l i I p 8 7 ; S c s I p 9 2 ; C d 1 p i 6 9
er su a s, or a , . an tu ,
. re o ,

2 S .
p h i — m
t ro s hym s r i h is c g y
c o t n a e n t at e or .

L ib U li A
er M is S ll p 1 0 74
s u a s, ve ar t e a, .

3 Cy li
. i ch is yp c c i s ci s t n t i h ym m t it e, e rt a n e t on r e u rn , e t er s e r

c ll y i h L ib M ( L ib U li p
a , as n t e e ra e er su a s, . or n on

symm ic lly i h C d ( L ib U li p
et r a ,
as Th n t e re o er sua s, . e

cyclic f m s i cl d ls A iph l P s al m dy d R p
or n u e a o nt on a o an es on

s i s ( L ib U li p 4 7 6 R sp s y )
ot e er su a s, .
,
e on o r .

T s f h P p p c d d b y All l i
ex t o t e ro ls cyclic si ce
er re e e an e u a are a ,
o n

p i g p i d ( i cl di g h m li m ) is p d id ic lly
,

h
t e o en n er o n u n t e e s a re eat e en t a

at th d s
e en g h ,
l s w d un syll bl f h
to t t t T h ef m isa t or o r a e o t e ex e or

f A B A p l d v s p s l d he p l d d p s
.

h
t e r e or e - -
or re u e -
er e - o t u e, t re u e an o t
l d b i g id ic l ( L ib U li p H w v r ll l i s
,

u e e n en t a er sua s, . o e e ,
~
a e u a

s g d i g P sch l im ( E s
un ur n P t c os t ) d
a a h v th is
t e a t er t o en e o n ot a e

f m
or .

P sa l m o dy

The ch i g f th ps l ms
an t n La i o i h C h lic li t gy
e a to a t n t ext n t e at o ur

is m d P s lm dy
t er e aI i g o lly s yll b i i ch ct
or a ccen t u s . t s en e r a a c n ara er

d f i hy hm I h p f m c t f ps l m s t ip ht e( an on a
“

an ree n r . n e r or an e o a , an

sh t simpl m l dy t
or , sc ip l xt ) g lly p c d s d
e e o se to a r t ura te en era re e e an

f ll ws h c mpl t ps lm
o o t e o e e a .

Th h c t g i s f Ps lm dy i cl d th f ll wi g
e t ree a e or e o a o n u e e o o n

1 Di.
p l m d
r ec t
y h p f sam c f ps
o l m wi h y t e e r or an e o a a t ou t an

i p l i i f i b t w th v s s
n t er o at on o : a re r a n e e en e er e .

(L ib U li P s l m 4 C um I c m p '

er sua s, a ,
n v o ar e ,
.

2 R p
. i l p lm dy
es h p f m c
o n so r a f ps lm i which
sa o t e e r or an e o a a n

s l is s l o o wi h ch l sp s I cl d d i his c
t a t ern at e t a or a re on e . n u e n t at e

g y ls
or g d ls
are a d ll l i s o ra ua an a e u a .

( L ib U l i P s l m 1 3 9 E i p M D mi
er sua s, p a ,
r e e o ne , .
Vo ca l typ es

11 . S an t u c s B dict s-
en e u

12 . C (P y
an o n ra e r of

C sc i )
on e r at on

13 . Agn u D ei s
14 . C ommu n on i
15 . s C mm i
Po t -
o u n on

p y s ra e r

16 . It e , Missa e st

is iss l ) l (d m a

M s e h d d ; wh il h Ky i S c t s
'

Th R q i m i e e u e s a a s - t ew ea e t e r e, an u

i d h fi lfih a adfi sd m i t d Th
f
,

an d Ag D i nu s e ar e r e t a n e ,
t e a a z o ar e o t e e

s f h P p f h R qui m M ss i cl d R q i m A
.

“
t ex t o t e ro er o t e e e a n u e e u e ct er

A bs lv D m i D mi J s Ch is t
” ”
m
“ “
na ,
o e d o n e, o ne e u r e, an
“ ”
L u x A et ern a .

Th e o ld s
simpl s typ f M ss is h G g i M ss wh ich
e t an d e t e o a t e re or an a

is s g un s cc mp i d hem si b i g th f h ch t
1 n u n 1 on , u n a o an e ,
t u c e n at o t e an .

T h fi t x mpl e f rs p lyph ic ti g f th O di a y is h
e a e o a o on set n g e - L n r t e
consid d c mpil i f m v m s
.

_
q

M d T
&S se i e Q u rna e re a o at on o o e en t

wi t diff p i ds Th li s p lyph ic s i g f h
s

r tt en a e re n t er o . e e ar e t o on e tt n o t e
M ss by
a c mp s i MQQh tZ Mg p f m d h c
on e o o er s au s ss , e r or e at t e oron a

i f Cha l M p ssibly c mp s d li I p ly
s
J

t on o r es o o o e e ar er . n o

ph ic s tti gs f h O di y h gh h R iss c h p i g
on e n o t e r n ar t ro u t e en a an e, t e o en n

s c s f h Gl i d C d w
en t e n e o t e di i l G g ior a t an re o e re tra t on a re or an se

t i gs i
n d by th c l b t
n t on e e e e ran .

T h M ss is e c mp d f m i s p
a a m v mo s s ci s
ou n or ts e arat e o e en t or e t on

i cl di g m y p ssibl s c s s ch f g m i p t
,

n u n an o e t r u t u re u as u ue, ot e t , ar a , ar

s g t Th
on e c m y b h m p h ic
. e c p tl A
t e x t u re a e o o on or on t ra un a . s a

f c i l lit gic l w k i m m ts s p t d d divid d

,

un t on a ur a or ,
ts ov e en are e ara e an e

by ci i s d c m i l i
re t at on pi s
an ere on a n t e rru t on .

I h n c c M ss h m sic l s i g f ch f h fi p t s
t e on e rt a t e u a e tt n o ea o t e ve ar

f h O di y m y b s bdi id d i t w o m e s c i s wh ich
,
‘ '

o t e r n ar a e u v e n to o r or e t on
u se a diff p i f h e r en t C i c c M ss s f wh ich
o rt o n o t e t ext e rt a n on e rt a e , o

B ch s B m i M d B h v s Mi S l m i mpl s
.

’ ’
a n or a ss an ee t o en ssa o e n s are ex a e ,

f ci l
a re n o n - u n ly b c s f h i l g h c mpl xi y d
t on a n ot o n e au e o t e r en t , o e t ,
an

xc ssiv w d p i i b b c se h y d m d kind d d
,
/

e e e or re e t t on , ut e au t e e an a an e

g f
r ee o bs p i w h icah is i h
or c y
t on
g f s h ic h h n t e at e or o ae t et r at er t an

lit gic l p icip i C v s ly h c c M s s s ch

ur a art at o n on er e ot er o n er t a se u as

si il
.
, ,

B h
ee t is Q n L
ov en
J A I d m w
J k j y l i ay
QL d M /t
g ss d an ar or s n, ozar ,
an

B ck h v b
M
ru
\
n ers d i ch ch pja e een u e n ur se
_
ce s .

Hy mn
A h mn y is s g i p is a on n ra e of Go d . Wh il e al l s on g s in p isra e of

th e L or dw m d h ym s i
e re t er e n n t h e e ar ly Ch is i r t an e r a, t h e t t e il w as
 S ac r ed v oca l typ es

ly s ic d ew p m s dis i g ish d f m sc ip l
e v e n t u al re tr te to n oe as t n u e ro r t u ra

w i i gs Hym s g lly w
r t n h p h m ph ic f ms n are e n e ra t o or t r ee -
ar t o o on or .

T ypic l mpl s ( M l hi T sch

.

A ll G l y L d
a d H ex a e are or au an o n or e c or e

h C h lic s ic d O w d Ch i i S ldi
,

n er, 1615) i n t e at o e rv e, an n ar r st a n o e rs

S lli s s ic
,

( Si A h r 1 8 72 ) i h P
rt ur u v an , n t e rot e t an t e rv e .

P r o t es t a n t c h o r a l e

s ch l is ligi s f lk s g h ym f h G
A Pr ot e t an t ora e a re ou o on or n o t e er

m P s C h ch T h
an is i h v c l d h
r ot e t an t ur e t ex t n t e e r n a u ar an t e st ru c

is m s f p s gf m ph s g p
.

t u re w h o t o t en a t o or t re e -
art on or or a ra e r ou .

A w ll k w mpl i A Migh y F ib t d M i at t r to art n

‘

e -
no n ex a e s t o r t r ess , u e

L u t h er .

Mo t e t
B ec s f h is c f m y di g yp s i is l l b t im
au e o t e ex t en e o
’

an v er en t t e t a u

p ssibl p id si gl d fi i i f h m which w ld
,

o e to rov e a n e e n t on o t e ot et ou en

c mp ss ll i i s I g l w y i m y b d fi d
o a a v ar e t e . n a en er a a t a e e ne as an

cc mp i d p lyph ic c l w k si g s c d i L i
,

una o an e o on vo a or u n a a re t ext n at n

an d i i li ph s s w i f p f m c i h C h lic
n t s e ar e r a e r t t en or e r or an e n t e at o

s vic I is h m s ig ifi f m f h G h i d R iss c
, ,

er e t t e o t s n can t or o t e ot c an en a an e

p i ds d i c i s i imp c h gh h B q
.

er o ,
an t on t n u e n ort an e t rou t e aro u e er a, a

t l sp f fi h d d y s ( 1 2 5 0
ot a an o ve un re e ar

Th w d m eis d i d f m h F ch m m i g w d
or ot e t er v e ro t e ren o t, e an n or .

I f s h m h w w ds dd d h sh
t re er to t e s f
o ts , t e ne or a e to t e or ter n o t e o

h
t e pp p ( d p l m) w i
u er b c s fi m i h hi
ar t u u r t t en a ov e a an t u r us n t e t r

t h c
ee n t y p lyph y f h N D m sch l T h d p l m
-
en tu r o on o t e ot re a e oo . e u u

wi h h dd d t t w c ll d m
e a d h is
e m w s d p d
t ex t as a e o te tu s , an t na e a a o te
f h w h l c m p si i
or t e T h dis i c io e f f h
o hi o h t on . e t n t ve e at u re o t e t rt een t

c ym w h
en t u r f di f f ot e t s s m im s v diff
as t e u se o e ren t t ex t o et e e en er

l g g s i h i s p s f wh ich h c ld b w
,

en t an ua e n t e v ar ou art o t er e ou e t o or

c s fi m i l g s Th c p i i g v ic s
, ,

h b
t ree , a ov e a an t u r us n on n ot e e ou n t e r o nt n o e

w w i i v i s disp si i s f y hy hms , h m
.

'

er e r tt en n ar ou o t on o t e rn ar r t t e or e

a ci p t s i th pp v ic s
ve at t e rn n e u
'

er o e .

I h f n t h c y d pl h y h m s w i d c d d h
e ou r t e e n t en t u r u e r t er e n t ro u e an t e
is hy hmic m c m i b i g T h m is hyh mic ( s m
,

“
or t ot et a e n to e n . e t er or t a e

h y h m ) desc ib s c s c i p i cipl p ic l ly ppli d

”
r t r e a on t ru t ve r n e, ar t u ar as a e

to t eh t H m l dy d i d f m
en or . li gic l ch w
ere , a e o er v e ro a tu r a an t a s ar

ran g d i c e i g h y h m ic p t f s m l g h m d l
n a r e u rr n r t at e rn o o e en t t er e ta e a
T h m l dy i s lf w m d Of c i cid
.
,

e e o l ht e l did as t er e co o r t e n t e ta ea n ot o n e

i l gt h wi h h c l Th s wh il hy hmic p
.

t w ld
‘

n en t e o or
p . u e a r t att ern ou re e at

im s s cc si ly h m l dy migh p b wic Wh
_ ,

t h r ee t e u es ve t e e o t re eat ut t e e re

m s ic s mpl y sp c i p d p s f hi
, .

o ll f h t or a o t e vo e e o re e t v e re e at e at t e r n o t e r

o w th m n,t is d sc ib d ep h y h
ot e m e r e as an - 1 sor t 1c

B y h fif h c t y si gl e w s d f ll h v ic s
t e en t en t u r ,
a n e t e xt as u e or a t e o e ,
Voca l typ es

an d i s d f p is t G g i c s fi m h wh l
n tea o a re e x -
t en r e o r an an t u r u s, t e o e

w k w f f ly c mp s d
or as o t en re e o o e .

T h m s ch c is ic s c l f
e o f h R
t iss c m
ar a t er t t ru t u r a e at u r e o t e en a an e ot e t

( i cl di g h w k s f h Fl mis h m s s O b ch
n u n t e d d P es
or o t e e a ter re t an es r

w ll f P l s i ) is h di isi f h w k i s c i s ; ch
,
"

as e as o a e tr n a t e v on o t e or nto e t on ea

s c i is ss ci d wi h si gl li f h
e t on a do ch s c i
at e t a n e ne o t e t ex t , an ea
‘

e t on
lik wis s s i w p ic l m i I ddi i si
e e u e ts o h n ar t u ar ot v e n a t on , x t e en t -
c en

y m s m y ls b di i d d i w l g s ci
.

tu r ot e t h a a o e v e nto t o or t re e ar e r e t o ns

c ll d P im S
a e d T i P
r Th s c i
a,s m y b i mi
ec u n a a ,
’
an ert a ars . e e t on a e ta
ti ch d l ( h m ic ) Th si f '

v e or h
or y m af h m
ar on e x t e en t -
c en t u r t er or t e or er

is f g l y l ( l h gh h f g f m h d y t c yst lli d )
.

u a st e a t ou t e u u e as a or a n ot e r a ze ,

an d f or t h e l at t er , f a mi lia r s ty l e
‘

s yl is s d by i s lf is h si
_

Wh en th e t erm m ot et “
h t e u e t e 1t t e x t e en t

c y : s c i l s yl wi h imi i e m s f w s bj c s i
,

en tu r e t on a t e, t t at v t r e at en t o ne u e t n

ea ch s c i h t is impli d
e t on , t a e .

B gi i g wi h Vi d
e nn n C i E l i
t i i a m es an a s
’
o nc e r t cc e s as t c ot t

f w
or on e , t h f s l v ic s wi h g cc mp im
o, t ree , or our o o o e t or an a o an en t

w c mp s d h gh h B q
e re o o e l g wi h h ch 6 l
t r ou ou t t e ar o ue e r a, a on t t e ra

t yp Th l t
e p v il d i G m y f m h im f S hii d
e at e r re a e n er an ro t e t e o c tz an

f
.

t h ere a t er .

Th G m me p ifi
er ll y d
an t h l t c h o
ot e t s l m i g ec ca an e a er ra ot e t n en

l wh il pis dic did ( lik h R n iss c yp ) d lp

,

era e e o n ot e t e e a an e t e ev e o a

w m i ch s c i W i h i c l a th yp
, ,

ne i ot v e n ea i h e t on t t s t ex t n t e v e rn a u r, e t e

wh ich i cl d d s l s c i s d i s m l
.

o f G m m er an ot e t n u e o o e t on an n t ru en t a ac

co mp i m an ly pp ch d b l d di c ly i h c
en t n ot o n a ro a e ut e re t nt o t e an t at a .

T h s B ch s C 7 ] is l s i l d M
,

N
’
u a a n ta ta o . a o t t e o tt e t t o

h c y mpl s h m s i B h ms Op
,

Am g i t on n n e ee n t -
en t u r ex a e t e ot e t o \
ra ,
.

p ic l ly w h y T h op 2 9 N 2
,

29 7 4 d 1 10 an are art u ar n ot e o rt . e .
,
o .

is pl yp
, , ,
”
m m
“
( P l m
sa m f h an tex a e o a t ree -
ov e en t e .

A sid f m i w i mp c s p t w k s h m f m
e ro ts o n ort an e 1n e ara e or ,
t e ot e t or

is f d i m v m s f M ss s ; i i f ddi i l ig i fi
ou n n o e en t i o a e t s o a t on a s n c an c e n

h vi g p
a id d m d l f
n r ov ly i e m a l f m s ch o h e or e ar n st ru en t a or s u as t e

c an z on a d ic c an r e r are .

Ma gn ifica t
On e st p p l of ts f p lyp h ic m sic h
th e mo b h o u ar t ex o o on u as een t e

C icl f h Bl ss d Vi gi he M g ifi ( L k I 4 6
an t e o t e e e r n, t a n ca t u e :

A i p lyph i c s t i gs f h Gl i
s n o ond h C d f th M ss
e t n o t e or a an t e re o o e a

h
t r oug h h R iss c t h p
t e i g s c
en a f he M g fii an w e, e o en n en t e n e o t a n ca t as

no t I d h se t th . dd mb
t an dv s sw s gi h p
t e o er o -
nu e re er e ere un n t e a

p p i
ro pl i s r at e
g h — m b d
a n ons s b i g l
p yp h m
t e ev en n u e re v er e e n se t o o c

lly by h c mp s
,

a t e o o er

h M ss l s t i gs f h M g ifi m l d d h m
.

A i s n t e a at e r e t n o t e a n cat c u e t e co

i B i d ls l p p
,

pl et e D g ht ext q .
p i t
ur n t k t e g aro ue er o a o oo on ar e ro or
Voca l ty p es

C an tata
A c f m I li
an t at a si g is c mp d v c l
( ro t a an ca n ta r e , to n a o ou n o a

f m i s v l l g s c i s m v m s f ch s with p
or n e e ra ar e e t on or o e en t or o ru , o

i
t on a l s l s d s l ly wi th
o o ch s l cc mp im t S ch p t
an u ua or e t ra a o an en . u a

t
e rn s tw as th p t s g f m s f g ch l i
o or d
re e -
ar on or u ue, ora e , ar a , ron o,

ci tiv ti li d
,

an d re ta e are u ze .

Th i l fi pp s i Al ss d G di s C d
e t t e rst a i a e ar n e an ro r an
’
a n ta e et ar e

v oce so li Wh il B ch s c h ch c t t s ( i wh ich 2 1 3 t e a
’
ur an a a o ou

o f p ssibl 3 00 p s v d ) f c s tt ti
a o e th ligi s
are re e r e o u a en on on e re ou c an

t
at a , h s c l t et yp ( d
e u arm ) c t lly p c d d h s e ca n t a ta a ca e ra a ua re e e t o e
wi h s c d t ts M t s E l mu is
t a re ex mpl . f c t f oz ar
’
xu te s an e x a e o a an t a a or

sl
o o v o1 c e ; th w ll k w All l i is th th i d f m m t f
e e -
no n
“
e u a
”
e r
‘
ove en
”
o

th is w k A ft orB ch th c t t s m d th sp ct f dimi
. er a ,
e an a a a su e e a e o a nu

t iv t i
e o ra or o .

O r a t o r io
An i is t d d m sic l s t i g f li gic l s c l
or at or o an e x e n e u a e t n o a tu r a or e u ar

t xt s m wh t d m t ic i
e , o e ch ct i v lvi g s l v ic s ch s
a ra a n ara er , n o n o o o e , oru ,

an d ch st b t p s d with c st m s sc y
or e ra , u cti re en t e ou t o u e ,
e ne r , or a on .

M sic l d m t i t i s f Biblic l xc p t s h d t h i s
u a ra a za ly on o a e er a e r t art as e ar
as h t t eh c y ; d sc ip i f p f m c f h p Q m
en t en t u r a e r t on o a e r or an e o t e t ro e ue

Q i i is d sc ib d by th Bis h p f Wi ch es t
u ae r t s e i th C
r e di e o o n er n e o n co r a

R g l i (
e 9 65
u ar s I th si ce th c
. t y S Ph ilip N i f n e xt e n en u r ,
t er o

R m f d d sp ci l d c ll d O i i th m mb s f “
o e ou n e a e a or er a e r at or an ,
e e er o

whi ch p icip t d i m sic l s vic s p p l i ch c h ld i

art a e n u a er e ,
o u ar n ar a t er , e n

th y ch p l Th c ll d fi
e or at or or i ki d f s c da e . e so- a e rst orat or o , a n o a re

o p ; si c i w s g d is C v li i s R pp
er a n e t i
as di A im ta e ,
a a er
’
a r ese n ta z o ne n a

e di C p or Th d fi i i
o f m f th i w st b e e n t ve or o e or at or o as e a

li h d by C issi m i ( 1 6 05
s e H i ic h S h ii t
ar s t blish d h G e nr c z e a e t e er

m anB q i i wh ich th d ti l l m is mph

aro ue or at or o , n e ev o on a e e en t e a

si d I H d l s t i s f wh ich Th M i h d I l i
ze . n an e
’
ora or o ,
o e e ss a an s r ae n

E gyp b s k w d m t ic p ic ch c is imp d t
t are e t no n, a ra a -
o e r at ara t er art e o

m sic A f H a d l H yd s T h C d Th S
’
th e u i
t er n e a n e re a t o n an e e aso n s,

M d lss h s E lij h t w th y x mpl s ; m

.
,

d S P l
’
en e o n a an t au are no e or e a e ore

c w k s i cl d W l s B l h
.

d H
’
F
’ ’

re en t or n u gge a t on e s a zza r s ea s t an on e er s

K in g D a v id .

AS S I G NMEN T

S l c f m t h f l l wi g w k s
e e t ro h s f y w ch ice o o n or ,
or ot er o ou r o n o e,

exa mpl s f v i s s c d
e c l s yl s d f m s A ly s v l
o ar ou a re vo a t e an or . na ze e e ra

f or v ll f m d
o era f d t il d s dy
or an u se on e or e a e tu .
 S ac re d vo c a l typ es

Mass
Pa l s i Mi P p
e t r n a, ssa a ae Ma r ce l li
B ch B m i M
a ,
no r a ss

Six h c
t ee n t ym t -
e n tu r ot e :

P l s i
a e Si C tr n a, cat er v u s

Vi i D mi N
tt o r a, o ne , on S u m D ig n u s

L at e r m ot e t :
B h m s P lm 5 1 O p 2 9 N 2
ra ,
sa ,
o .

S l c t
o o an at a :

R ssi L i gi 1 L V d ( HA M V l II N 203 )
’

o ,
u ,
0 o e o , o .
,
o .

Ch l c t
or a an t a a :

B ch C
a N ,
4 Ch is L g i T d b
a n t a ta O .
,
r t a n o es an de n

H s L m
an on , f B w lf a en t or eo u

P ssi
a on

B ch Th P i A di g S M h w
a , e a ss o n c c or n to t . a tt e

O i
r at or o

H d l Th M
an i h e ,
e e ss a

M d lss h E lij h
en e o n, a

Magnificat :
An y R e n a iss an ce s i e tt n g

B cha ,
Mag nifica t
 C hap t er XX V I

Se cular voca l typ es

11 o p e r a ( f ro m I li w k i m sic i m sic l
t a an , op e ra in m u s ica , a or n u s a u a

s i g f d m wi h pp p i c i g d sc y i which th
et t n o a ra a, t a ro r at e a t n an e n er n e

p s f h ch c s s g ch s l cc mp i m Th
,

art o t e ar a t er are un t o an o r e t ra a o an en t . e

c mp si ch c f i f m is ill s d by M
o o te ar a t er o sM ig ts or u t rat e oz art
’
ar r a e

of F ig whi ch i cl d s
aro, i s i f m i s wi h
n u e an o v e rt u re n on a t n a or ,
ar a t
re ci i s c i s c
t at v e , d c s
av a t n a d i s ch l m
, anz on e , u t an tr o a sext et , or a co

p si i s m ch s d w d d fi l O ly h g r l ch
,

o t on ,
ar e , an t o ex t en e n a es . n t e en e a ar

ac f p m y b d fi d p ifi sp c s d in m c s s
t er o o e ra a e e ne s ec c a e t ,
an
'

so e a e ,

h
t e s ec
p ifi f m s wi hi ic c h org f m g i g t i d n t, an e ro en e rat on to e n er at on an

f m s yl s yl
ro t e to t e .

Th h e p s f whi ch b h m sic d
r st o e ra h s i d
o ot u an t ex t av e u rv v e ar e

s i gs f Ri i i E i i by h Fl i s P i d C cci i
e tt n o n u cc n
’
s u r d ce
’
t e or e n t n e er an a n

Th m sic f li w k D f ( 1 5 9 7 ) b y P i d
e u o an e ar er or a ne er an

b l s O p is
,

Ri i i h
n u cc n as f h eenh e fi p i g of h t er a on e o t e t r e o s r n s o t e

dic s yl w hi c h dis i g is h s h ly B q h h s
.
,

ne w m on o t e t n u e t e e ar aro ue, t e ot e r

big h
e n t i d h c
e o r at or o an t e an t a t a .

Op is f m f s yli d d symb li p ssi I is h is

er a a or o t ze an o c ex re on t t

li w c c cil s b w b l sic l
.

q ua ty hi h h fli r e on d m e t e c on ct et e en v er a an u a

co mm m u d m i g A m sic l i gi p
c at i o n an b e an n . u a se tt n n ter r et s a
'

t ext , ut

th im k f h c ss y m sic l d l pm f h h gh
e t e ta en or t e ne e ar u a ev e o en t o t e t ou t

o f h t is m ch l g h h im i w ld k
e t ex t u ci h
on er t an t e t e t ou t a e t o re te t e

w d b y h ms l s F h
or s t e s h e ve w d p ii s or t at r e a on , t e re are or re e t t on ,

l i s f c i pl s ci i d i c i pl s s s i d
.

a t e rn at on o a t on u re t at ve, an na t on u u ta ne

s g i h l
on ; n t wh e h pp satt e r , is h pp m s w i I at e v e r a en or to a en , u t a t . n

h N p li
t e ea p ( 1 68 0
o t an ch sc is di i d d i
o era c . ea en e v e nt o

tw p s h fi c mp is i g h c i h s c d h i wh ich
o a rt , t e r st o r n t e a t on , t e e on t e ar a

i p s
n t er re t fl h ci n
or r e e c t s on t at a t o .

F m h s dp i f
ro t e ll f m h
t an w b sic yp s
o nt o ov e r a or , t e re are t o a t e

f p mb s b ll d p ”
h
“
o o ( ) h
e ra : a t e d (b ) h nuh g er or a a o era, an t e t r ou

c mp s d p Th
o o e mb s
o e ra p is e whic h is c mp s d f
e
“
nu er
”
o e ra on o o e o

sp i s c h s s b ll s q c s d ch s l i l d s
.

e arat e ar a , o ru e ,
a et e uen e , an or e t ra nter u e .
Voc a l ty p es

wou l d

Ha ge n mo t iv e

Th e m t ak e h as is
im s b m d f id ifyi g h W g s ome t e e en a e o en t n t e a

n e n an l i m if wi h h B ch yp m
e t ot simil t l is
t e a t e- o t 1 v e as ar s t r u c t u r a un t ;

B c s f th q si symb lic sp c f s m f B ch s m i s th is
e au e o e ua -
o a e t o o e o a
’
ot v e ,

is p ic l ly mp i g l gy T h f ll cy ,h w v is h t h
a art u ar te t n an a o . e a a o e er , t a t e
B ch m i is s d i
a ot v e ddi iv w y he l u e big m n an a t e a ,
t t ot a t e x t u re e n co

psd f h m i
o e o d i c
t e pi h p f
ot v e an w k ts ou n t er o nt , t e at t e rn o a or or

b mg sp u f h mi h c y
_

m m
ov e en t e I W g t
un o t o t e ot v e n a n er , o n t e on r ar ,

h l i m if is w i h y c l d ch s l f b ic ; it is
.

t e e t ot ov en n to t e o a an or e t ra a r t ru e
h h f igh ly k i s c i s b t h s mpl y h m
t at t e re are o t en t t -
n t e t on u t e e e o a o o

p h ic d y l pm l ch iq h p lyp h ic p i cipl
,

h h en t a u e r at t an t e
‘

on e e o te n er o on r n e

o f c i s p si by h
on t n u o u f b sic m iv
ex an on t e u se o a a ot e .

A i mp n d l p m f p i h middl d c d s f h
ort an t ev e o en t o o era n t e e e a e o t e

tw i h c t y h b h g i c se i th comp si i f
en t et en u r as een t e reat n re a n e o t on o

on e ac t o -
p s p ic l rly i h U i d S fi M y f th s i
e ra a rt u a n t e n te t at e s an o e e, n

lvi g s m ll c s s a d s m ll ch s s i h c g y f ch m
,

vo n a a t n a or e t ra ar e n t e at e or o a

p s Am g s c h w k i s Am kl d he Nigh
,

b er o era . Me on u or s a re , n ott
’
a an t t

Vis i to rs T h e , Me diu m ,
an d T h e T e l ep h o n e .

R e c it a t i v e

A m or e or l ss d cl
e e am at o r y v c l s yl which mpt s
o a t e at t e to i mi t at e
lifl
t h e n at u ra n ec t ion s of s p ch is ci iv T h f ll wi
ee re t at e . e o o n g are th e
p i cip l yp s
r n a t e :

1 . S t i le r ec i ta t i v e t h e n ame g i t h s l s g f h Fl
ven o t e o o on o t e or

p (i
cu t n e o I era c . t d sig t d m l dy f limi d g
e na e a e o o te ran e,

s c i l i di isi wi h
e t on a n v on t no e ta s blish d c l p wi e s t ru t u ra att e rn , r t
 S e c u la r vo c a l ty p e s

t en o v er a t horou gh -
b ssa ( se e H AM Vol ,
. II ,
N os . 1 8 2, 1 8 3 ,

2 . R e c i ta t i ve
‘

s ecc o or r ec i t a t i v e p a r la n do
— th e
2 s tile r e c it a t i v o

s oon deve o l p d h ff sh s e t ree o oo t : ( ) more m e o

a th e l dic s yl t e of

t he ar o o i s wh ich l ds h i ea t o t e ar a ( b ) t h e r e c ta t i v o
i secco , an d

c s
,

( ) c the r ec i t a t i vo a c co mp ag n a t o S ec o me an dry ; t h e ad e c j
t iv f st h p ssi ch ci i T h c
.

e re e r f h o t e n on - e x re ve ar a t er o t e re t at ve . e

l w
at t e r cc mp i d b y s s i d ch ds by st cc
as a o an e u ta ne or or a at o .

ch ds i p l d h s s i h v c l li Of h
or n te r o at e at t e re t n t e o a ne . t en , t e ac

co m p im w i h h psich d l
an T h f m is f
en t as n t e ar or a on e . e or r ee ,

h t
t e b i g f in p s h h i p ic f m ( HAM
ex t e n o t en r o e rat er t an n oe t or .
,

V l II N o .
,
o .

3 .
R i i m ( cc
e c ta t v e a cc o
p g m p i d ci i ) — h v c l a na t o a o an e re t at ve . t e o a

p is simil
ar t h p l d s yl b h cc mp im is
ar to t e ar an o t e, ut t e a o an en t

f ll d m c i o s T his yp c m b s d f ci
_

u e r an o re on t n u u t e a e to e u e or re

f p ic l i mp c ; i igh h c y p i
.

t i
at v e s o art u ar o rt an e n e t ee n t -
en t u r o e ra , t
i d c s h p i cip l i s I is i h is s yl h h p f
n t ro u e t e r n a ar a . t
”

n t t e t at t e ar t o

Ch is is w i i B ch s S M h w P
r t r( HA M V l II
tten n a
’
t . a tt e a ss i o n ,
o .
,

No 2 8 1 .

In s t r u m e n t a l r e c it a t i v e

The t s yl ch c f h v c l ci iv is f
”

e, in fle ct ion , an d r ee ar a te r o t e o a re t at e

refl d i p ss g s i
e ct e m s i s m l w k s Am g h s
n a a e n nu e rou n t ru en t a or on t e e
B ch s Ch m i F y h sl w m m f B s
.

’
h
’
are a ro at c a n ta s t e o ov e en t o ee t ov e n

C 4 Sc h m s T h P Sp k s f m S
,

”
Pi N
’ “
a no o n ce r to o .
, u an n e oe t ea ro c e n es

f m C h i ld h d d h hi d m m f H i d mi h s M h i d
’
ro oo , an t e t r ove en t o n e t at s er

Ma le r
ls
In t h e v s Ni h Sy mp h y th c ll s
a t mo v e me n t o f B e etho en
’
nt on e e o

d b ss s h s
ci i ( m s 9 1 6 24 4 9 3 8 l ph s s
,

an a e f av e ev era ra e o re t at ve ea - -

lm s li lly h h m sp k If
.
, ,

4 7 5 6 62 8 0
,
-
O , ne c an a o t t e ra e ar t e ea

w f h u f his m t i l h s m s s w ld
,
.

h
t er e e re n o -

u rt er se o t a er a t e e ea u re ou te

m i bs c mpl s f ins m l ci i B th cl t
,

a n a t ra t ex a e o t ru en t a re t at v e ut e ue o

i g of h s p ss g s l s i v b l ms is p id d i
.

h m
t e ean n t e e a a e ,
at ea t n er a ter rov e n

t f h b i o s l i which s m f th s m m iv s
,

h
t e t ex o t e ar t ne o o n o e o e a e ot e are

sd
u e

EX 1 82

d im . P

oh mo te thes e so u n ds c o n - t i n ue
b a ri t on e so l o
Voca l ty p es

The Wa gn er ia n r e c it a t i v e

sch wi g b h h p l
E e ci iv d h symm ic lly
n ot t e a r a n a o re
’
t at e an t e et r a -
con

s ct d i W g
t ru i d
e s yl f c l d cl m i wh ich
ar a , a n e r arr v e at a t e o vo a e a at on

c mbi d exp ssiv ss d d m ic ig ifi c A h s m m

o ne re en e an ra at s n c an e t t e a e t1 e,

b li l d b h m y f hi c l li s w w i
.

h
t e re c an e tt e ou t t at an o s vo a ne e re r t t en as

an o g w h f d f
ut h ro ch s l p s T h ch s l si
t o an a t er t e or e t ra ar t . e or e t ra v er on

Li b s d (T i d I ld ) is i s me l
“
of th e e e to r s tan un so e n ot an n t ru nta t r an

sc ip i r g m n f h i
t o n or arran e I li lly d si m ply h s m e t o t e ar a t 15 t er a an t e a e

si gl V di
.

or ch s l p b Wi h he i g T h
e tra art _
t ut t ou t t s n er . e re 1 s n o a n e er

i wh ich w ld b q lly c i ci g l
_
“

”
m p mm
“
ar a ou e e ua on v n n as ac c o a en t a on e ,

with h v c l s l mi d
t e o a o o o tt e .

Sp
'

r ec hs t i mm e o r sp r e c h g es a n g

Th is is a spe cifi c t yp e o f re ci iv t at e i n t ro d c d by S ch o b
u e n er g e ar ly
in t h is c
y ; (D i glii k li h H d Op 1 8 d Pi
en t u r L i e c c e an ,
.
,
an erro t u na re ,

Op Wh il h h y h m i bs v d h v ic i
.
‘

d cl m t y
e t e r t s o er e ,
t e o e, n a e a a or

s yl b w p ch d s g f ll ws h i dic i s f h m l dic
t e et ee n s ee an on ,
o o t e n at on o t e e o

li pp im ly m vi g p d w f m th i dic d pit h s
ne a r ox at e ,
o n u or o n ro e n at e
“
c e .
”

l e u ch - tet de r Mo n d

U
C o p y ri g h t 1 9 1 4 , r en e w e d 1 9 4 1 b y
se d b y p ermi ssion of A ssoc i at e d
n i v e r sal di t ion Vien n a
u sic P u b l ish e r s, In c
'

N ew o r M
U E
Y k .

A r ia
An d d p ic v c l s l wi h ch s l cc mp im (
ex t en e o e r at o a o o t or e tra a o an en t as

dis i g is h d f m h
t n ui i e wh ich m igh b cc mp i d
ro t e re c t a t ve s e cc o , t e a o an e

on ly by h h psich d ) is t e i Th p ar v i sf m w or an ar a . e att e r n ar e ro a t o or

h
t ree -p s gf m t f h
art dof m I di ff s f m h
on or i
o on e o t e ron or s . t er ro t e a r

or li d i b i g l eg g lly
n h g h
e nc m p s
ond h t h
er , s en e r a t r ou -
o o e r at er an t ro

ph i d m
c, d m ican m vi oresic ( V d i
ra L T i at or ore r tu o er ,
a r a v a ta ,

S mp L ib d Ah F s e L i ; D lib s L k m B ll
“ “ ’ ” ’ “
e re era an ,
or u e e ,
a e, e
”
S on g )

Da ca p o a r ia

A f or m of ar a ,i p ic l ly f v d by
art u ar a ore the Ne a p lio sch l (
t an oo c .

1 680 f wh ic h H d l s p s ls mpl wh ich

’
o an e o er a ar e a o an exa e,

h as t h e p at t e r n A B A-
B -
p s s .
“ ”
re re e n t n ot on ly ‘

a ne w m l dy b te o u
Voc a l typ es

S t e ve n s ( 1 757
s p s i c mp s s Th ypi -
1837) ar e it s mo t re r e e n t at v e o o er . e t
cal gl w h m pheeic s c si g h ph s —
as ap i dp t s o o on t ru t u re u n t e ra e er o at e rn .

Th fi Gl Cl b wh ich m i p iv h m i L d si g ‘

e r st ee u ,
et n a r at e o e n on on to n

c pp ll s mbl s w g i d i 1 7 8 3 S m l W b b G l i ’
a a e a en e e ,
as o r an z e n . a ue e e s or

o us Ap l l c mp s d i 1 7 9 0 w h f s d
o o, p h o o e n
’

as t e rea t e r u e t o o en t e
m t i gs f h is cl b ( HAM V l II N
,

ee n o t u se e o . o .

Th s c Ap l l is simpl A B A ll p ll l
, ,

f Gl i
e t ru t u re o o r o us o o a e - -
a ar a e

p i ds f ll w d by f m s c d
,

er o , o o e a ou r - e a u re o e tt a .

Ar t so n g

Th e art s
is yp f cc mp i d s l v c l c mp
on g, or li e d , a t e o a o an e o o o a o o

sit i i wh ic h h m l dic s
on n i g d h cc mp im c mbi t e e o et t n an t e a o an en t o ne

t i o p h m d d m g f h t T h g s t c mp s
n t er r et t e oo an e an l n o t e t ex . e r e at e o o er

o f th t s ng w
e ar S ch b t ; hi w k s i o h is m di m as mb v u er s or n t e u nu er o er

six h d d c mp si i s Th d t f h c mp si i f G h
un re o o t on . e a e o
-

t e o o t on o r e tc en

at h S p i i g Wh l O ct b —1 9 1 8 1 4 m y w ll b c sid
t e nn n ee d h , o er ,
a e e on ere t e
bi h d f th m d t s ng
,

rt at e o e o e rn ar o .

A t f m h s o s g m y b i th or p,
h ib t e art N 1 7 on a e e e r st ro a s are os .
, ,

8 9 1 3 1 4 1 6 2 0 f S ch b t s s cycl
,

h
’
D i S
’

, , , g ,
b , o u er on e e c ne or

th gh
rouc m p s d is h-
i E ol k ig T h p tt o e f h s t,
p h ic
as s r on . e a e rn o t e ro art

s gm yb w p
on a h p Th e pt to-s g is ar t or t r ee - art . e on e z art ar on r are .

Th cc mp im t t ly l ds h m ic s pp t xp ssi
e a o an en no on en ar on u or ,
e re on ,

or c l t th s t i g b t ft tili
o or o m t if d iv d f m t h
e e t n g u o en u zes a o er e ro e su

s i is is ill s c b s
,

d d
'

f h h i S h h l k
’

g e t on o t T t t
t e Te xt E . b ig u ra e n u ert e r n an

N 5 13
os . 1 7 f Wi
,
i ,
w ll i Th D m M j b y o n t e rr e se , as e as n e ru a or

Hu go W ol f .

B a l lad
c l m sic b ll d is as i g f d sc ip i
In vo a t iv u a a a et t n o a e r t v e or n ar r a e

ch ct I f m h f f d i s m di ctly f m h
,

ara er . ts or ,
t e re o r e , o t en er v e or e re ro t e

h is t
t e x t t an h yp s E mpl s f h b all d i cl d Sch r u e l n ot er t e xa e o t e a n u e u

b s E lkb ig C l L w A hib ld D gl B h ms V
.

’ ’
’ ’
e rt r n , ar oe e s rc a ou a s, ra e rr a t ,

d H g W lf s D
’
an F u i o o er e u e rr e t e r .

I i s mn l m s c h b ll d s f B h m s d Ch pi
n t ru ch en t a u 1 t e a a e o ra an o n are ar

c pi c s g lly i t y f m ( A B A ) h fi p t b i g
,

a ter e e e n e ra n ern ar or - -
,
t e rst ar e n

d m t ic t h s c d ly ic ; d t h wh l i mplyi g s m i
,
,

ra a e e on r an e o e n o e n arr at v e

d sc iptiv
,

or e i t n r e assoc a l o ;

AS S I G NMEN T

Th f ll wi g c mp si i s
e o o n o o t on m ay b e c o n s1 de re d f or an a lysis or

f c
r e e re n e :

Op ( i cl d i g ci t iv i yp s )
‘

era n u n re ta e an d ar a t e

Mo z a r t ,
D o n G io va n n i; Ve r di ,
L a T r a v ia t a ; Bi ze t C arme n; W ag
 S e cular v o ca l typ es

n er , G o t t e r da mme r u n g; D e b ssy
u ,
P e l le a s
’

an d Me lisa n de ;
’

B e rg,

Wozze c k .

Madrigal
HAM Vol . I, i cl d s
n m adr ga
u e the o o i ls
ng om o e r : f ll wi c p s s
Fs ls i
,

e t a, No . 1 2 9 ; A rc adel t N o 1 3 0 ; de R o re N o 1 3 1 ; P a e t r n a
i s ld d W lk s
.
, ,
.

No 1 4 2 ;
. Maren z o, 1 5 5 ; Ge ua o, N o 161;
. an ee e ,

No 1 7 0
‘

. .

Art S o n g
Se l c w ks
e t or of c b
S hu e rt , B r ah m s “

,
Wo lf , an d D eb u ssy .
 C h ap t e r XX V II

Forms in mus ic befor e 1 600

th e p vi s ch p s f
re ou a t er sic wh ich i ormh s an d yp s t e of mu ar e n t e

c b is c p yp s disc ss d
,

u rr e n t
p i reh e rt o re I h h
av e d
e en u e . n t a t er , t e an

p s f m s c wh ich h
att e rn o b
u 1 mpl y d si c h d f av e n ot een e o e n e t e en o

h R
t e iss a c ( 1 600 ) b wh ich w i mp
en a n e c . i h i d y will ut e re ort an t n t e r a

b c e sid d Th g d l m g c f f m c sci s ss i
on ere e ra ua e er e n e o a or -
on ou n e n

l ic l f c i l sic
.

W s e m sic b c m
t e rn u
i d h i g
e a e ev m f en t as t e tu r a un t on a u o

h c h ch d p h i c ch h p lyp h ic
[

t e ur l p d f m h m ev e o e ro t e on o on an t to t e o on

m d M ss
o t e t an s c l m sic p g ss d f m h m dic
a as e u ar u ro r e e ro t e on o t r ou

bd yp f f lk l ik m sic h p lyph i c
,

a d
ou r an e t rou v re t e o o -
e u to t e o on art

fom s f h b ll
r o d m d ig l
t e a d i s m l m sic simil ly
a t a an a r a an as n t ru en t a u ar

p g ss d f m h m dic mp i h p lyph ic
,

ro r e e ro t e on o n d es t a e to t e o on ca n zo e an

i
r ce r ca r i f h l R
o iss c
t e at e r en a an e .

I h n ly m di l p i d ( 3 00
t e e ar e G g i ev a ch w er o re or an an t as

c ys lli d d h fi Ch is i h ym s pp d F m h s d
r ta ze an t e r st r t an n a e ar e . ro t e t an

p i fi p ilf h f
o nt o ts f m sic h m s
ot e n t a orp ch l i t e u tu re o u t e o t e o a nn o

i f h is p i d w g m h fi i f p lyph y
,

v at on o t er o as o r an u t e r st n o t at on o o on

i m sic Q W Wh ich h m sic f h O cci d

,
f

n u . t at t e u o t e en t

an d h f h O i
t at o sp d t e r en t e arat e

m is h c ll c i i s typ s f w f
.

O g r an u m f t e o e t ve n a e or v ar ou e o t o to ou r

vo ic p lyph y s d i ch ch m sic f m 8 5 0 1 2 00 Th ig f
e o on u e n ur u ro -
. e or in o

h
t e t er m is u c i ; d spi h simil i y f m s h w igi
n ert a n e te t e ar t o na e t ere as o r

lly n c c i wi h h g Th fi d c m y id c
,

na o on n e t on t t e or an . e r st o u en t ar ev en e

o f g or m is f
an u d i h i h c ou ny M i E h i
n i d i ( H d
t e n nt -
en t u r u s ca nc r a s an

b k f M sic ) pp ly c mp si w k h h h p d c
oo o u a ar en t a o o te or rat er t an t e ro u t
o f y an w i on e I ly gar m t er . M i n H d
e ar h or nu a QQQ CL Ht Ca €
” ”

t e v ox
s g h pa sif i f u h s fif h (p d mi ly) g i s
y
s

or g li w ana s as un r é o rt or t s re o n an t a a n t
3 115 1 m l dy c ll d h Th l pp
7

5 e o p i ip li a e w h
t e v ox r nc a s e at t e r as t e u er

p i — ic yp I p f m c h s c i s i g m
.

art h w n t e t o Vo e t e . n e r or an e, t e e t on n or an u

w s g by s l is s l
e re un i g wi h t h ch i s p f m c
o o t a tern at n f h
'

t e o r
’
e r or an e o t e

is ch
,

un on an t

F m 8 5 0 1 000 st ic g m p il d ; i hi s yp
.

ro -
,
r t or an u
t re v a e n t t e, a no e
Pa s t f or ms a nd p r e se nt tr e nds

aga n is t - n ot e t re at men t in p re do m n an ti p ll l f
ar a e o u rt h s fif t h s , an d

c vsw sd simpl g m ic s w s d; i
,

o ta e as u e . In e or an u t w o vo e ere u e n co m

f v ic s
,

p o sit e o rgan u m , t h ree or ou r o e .

p l e o r g a n um of i
t he f f t h l
s imp e o r g a nu m of t he f o urt h

Vox or ga n a l i s

an o c t av e h i gh er

Vo x p ri n c i pa l i s
Vox or gan a l i s

Vox p ri n c i p a l i s
a n o c t av e l ow e r

In t h e f ll wi g o y a yp c ll d f
o n c e n t urs d Th t e a e r ee o rgan u m w as u e . e

c p i cc si lly h d w f s g i st o c t s
,

ou n t e r o nt o a on a a t o to ou r n o t e a a n ne an u

fi m r us dc t
t on e , an ym i d c ssi
g f p t s w
o n r ar m pl y d o t on an ro n o ar e re e o e .

Th p i i
e vo xp l i w w h l
r ncw m f ia i sl l t y p s f
as n o t e o er os
'

v o ce n a e o or

g m h
an u
; c f h i is c ll d h
en ( f
e or tom t
t h ld a e t e t en or r te n e re ,
“
o o

si c his p li lly h ld h
n e t s f t h ch It w
art t e ra il th
e t e n ot e o e an t . as n ot u n t e

h c y h h m e f d p ic l v ic ~

fif t een t en t u r t at t e t er t n o r re er re to a art u ar o e

re gl st e r .

cu n -
,
ct i po - t en s ge u i to r dc us om ni c re I a t or

w lf h c y
F ro m t h e t m lis m t ic st yl w
e t s d— g pen tu r on , a e a e as u e a rou

o f s s m im s q i
n ote , d d wo wi et g i s
e t si gl e u t e e xt en e as r tt e n a a n a n e n ot

Si c h is ch i q w s d siv ly t S M ti l
,
(

i h
n t e t en or . n e t te n ue as u e ex t e n e a t . ar a

( m a s t y f L i m g s i s th F c ) h m S M t i l
on a er o o e n ou e rn r an e t e t er t . ar a

s yl is s m im s s d id ify m lism tic g m

,
”
t e o et e u e to en t e a or an u
P as t fo r ms and p r ese n t tre n ds

In lly c ys t lli d q
t he pte v
si gl li i
en tu a -
r a ze se u e n ce a t e rn , a n e ne o

m sic xt th b gi i g d d f m f m f t t s t s
.

u d an te at e e nn n an en ra e ro ou r o en e

o f h y m d c pl t s T h m sic f
r e ch li f h hym d c pl t s
ou e . e u or e a ne o t e r e ou e

is id ic l Th p tt is th f A B B C C D D JJK
,

en t a . e a e rn ere ore : 1

S q c m l di s h v ft b s d i l c mp sit i s p
. . .

e u en e e o e a e o en ee n u e n at e r o o on ar

l l y th D i s I ( D y f J dgm t L ib U
,

ti u
“ ”
c ar e li p 1 1 6 8 e rae a o u en er su a s, .

x mpl f w i h c y pplic t i f s q c
,

A n e a e o a t en t et -
en t u r a a on o e uen e

f m is f d in m s s 5 22 f h h i d m m t f P k fi
or ou n e a u re -
o t e t r ov e en o ro o ev s
’

Pia n o S o n a ta N o 2 O p 1 4
.
. . .

w lf i c i s typ f L i s g ( d v l
,

In t h e t e t h an d t h rt ee n t h en t u r e a e o at n on e e

o p d p b bly f r m th hym d t p s ) cc mp i d th t c
e ro a o e r e ro e a o an e e e n ran e

o f h p i s —h ct e h r em d t Th t xt w
en L ti e t e na e co n uc tus . e e as a a n

p m d h m sic w f ly c mp s d T h p lyph ic c d ct s
oe an t e u as ree o o e . e o on on u u

w g as lly i h p
en era s wi th h s am n d tp d m i lyr ee art t e e t ex t an re o n an t

h s m hy hm s d i ll h p s Th h m ic c s ct i w
,

t e a e r t u e n a t e ar t e ar on on t ru on as

b s d h p f ct c s s— m s f h fi f h d c t
.

a e on t e er e on on an c e u on , ou rt t ,
an o av e .

Th c d c s i h a li s mpl f f ly c mp s d t yp of
,

e on u tu s t e e r e t ex a e o a re e -
o o e e

c mp si i i W s t m sic
o o t on n e e rn u .

T h p i d f he l e w l f h d hi e h c i s is k w
er o t at e r t e t t rt e n t en t u r e no n
'

o an

h iq
as t e a r s a n t h e m s i mp t li gic l f m t m g d
u a; t o t or an t tu r a or o e er e ur

XXV ) T h m dic
.

i g hi
n h m
t t ( disc ss d i Ch p t
s er a 1 s t e 1

ot e u e n a er . e on o

s gs f h
on bd o ve s d m i si g s igi tmg
t e t rou a ou r s, t r ou re
‘

an -
nn e n er or na

h is p i d c s i c ll c i f t d
, ,

i n t th fi
er o ig ifi on t tu te e r st s n can t o e t on o . n o at e

s c l m sic
,

e u ar u

b d s i t ti p m sici s f P v nc i s th
.

-
f

Th e t rou a ou r ar s oc ra c oet u an o ro e e n ou

F c w ct i f m 1 1 00 1 2 5 0 Th tw m st imp a t
,

e rn ran e, e re a ve ro -
e o o ort n

f m s i wh ich h i m sic w c st w e t h
.

t d Th
‘

or n e r u as a er e ca n zo an ve r s . e

c h d th p
anz o A A a H A B
e ) m d ifi d
att e rn n l gd : a o e or e ar e

tw p t s n f is f is f l f d p
,

o- g m T h
ar m o q t y or i m d ’

or a re u en -
ou n att e rn n e

l m sic ; it is us d i ve b ll d d is id ic l w ith
. ,

i ev a u h t e n t e rou re a a e an en t a

h b
t e f m f mi si g d m ist si g s gs I th
ar or o nn e n e r an e er n er on . n e ve r s , a

m l dy i f
e o f m w t t
n s t ; s bs q s s s d h is
ree or as s e o a an z a u e u en t t an z a u e t

s m m l dy Th
a e h
e o f i st ph ic f m '

e v e rs , t e re or e ,
‘

s a ro
-
or .

ve s h th F ch q iv l t f th bd s
.

Th e t ro u re t e n or e rn re n e u a en o . e t rou a ou r ,

b tw h d d nd si ty
,

fl i h d f m 1 1 5 0 1 3 00 Wh
ou r s e ro -
e re a ou t o un re a x

b d m l di s h v b p s v d b f d d
.

t r ou a ou r e o he a e een re e r e , a ou t ou rt een un re

ve m l di s k w Th is m y b
t ro u re e o e s wh y g t are no n a e on e rea on a re a er

v i t y f ve f m s h v b st blish d T h s i cl d th
.

ar e o t r ou re or a e een e a e . e e n u e e

f ll wi g
o o n :

—h t b d
x

1 C h . e q
a n so n i l t f h t t e rou v re e u va e n o t e r ou a ou r ve rs .

2 B ll d — h . ve e q i l
a a e f h b do
t e t rou r e u v a en t o t e t ro u a ur c a n zo .

Wh il h w ds s g it sh ld '

e d ha
t e b h m or c an zo an c n so n ot e an on ,
ou

b e d h
'

ch p s s diff
n ot e t at f m i ea bd d re re e n t a eren t or ,
n t ro u a ou r an
 F a r m s i n m u s ic b e f o r e 1 6 0 0

t rou v ere sp cti ly

m u 5 1 c re e ve .

R
‘

— m
o tr o u e n
g c l
‘

s i g f p
e m f a v a i bl m b
u 51 a ett n o a oe o a r a e nu er

o f s s ( mg
t anz a mpl s h f m hsu rv rv sv ) i e xa e av e ro t r ee to e en ,
n

wh ich h s m m l dy w t e d f ach li b h l s T h
e e o as u se
'

or e a ne ut t e a t . e

f m h f w A A A A B I is qui p b abl th th is
or t ere ore , as . t te ro e at

s m f mw s df h l i ch s c t i f h h
,

a e or as u e or t e a sse , as e a e on o t e c an

so n d g w c ll d
e e s te as a e .

4 R d on— f mb sde au
'

a g h li
or p m a e on a s1x or an e 1 t- ne oe ,
c on

i i g b w h ym s I m d f m h fc h
.

ta n n ut t o r e . ts n a e er1 v e s ro t e a t t at

th f m w d d sp k b y h f h sm
“

e or as r o u n e so to ea t e u se o t e a e te

f i th b gi i g d nd Th l i sh ips f x d
, ,
/

ra n at e e nn n an e e r e at on o t e t an .

m l dy i igh li yp i dic d i h f ll wi g
.

h t e e t t at e t e
‘

e o n -
ne e are n n o o n

di g m i wh ich A B i dic
a ra ,
hn f i n at e t e r e ra n ;

M sic u A B
: A b a a

T xte 1 : 2 3 4 5 6 1 2

5 L i a B l l d— f m m w h ich w
or a ah f s cc ssiv
a or t o, t re e , or ou r u e e

li s f h s m m l dy T h s c ll d d bl
.

ne o t ex t u se t e a e e o e e are a e ou e,

ipl q d pl l i f G ill m l Vi i
.

tr e , or i le T h ua ru e v e rs c s u s, a a o u au e e n er ,

mAA B B B B C C D D D
.

E p i di d m h th f
’
’ ’
s r s re e t a o ur , as e or

E E E E, et c .

In t h e f ou rt ee n th
‘

y b v e sicl s s d ic h
en t u r dou l e r e , as u e n t e se

b c s d ly ill s i is yp is f d
,

q ue n ce s, m d a e a
; e f
t an h r an e ar u t rat on o t t e ou n

i th R m
n e d F o l ( 13 10
an Th f e h c
a u ve yG m e ou rt een t -
en t u r er an

mi nne si g c n p f h l i is h l i h i wh ich h s q c
er ou n t e r ar t o t e a t e e c n t e e u en e

l i k d b l v s icl s c is s ic ly bs v d
,

e ou e er e t ru t u re tr t o er e .

T h p ssibl d i
e o i f l i f m he W lsh li i th G lic l i
e e r v at on o a ro t e a s or e ae a o,

m i g m sic l s d s g d th F ch f c t l i
e an n a u a ou n or on an e re n r e e r en e o a s

B t l i s gg st s C l ic g f h f m w ll th t m
,

as re o n a s u e a e t ori 1n o t e or as e as e er .

6 Vi l i ( fr m i d l i ) — m difi d t y ”
re a o v re r , t o t u rn , an a a o e e rn ar

pt
.

a t ern :

M sic b b ( C pi l A i dic s
_

A A ta at e
’

u a a n

Te t 1 x : 2 3 4 1 f i ) re r a n

T h is p t ls s d i h f ll wi g f m s
a t ern IS a o u e n t e o o n or

Th th i t h c y I li m ph ic hym s c ll d
r e en t en t u r ta
“

a . e -
an on o on n a e

l d t b c
au f s d wi h h sixt th-
e, n ot c yl d
o e on u e t t e een en t u r au e

which diff i s yl d f m ( f v ic ch d l
ar e eren t n t e an or ou r -
o e or a

d bi y)
,

an n ar .

b Th .hi h c e y Sp ish t ig
rt een t d i l -
en t u r an ca n t as , or e v ot o n a

hym s A h S p is hn m f. th f m is ill i
n ot er an na e or e or v an c co .

Th fc . th c e y I li b ll
ou rt e e n p lyph ic c l -
en t u r ta an a a ta ; a o on vo a

f m or .
Past forms a n d p r ese n t tre n ds

Ti h rt een th -
c
y p lyph ic s ti gs f t b d
en t u r d t ve o on et n o rou a ou r an rou re

f ms
or id t ifi d c ll c iv ly
are en
p ly p h i e il o e t e as o on c ca n t en ae

Th m s t i mp t i s m l f m f h h i t th d f
.

e o or an t n t ru en t a or o t e t r een an ou r

tee n th c t i s w h
en u r e mp i m ph ic d c D iv d f m
as t e esta e, a on o on an e er e ro

sq c f m i t f f m f s v s c i s c ll d
.

w 4

th e e u en e or t , t con 3 1 s s o ro ou r o e en e t on a e

tif h ch f wh ich is p t d wi h fi d s c d di gs l i t
'

p unc a o re ea e t rst an e on en n

h s m fi t d s c d di gs ch f t h p i
.

t e a e rs an sd f e on en n are u e or e a o e re s e ct v e t

s ct i s th p
e on , is id ifi d
e u d d s t mpi A th
att e rn en t e as a ro n e e a e re e

f s c i d c w ls c ll d d i Th li s t k w
.

or ou r- e t on an e as a o a e uc t a e e ar e -
no n e x“

mpl mp i is ls t h ly h vi g xt h t b
.

a f h
e o t e es t a e a o e on on e a n a te t e ro u a

do s g K l d M y ( Th M th f M y by R imb l t d
,
“
ur on a en a a a e on o a a au e

Vaqu eir as ( 1 1 8 0
Ans l p c d f d i v l d i st m t l c mp si
unu u a ro e u re ou n n oca an n ru en a o o

i s f h h i tee h d f t h c i s is th t f the h k
t on o t e t r nt an ou r e e n t en t u r e a o oc et

h q
or ( f m th
o w df
u e t us ro In h \h ck t the r oot or or t e o e

t s f m l dy w e l n ly divid d b t w p ts
,

no e o a e o w m er .
a t e r at e e e e en t o or o re ar

Th is ch iq w ppli d with in l arge f m s d h gh t

.

te n ue as a e a r or or u e t rou ou

as lf co t i d c mp si i A h ck t li k eh iq
e -
n a ne fo d th o t on . o e -
'

e te n ue 1s ou n 1n e

d v l pm t l f gm i n f m l dy i symph i c d ch mb
e e o en a ra e n t at o o a e o n on an a er

m sic w k s viv d W
u d or mP
M L 11
, an 91 m t
1 s re e as an I 5 9 11 on e

igi l p s ti
.

\
I h f l l wi m pl t h . n t e o o n e xa e, e or na r e en t a on

sh w i A h q ( d m s p e m t i n)
o n n , o u e t us
fl u ”
an e a u re r uta o

B
"

1n

Alla da nz o t e d e s c o
A l l e g r o a ssa i

Vi o l i n l

Vi o l i n l l

Vi o l a

Vi o lon ce l lo

Th e f ou r t e en t h c
y is t m d th
en t u r ) m d iv der e e \
ar s n o va , a na e er e

f w k t i l by Ph ilip d V t y ( 1 3 25 ) T h in
m
ro m a or o f h t at t e ti e 1 r
“
e noy a on
i cl d d th s /blish m t f d pl m s d
M
‘‘ ”
'

of th e n ew ar t n u e e e ta en o u e et er an
fl

w
Past f o rm s a n d p r es e n t tr e n ds

Du r i ng c y c
the f d d bl
o u rt e e n t h c t pi en t u r an o n an ou e ou n e r o nt

b c m c sci sly d v l p d T h f ll wi g c ic typ s m g

,

e a e on ou e e o e e o o n an o n e e er e

d i g h is p i d
.

ur n t er o :

1 R . s ict c
o ta i w h ich h v ic s
a tr f h
an on n t e o e e n t e r on e a t e r t e

h S m
ot i i m
er . i d i g f m b
u er s1 3 1 0 is h m s
cu en h , at n ro a ou t t e o t
f m s f h is c g y I c sis s f f ic c v
,

a ou o t at e or . t on t o a ou r- v o e an on o e r

w v ic si c ll d p “
a t o- o e o t n at o , a e a es .

c t ipl c t p i i wh ich h
'

2 R . d ll on e i us a an on n r e ou n er o nt n t ree

ic s b gi sim l sly d wi h i h ph s s m t lly

.

vo e e n u t an e ou an t n t re e ra e u ua

i mi ch h
,

t at e ea ot er .

3 C . i (h acc a ch s ) s ic c u nt , f h It li a e a tr t an o n o t e a an ar s n o va

f w v ic s T h f ll wt imit s h 1 d f igh at e t e ter e t or

‘

or o o e . e o o er ea er a

m m s or e s cc mp i d by i s m l p t i l g
e a u re a o an e an n t ru en t a ar n on er

l s Th d sc ib s h i g d fi hi g sc s i
,

n ote v a u e . e t ex t e r e u nt n an s n en e n a

li ly m ve an n er ;

4 Ch . h F ace ch f m c sp di g h t e re n i I or or re on n to t e cacc a . t c on
sis d f b w te o p s wi h ut cc mp i m
t o V0 1 c e ar t ,
t no a o an en t .

I h hi
n t e t h d f h c
rt e en t i s m s p lyph ic m sic
an ou rt een t en t u r e ,
o t o on u

h d ca sis t d f h p s F v ic p lyph y pp s i h
on e o t r ee art ou r - o e o on a e ar n t e
w k s f h ly fif h c y Fl mish c mp s s Ock gh m
.

or o t e e ar t e en t -
en t u r e o o er e e

and Ob c h T h l t re is h fi c mp s f c sid r bl m
t . e a t er t e r st o o er o a on e a e nu

b erf p oly i s m l w k s I h s
u re n t ru i hi c l w ks
en t a or n t e e, as n s vo a or

ch iq s f i m i i d m i ic b c m fi ml y
,
.

h
t e te n ue o m t at on an ot v t reat en t e o e r es

tab li h d Hi s e i s m l c mp siti T
. s n t ru M ki en t a A o o on sa a t een es n

M id a en 1 50 1 i st m l c p rh ps h v y
IS an n ru en t a an z o n a , e a t e er

cc i g lm s f ll c y b f th is f m c m i t
,

fi rst , o urr n a o t a u
-
en t u r e o re or a e n to re

q u en t u se

l is l fif h d ly si h c t y s c l
.

Th f e r o t to a a at e t een t an e ar x t ee n t -
en u r e u ar

v c l f m wh ich mpl ys i h
o a or h f v ic t L ik
e o e t er a t ree or o u r- o e t ex u r e . e

h li i l i d b ll i f m is t y Th i i i l f i
t e e ar e r v re a an a a ta , ts
”

or e rn ar e n t a re r a n

( A ) is c ll d ip h i m di t li s i
.

a e r re s a , ( B ) p i d
t ei d n t er e a e ne o t ex t e an

h c cl di g f i ( A ) f wh ich xt d m l dy id ic l
_ ,

’
‘

t e on u n re r a n o te an e o ar e en t a

wi h h p ) is t m d l
t t e ri r e sa ,
er e vo ta .

M sic u : A
’

Li s f T ne o 1 — 3 —
ex t : 4 2 — 5 (6) 1 :

I g
n a lly c h
e n e ra d l s yl h f l w or l v sa g s w h icth f e, d t e r o tt o e e re o e on ou n

m ch f u r m g h av o is c cy f h I ly
a on t e ar to ra o n o rt e rn ta .

S c l e i s m l m sic b g
u ar n t ru ss m en t a mp l fu e an to a u e an 1 o rt an t r o e or

th fi e im i h si
r st t h c t y Up t
e n t e h im i st m s by
xt een t en u r o t at t e, n ru en t

th m s l sw s d p i cip lly i d c m sic B y h si

.

e e ve e re u e r n h a n an e u . t e x t een t

c y l t s i ls d c d s w d v l p d ffi i ly
en t u r u e v o an re o r er e re e e o e su c en t to

w h i ly i f c i l m sic b m di f t is
, , ,

arr an t t e r u se n ot on n un t on a u u t as e a o r ar
 F a r ms in m usic b efo r e 1 6 0 0

i
t c c o m mu ni s m s — ic i
wi d b ss d s i g a t on . O t h er n t ru en t n ra ,
an tr n

w i y s
,

y
e r e as i d m g et n a ru en t ar ta e .

F i s m si g l h w
or n y t ru p i en t n e n era t ere as n ot et a re e rt o re n o r e v e n ,

h h db d w f il b l f m s C s q ly u en t
‘

as t e re a een an e re or v 0 1 c e s , av a a e or . on e ,

h fi
t e i s m l w ks w
r st c i d i M l y s w ds
n t ru en t a or e re c on e ve n or e
’
or ,
as

ic i ls I li i l is f s w
,

”
“
p a f t Th or v o q o d m
e or V oh . e ta an e u v a en t un
-

o e at

li i h i l i sc ip i f Will s F i R i
e ar er n t e t t e i C n r t on o ae r t
’
a n tas e , c e r c ar , o n tr a

é d di s tr o m e n t i
’

p u n ti app r op r ia t i p er c a n ta r e son a r e og h i so r t e

f s s mb l i s m s s ch i ls
st ro men t i
”
re e r t o en e e n t ru en t u as v o or

c d s I h c s s i s m l f m s s ch h
r e or er n ot er a e n t ru en t a or u as t e c a n zo na

simply b w d h s c l pl f c l f m s T h is p c d
.
,

t t ru t u r a
“

orr o e e an o vo a or . ro e u re

expl i s h igi fa n f h ly yp s f h i
t e or n o on e o t e e ar t e o t e r c er ca r .

Ri i is d i d f m h I li
ce r c a r fjp or r c er c a re er v e ro t e t a an r i c e rc a r e , t

s h; h c h c i f s dy i h s s f
m
‘
”
d
“
e arc en e t e on n ot at on o a tu n t e en e o an e t u e

l d f m T h i l fi pp d i w k by F
,

“ ”
o f
r o a e ar n e or e t t e rst a e ar e n a or r an

cesc Spi i p blish d i V l m II f P

.

i I b l
’
a n acc n o u e n o u e o e t ru cc s n ta u a tura

p ss g s d ch ds Simil ic c i f s l i l w ls m
a a e an or ar r e r ar or o o V o e re a o co

p s d I l l ic c i m c p l d i mi i
.

o e n at e r u te r e r ar a or e on t ra unta an t at ve t ex

mpl y d
.
,

t u re w as e o e .

T h m s ch e c is ic f m f h ic c h w
o t ara is it er t or o t e r e r ar , o ev e r , an n st ru

m en t al d p i f h si a a h y m U s lly c sis i g
t at on o t e x t een t -
c en t u r ot e t . ua on t n

o f h t f i s m l p s i is s c i l i di isi
re e or ou r n t ru ch en t a art t e t on a n v on , ea

c i i d i g w m i w h ic h is i m i i ly d
,

e t on n t ro h gh ot v e t at v e t re at e t r ou
s uc n a ne

ou t h s t e i ( HA M V l I N 1 1 5 )
e c t on ,
o .
, o .

Th ic c i f C
e r i ( 1 5 42 )
e r ar m g h fi o x mpl s av az z on are a on t e r st e a e

o f h im i
t e i yp f g E ch s c i is l g h d d d l
t at v e t e or o r an a e t on en t en e an eve

p d s m wh t m s i ly h i h li i s m l
.

o e o e a o re ext en ve t an n t e e ar er n t ru en t a

f m Th
or . h fo f w s c i s T h d c i f s c i s
ere a re , t e re re , e er e t on e re u t on o e t on
lly l ds f m h p ly h m i og ic c
.

ev en t u a ea ro h m t e o t e at c r an r e r ar t o t e on o

h m ic f g
t e at si i i wh ich h ic c i f F sc b ldi
u ue, a t r an t on n t e r e r ar o re o a ar e

imp li k s T h f g is
or t an t ly dis i g ish d f m h ic c
n . e u ue n o t on t n u e ro t e r e r ar

by h i g av n h m b ls by h on e t e f h t h m ; h f g e, ut a o t e n at u r e o t a t e e t e u ue

h m d iv s m
t e e f m h pid
er e i d ore c s bj c
ro t e ra o r re t e r ate -
n ot e an z on a u e t
f m h s m wh p d s l g ic c
.

h
t an ro t e h m
o f he at on e rou on n ot e t e e o t e r er ar .

Th m ic c
e t er is ls u di ryp fer ar l dy f h l a o se or a t e o y oc a st u p t e at e

six h d ly s v —— h c i s A i dic d p i sly

m w s
a
{

t ee n t an e ar e e n t e en t entu r e s n at e r e v ou

i mi i c ic s wi
.
m
-A v i g a n
n v~
n w t “ W m ,
W ‘ w “ M A W “ -d
w

t at vel li i f
on t ra —
w (
unta h ) J QQ a z at on s oMr t o vo e t ou t t e xt
w p ssibly h p yp s f h B ch w ic i i s
fi g “ m u h m m W n . -m ” “
m v h ‘ w - h w M M _ “

e re o t e ro t ot e o t e a t o- v o e n ve n t on ,

P h ps h l s B pl f s cti l i —c is h
h .“

er a q m t e a t ar o ue exa e o a e on a r c e r ar t at

f d i B ch s M i l Off i g f h is f m is
m -
W » ) w W w w - ,
v c

’
ou n n a Th us ca er n ere a ter, t or

i ly gl c d il l il h —p —ss c gli i is i d
en t re ne e te u nt sl ce t e a a a a t rev v e as a r e u t
B q w i h c y m sic
,
W A “ F m ’ fi P ‘ M w , ” M w )
o f h t e n eo- d i ar o ue t ren n t en t e t -
en t u r u

(f m L i wh y pl s ) is yp f v c l
.

“ ”
Th q dl i b e uo et ro at n at ou ea e a t e o o a
P as t for ms a nd p re se n t tr e n ds

c mp si i
o o p tic l ly f v d by G m c mp s s f h
t on ar u ar a ore er an o o er o t e
fif th
t ee n d six an h c t i s i w h ich t w
t een t m k w ml
en u r e n o or or e no n e o

di s c t p t lly c mbi d ith i wh l i p t It is

,

e are on r a un a o ne , e er n o e or n ar .
.

th f p olyph ic m dl y E x mpl s m y b f d i HAM

e re ore , a on e e . a e a e ou n n ,

V l I N 80 d 82 d i h fi l v i i f B ch s M i l
’
o .
, os . an an n t e na ar at on o a us ca

c ill s ti is th s cti f H gg Ch i tm
,

Off i g A
’
er n . re en t u t r a on e e on o one er s r s as

C i w h ic h f
a n ta t a n c ls s g sim l ou r sly aro are un u t an e ou .

F h m s t p t th s f m s i m sic b f
or t e o ar , 1 6 00e e l g or n u e o re can n o on er

b c e sid d ct iv b t th i xist c i th d v l pm t f m si
on ere a e, u e r e en e n e e e o en o u a

ca l f ms mp t t A i t h c s
or 18 1 f th H
or an gg. m pl
s n e a e o e on e e r exa e,

s l t d c s s m wh ich
are 1 o a e t iq
a e f m ehtili d an an ue or 1s r ze .
P as t f or m s a nd p r e se n t tre n ds

y s bi
e ar in l i dic I ddi i h
e n g n on - t on a w or n on - t r a . n a t on , t e re are n e
rh y h mic td m ic l ti ships d h g f m sic is
an etr dd re a on an t e r an e o u e x t en e

by th w s ds th l i cl di g b h pi ch s d c l s
,

f e u se o ne ou n e at t e r n u n ot t e an o or

Th f e f diss c — i s c ds s v th s lt d f h s
.
,

e r e u se o on a n e o e on ,
e en ,
a ere ou rt

an d fif h d f diss t s ch ds wi h p p t i
an osl on an t or t ou t re ar a on or re o u

ti is
on f h ig ifi t di ff
on e c s b tw w i h c y
o t e s n c an e re n e e ee n t en t e t -
en t u r

m sic u d h m d l and t l t i dic m sic wh ich p c d d i

t e o a an on a r a u re e e t .

S ch o b g p t ly t m d h is p c d m cip i f h dis
“
n er a th er e t ro e u re e e an at on o t e
s c Wh t dis i g ish s diss c s f m c s c s h
on an e
“
a t n u e on an e ro on on an e ,
”
e

w t is
ro e , g l ss d g f b y b t g t
n ot a re at e r or e er e re e o e au t u a re a e r or

l ss d g f c mp h sibili y T h m m cip i f th
,

‘
e er e r ee o o re en t e t er e an at on o e

diss c f s t i c mp h sibili y A s yl b s d th is p
on an e
’
re e r o ts o re en t . t e a e on re

m is t s diss
e c s lik
r e at s cs d u c s on an l e e c on on an e an ren o n e a t on a
c t e n er .
”1

T h f ll wi g li c t i s b i f ill st i s f h p i cip l ou t on a n r at on t e
“

e o o n ne r e u o r n a

w i t h c y ch i q s
,

t en t e -
en t u r te n ue .

N n t on a l o r
o -
m o difie d to n a l t e c h n iq u es
is cc pt s li y b t i st d
i

1 . S h if t in g tona li t ies . Th t e ch mqu e a e t on a t ,

u n ea

of a me l dy o b emg 1n on e k ey f or s m im th m l dy it
o e t e, e e o , s

h armon i i zat on , or b o th , m odu l at e of d b p t ly

t en d t
an a ru an o

re m ot e k ys e .

Mo l t o V i v ac e w o odw in ds

2 . N eo mo da li ty T h e me
-
di v l m d s a d b sis f m l e a o e re use as a a or e

h m y A m d l m l dy m y ls h v
.

o dy or ar on mp i o a e o a a o a e an acc o an

c i w ic is is li y
.

m en t or p h h i h
ou n t e rm d i o nt n an ot er o e, n a t on a t ,

is q t l is diss t
u ar a , or on an .

A h l gynt f M o oi l F m N 1 2o ( m s 1 8 A li
us ca or s, o . a ea .
-
,
eo an

m d ; m s 3 7 6 1 L ydi
o e m d )
ea .
-
,
an o e

3 . P ly li y
o P ly m d li y Th is d sc ib s t h
to n a t or c mbi i o o a t . e r e e o n at on

i h m y
n arc t p i f w m t li i s tw
on or ou n e r o nt o t o or or e on a t e , o or

m m d li t i s
or e m d li y
o da li y Alth gh h
e ,
or a o a t an a t on a t . ou t e con

1 A r n o l d S c h o n b e r g S ty l e , an d Id ea ( N ew Y k or : P hil o sop h ic al L ib r a ry , p . 1 04 f .
 T w en t ie t c e n t u ry tech n iq u es
h -

cp e t t h at ssi a p ro gre on or a g u
ro pi n g c an imply w m t o or ore

r oo ts h b ch l l as e en a e n ge d by s om e t h e or is s p lyt li y is
t ,
o on a t an

e s blish d ch iq
ta e te n ue .

Up p e r v o i ce s , Ph r y g i an mo d e on E

Low e r v o i ce s , Mi xo l y d i an m o de on F#

C
Assign e d
o p y r ig h t

t o B o o sey
1 920 , r en e w e d

H aw k e s,
1 94 8 b y
In c f o r U S A
U
ni v ersal

. . .
E
U
dit ion , Vien n a
se d b y p e r mi ssi on
.

C l l i n C ma jor
.

4 . Un u su a l or s blish d sc l s
sy n th e t ic sc a l es a nd p a t t e r ns . E ta e a e

f ig t i h h m d l t l p i f W s m sic
or e n o e t er t e o a or on a re e r t o re o e t ern u

t ili d I ddi i sy h tic sc l s s ch th m d s “ ”

are u ze . n a t on , nt e a e u as e o e

f M ssi s d f h c st cti f m l dy d h
,
'

o e ae n , ar e u e or t e on ru on o e o an ar

m y Am g s c h l ss s l sc l s
on . on t he f ll wi g
u e u ua a e are o o n :

S e v e n - t o ne s ca le
15 x 1 92
Pe nt a t o n l c Who lel f o ne sca le

Us e d b y Gr i f f e s (s e e Ex 9 1 ) .

Ei ght - t o ne s c a le

Use d by Howard Ha n son Use d b yRi ms ky - Ko rs ak o f f , Ba r t ok ,

Me s s i ae n

In t h is c at e gor y
ls i cl d d sy h ic i s sys m s d
are a o n u e nt et un t te an

sch m wh ich p vid b sis f m l dic h m ic dy m c

, ,

e at a ro e a a or e o ar on na i

d h y h mic i i
, , ,

an rg t or an zat on .

5 . D d
uo pl d d im l) m i T h is is m sic b s d
e cu e or huo ec a us c . u a e on t e
c c p f h q l f c i l i mp c f h w l s mi
on e t o t e e ua un t on a o rt an e o t e t e ve e
P as t f orm s a n d p r e s e n t t re n ds

t on e s Th . h yp s f d d c pl m sic
e re are t re e t e o uo e u e u :

a . D d c pl m sic
uo s lly wi h k y c t b s d th
e u e u ,
u ua t no e en er, a e on e

w sys m ( disc ss d i d t il l
t o n e ro -
i t h is ch p t ) te u e n e a at e r n a er .

b D d c pl m sic wi h k y c b t t b s d t en t er ,
"

. uo e u e u no e u no a e on a

t on e row .

Ma ss i gc J

U
C op y r i gh t 1 9 1 0 , r en ew e d 1 9 3 8 b y
se d b y p e r mi ssio n o f A sso c iat e d
ni v e r sal dit ion , Vi enn a
u sic P u b li sh e r s , In c N ew or M
U E
. Y k
.

.
,

c . Du o d c pl e u e mu s c wi h k y c t
1 t ch iq wh ich w
a e e n er, a te n ue as

ig ve n it s t h eore t ic p si i i H i d mi h s C f f M i
ex o t on n n e t
’
ra t o u s ca l

C o mp osi t io n .

G a y ( ah ca 20 0 )

U se d
C
b y p e rm issi on
o p y ri gh t 1 9 43 b y S c h o t t
o f A sso c i at e d
C o , L t d L on don
M
u si c P u b li sh e rs, In c
.

N ew
.
,

.
.

Y k or .
,

6 M i c r o t o n a l m u s ic v l sm ll h A m ic r ot on e is an i n t er a a er t an a

s mi Al is H ab m g th s h s w i t m ch q
. .

e t on e o t a, a on o er ,
a r t en u u ar er

m sic wh il J li a C ill h mpl y d v sm ll

.

t on e u e u n arr o as e o e e en a er

i t ls m ly igh h d sixt h t s S m c mp s s
,

n e rv a na e ,
e t an een t on e . o e o o er

Bl c Q C pl d i
,

( h io h i P i i
n i s h Vi b k
ano ) h u n te t , o an n t e tr o te s av e

u esdq p ss g s b i fly
u art er clt on e fi t Mic a a e r e as
“
o or
”
e ec s . ro

t on es h s m f cti l v l i l ct i c m sic b t t
av e
"

o e un on a a ue n e e ron u u no

as a b sis f a w idi m i W s m sic Wh il m ic

or a n e s o n e t ern u . e rot on e

are g m er t h m sic f
an e h O i t t h
to y li t h e u o t e r en e are a en to e

idi m t ch iq s th tics d l psych l gy f h s mi

,

o e n u e , ae e an au ra o o o t e e

l Occid t l m sic F th is s i is d b t f l wh th
, ,

ton a en a u . or r e a on t ou u e er

m ic t s
ro on e i h b impl t d c an t spl d i t
e t er e an e on or ran an t e n o

W s e m sic
t e rn u .
P ast f o r m s an d p r ese n t tr e n ds

U
C 1 9 3 0 r en ew e d 1 9 5 8 b y S c h o t t
o p y r i gh t , C o , L t d , L on don
M
. .

Y k
.

se d b y p e rmi ssi o n o f A sso c i at e d u si c P u b l ish e r s, In c , N ew or . .

5 . Ch d C l or A v ic l g pi g f h m
u s te rs . ert a rou n o t r ee or ore c on se c u

ti sc l s ps c s i s cl s Th is ch iq h b
ve a e te on t tu te a u t er . te n ue as een

m f q ly s d i pi m sic l h gh i is cc si lly
or e re u en t u e n an o u ,
a t ou t o a on a

f d i h m di
ou n n ot er e a .

(J = 1 00 4 20 )

U
C o py ri gh t 1 9 26 , r en e w e d ~ 1 9 5 4
fi

M
by U n iv e r saldit ion , Vien na E
Y k
.

se d b y p e rmi ssion of Associ at e d u sic Pu b li sh er s In c , N ew or , . .

6 Ch o r d co n s tr u c t ion in t o n e -
r ow m u s ic A . ss mi u ng i p s c
th e r re en e

l dic si s f s i s y i v ls
.

in on e of t h e me o v er on o a er e ,
an n t er a m or c o

bi i f i v ls m y c s i
n at on o ch d i w m
n t er a a on t tu te a
“
or
”
t
n o n e -
ro u

sic T w c h ds i t l m sic h v f c i b y d
on e - ro or n a on a u a e no un t on e on

h i i mm di s d d id ity
.

t e r e at e ou n an en t .

T he s e r ia l o r t o n e r o w s y s t e m -

T h e t on e- r ow is sys
ch iq f c mp si i i which t em a te n ue o o o t on n a

s i s f w l difi
er e o ts mi s c ll d
e ve w is il i d
e r en t e t on e ,
a e a t on e r o ,
ut ze as

a b sis f ha l c s c i f w k i cl di g i m l dic
or t e t ot a on t r u t on o a or ,
n u n ts e o ,

h m ar ic c p l s c l d c l c mp
on on t r a u n t a s t ru t u ra an o or o on e n t .

Al h gh w l s i l m sic is f l i v lv s
, , ,

t ou t e v e - t on e f er a u o t e n at on a , t e o e ou t o

t li y i q i di c li h gh h i c si gly ch m ic m
on a t n a u te re t ne t r ou t e n r ea n ro at u

sic f h i o h c y T h cc si l ch m icis m f C l i
t e n n et e e n t en t u r e o a on a ro at o
'

ass

i m is h i d ci s Q
.

c s mpl ifi d i e xe M e i n C t e n t ro u t on to oz art
’
u ar t e t n

m j ( K
a or 4 6 5 c ll d Th D iss c d h ia dec t i t e on an e an t e n tr o u on o

B h s pi S Th i c si g
.
,

Op 1 3
’
e et ov e n an o o n a ta , e n re a n

i cid c f ch m icism is ill s d i h ch l gic l s cc s

.

n en e o ro at u t r at e n t e ron o o a u e

si f h f ll wi g w k s Sch m s Sch
on o t e o o f h Sy mp h y
n or : u an n
’
e rzo o t e on

N Io Ch pi s P l d N I W g s T i
; o n
’
d P re u if l e o ; a ner
’
r sta n an ar s a ;
F ck s S i li d pi ; S ss E l k
. .

d Z
’
f
’
r an o na t a or v o n an an o t rau e tr a an a ra
 T w e n tie th -
c e n t u ry tech n iq u es

t h us t r a; an d sl
S ch on b erg s T ra n sfig u r e d N igh t O n e re u t of t h e i n
’
.

c re as1 n g c icis b
h rom at i c c p
m w as t h e ro aden n g of t h e on e t of k ey re a l
i
t on s h ip h p i s wh to t e y k y c l d
o nt b l d l l h
e r e an o ne e ou e r e at e to a ot er

k ys m j
e d mi ; h
a or an gh l d d h m
n or ic i d t s d
r ou a t e re an en ar on tr a an

s v h s h m i s h i h c sid d ly m ly l t d w
,

e en t ar on e t e rt o on e re on re ot e re a e e re

s d i di c s cc ssi I his sp c h i fl
,

no w u e n re t u ef p on n t re e t, t e n u en c e o ro

ic ss ci i s l l p iv
.

g ra mm at i h a T o h m
at on d S M as n t e
“
arn e
”
an
“
ee ot e
”

s R i g is w hy Th m l dic c s q c f f
,

f W g
’
o a ne r n n ot e ort . e e o on e u en e o r ee

h m ic p g ssi h c i f h m s i wh ich ch m ic
,

ar on w r o re on as t e r e at o n o t e e n ro at

t on e s d d l ss d l ss b m ly l i s f h p ic
t en e e an e to e ere a t erat on o a e t at on

(s ) sc l
e ve n - t on e i m s s 1 7 24 f h Fi l f B h s
a e , as n e a u re -
o t e na e o ee t ov e n
’

S o n a ta , Op 1 0 N 3 d m d m o b c m ss i l an o re an ore to e o e
“
e en t a

s Th l t d cy is il l s d i h F s h m f h
. .
, ,

” “ ”
t one e at t e r en en u t r at e n t e au t t e e o t e
f L is s F S y m p h y w h ich l dy c i s
.

fi m m
’
r st ove en t o zt a ust on a re a on t a n

w lv diff s mi s i imm di s cc ssi h h m f

,

t e e e re n t e t on e n e at e u e on , t e t e e o

R g s P d h f g h m f S ss Z ’

gli Op 9 6
’
e er a ss a c a a, . an t e u ue t e e o t rau a ra

I f c h p i l f ch m icis m d w l m sic
,

h
t us tra n a t, t e ot e n t a o ro at an t e v e - t on e u

s gg s d i h s bj c f B ch s F g i E mi ( W TC
.

’
w as u e te n t e u e t o a u ue n n or -

V l I ) w h ic h si mil ly mpl ys l l w l s mi s
,

o . ar e o a t e ve e t on e .

Wi h h c c p ft t e k y onp d d th ie t o i cl d ll
on e e so e x an e at t c an n u e a

h k ys h f li g f c l li y b m d lly en t ra t on a t at
‘

ot er e t e ee n g o a eco es ra ua

il i vi b ly h c sci s ss f k y c di
,

t en u at e d unt ne ta i h t e on ou n e o e en ter n t e t ra
i l
t on a t o n a l s s is l s T h s c l implic i s d ss ci i s
en e o t e t ru t u r a at on an a o at on

li y c sp di gly i h w k d d s y d d
.

o f t on a t ar e orre on n e t er ea en e or e t ro e an a

w f d i f l f ms m s b c s c d Th m
,

ne ou n n at on or n o -
t on a or u t e on t ru te . e t er
“
at on a l c m s i b i g If h m is d s d i
”
o e n to e n w. t e t er un er t oo n a n arro

s s d yi g
en e as g i gen d i i nl li y
or n ei is v lid ; if
at ni is t ra t on a t on a t t a t

wi h k y i y s s i implic i s m y b
,

k
t a en t o m e an t ou t e n an en e , ts at o n a e

d b bl I is q s i bl f m
at a t c s ic l psych l gic l i w
t on a t Ve
'

e e . ue e, ro an a ou a -
o o a

p i wh h y p g ssi
o nt , et erc mbi i wi h i
an r o re W s on or o n at on t n ou r e t er n

sys m f w l s mi s m y b c mp h d d wi h s m f
te o t e ve e t on e a e o re en e t ou t o e re

e re n c hw e, g o si y k
ev e r v a u e o r
y c H w v w l
t r an t or to a e en t e r . o e e r, t e ve

m sic w h v i i i bcms c li y i h
,

t on e u ,
at e er t s or e n t at o n , e o e an a tu a t n t e
e ar ly d c ad s f h w i h c t y T h ch m sic w i h
e e o t e t e n t et en u r at su u as
“
n t e
d is h i i fb is vid c d by h f c
.

”
i
a r an n ot m
t e n ve n t o n o u t on e an e en e t e a t
h t b f
t a c mp
e ore , s wi h Sch o b g h c mp s s
or on t e oran eou t n er ot er o o er

w ili i g w l — idi m Am g t h s w h
, ,

e re u t z n a t e v e t on e o on e e e re t e
F chm Dési é P aq ( b h Am ic Ch l s Iv s ( b
.

ren an r ue . t e er an ar e e .

h Vi s J MH
t e (b e nn e e d th Uk . i Jf . au e r . an e ran an e

G l y h ff ( b
o s e I w A ld Scho b g wh g i d w lv
. t as rn o n er o o r an z e t e e

ton e m sic i u s ic d discipli d sys m which s bs q ly

n to a tr t an ne te u e u en t

p id d p i f d p
ro v e a f c mp s s h gh th w ld
o nt o e art u re or o o er t r ou ou t e or

Al h gh S h o b g li w k s icip hi sys m h fi
.

’
t ou c n er s e ar er or an t at e s te t e rst

c mp si i i wh ich w p i cipl s w c sci sly ppli d

,

o o t on n t o n e ro -
r n e e re on ou a e
P as t f or ms a n d p r esen t tr e n d s

w as t h e Fi ve P ia no P iec es , Op 2 3 ( 1 923 )
p d w lv t s mp mg w
.

T he or er an d at t e rn of t h e t e e on e co r1 s a ro are

a lt g ho et i divid l ch ic d t p d t mi d by k y
er an n ua o e an no re e er ne e or

m d o ss ci ti s Th w d it v i s m l dic it s ; hyth
e a o a on . e ro an s ar an t are e o un r

mi p t tc s a t p
e rn st blish d i th s m s s th t m l dic
are n o re - e a e n e a e en e a e o

p tt s
a e rn l h gh hythmic m tiv s
are , a t ou ili d i c st ct iv r o e are u t ze n a on ru e

s s Th b sic p tt is k w
en e . e a h igi l s i s
a The rn no n as t e or na er e r ee

m l dic v i t s
e o d iv d f m th is igi l s i s ; th i v s
ar an are er e ro or na er e e n e r 1 on

( I) h ,
t g d
t e r e ro c y m ti ( R ) d h i v si f h
ra e or on t rar o on ,
an t e n er on o t e
t g d
r e ro r a ( RI ) e .

Ill st t d b l w th f v si s f h w f S h b g
u ra e e o are e ou r er on o t e ro o c on er
’
s

Ph y f
a n ta s i li d pi Op 47 ( AMP N
or V o n an ano , .
,
o .

EX 2 00

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
R

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48

i c ch p t m y b gi
S n e ea t w lv
at ern difi d g s th a e n on e e eren t e re e ,
e re

are f ty ight v si s i l l which m y b tili d I dditi

or -
e er on n a a e u ze . n a on ,

ch ds m y b c s c d by th v ic l
or a e on g m t f
t ru t e t h e e rt a arr an e en o ree or

m o rec s c iv t s f y f h p tt s Th s ch ds h v
on e u t e on e o an o t e a e rn e e or a e no

—
.

h m ic f c i
ar on i th s s t t
un h t
t on l i dic ch ds d
n e h y en e a on a tr a or o t e

ot p g ss th y l t d lth o gh Ki k h g
“ ” “ ”
d o n ro re n or are e re a e ,
a u en e as su

g se d te l ifi t i
a c ass f h m i s ca h b sis
on of m l ss dis ar on e on t e a o ore or e

son an t c mp t s o on en .

S y mm t ic al m t ivic c
e r st cti with i t o w f q on tly ru on n a on e ro 1s a re u en

e mpl y d d ic A s i s m y th s b c mp s d f f
o e ev e th
er e t a u e o o e o ou r re e no e -

f I th f ll w
.

fig th
u re s, t fig re e tw ou r n o e
-
t fig u re s, or o s1x -
no e ur e s . n e o o

i g s i s f m S h o b g Od N p l Op 4 1 th w is m
’
n er e ro c n er s e to a o e on , .
,
e ro co

p s d f symm t ic lly t t d th
o e o a t fig
e r a rea e ree n o e-
u re

EX 20 1
P as t jor in s and p re sen t tre n ds

e x mpl
a e in A n th o logy o f Mu sica l F m C mplor s o ete th is an a lysis f or

b t d s di ch iq i v l d
.

a et e r u n er t an n g of t he te n ue n o ve .

N e w r hyt h m ic t e c h n iq u es
1 . F m 1 600 1 9 00 W st m sic s d lm st
N e w m e t e rs . ro to e ern u u e a o

cl si ly ly d pl ymt s 4 4
,

2 4
ex u ve on u t e or t e r n ar e er : , , e c .

Th f m s s ch
e u se o d cm i big
e te r u as an a e n to e n as

h d si
t e d ed f re g f
an d m d m nee id or reat e r ree o an ore v ar e re

s c s m if s d h ms l s
ou r e an e te t e e ve .

2 . C h gi g m
an I ndi i l m sic
e te rsm t w .
g lly
n t ra t on a u on e e er as en e ra

d h gh d d s c i Th
,
'

adh e re m m
t o t ro u ou t a ov e e n t or an e x t e n e e t on . e

rapid h g f m c s is an f h m s ch
e o c is ic sp c s
et er one o t e o t ar a ter t a e t
oi w i h c y m sic g g c mpl ity f m s ch
t en t e t -
en tu r u ,
r an ln in o ex ro u

o cc si l ch g s
a on a f d i N 7 1 V l III f B ok
an e as ar e ou n n o . o . o art
’
s

h f ll wi g f c h gi g m t s
, ,

Mik k m ro os os w to t e o o n su ccess ns o an n e er

f d i S i s ky s R i f S p i g
ou n n t r av n
’
te o r n :

EX 2 02

3 . L a rg e m e a su r es w i th no se c o n da ry a cc e n t s . Th is is
ass ci o at e d wi h t th ep ly p c ssi u re er u ve re p ti i e t on of

ch ds or in mo t o r ic m sic u .

(J =
1 oo)
H n n sl m .

C o p y r ig h t 1 9 4 1 b y H aw k es Son L t d
, U L on d on . se d b y p e rmission .

4 N on -
a cce n t u a l r hy t h m In t h is yp is t e, t e an d n onsymm ic
-
et r

c c h m l m ic cc ss ci d wi h
. .

gr o u p mgs ou n t e ra t t e n or a et r a en t a o at e t

the b gi i g
e nn n of e a ch m s e a u re .

Mo de r a t o ( J cc 68 )

me z z o 00 68

C o py r ig h t 1 94 7 b y B o ose y H aw k es , Ltd . U se d b y p e rmi ssion .

 T w en t ie t h - c e n t u ry t e ch n iq u es

5 S h if t e d acc e n ts . Th e n orm a l cca en t insy ic lly c c iv d

mm e t r a -
on e e

sic cc s pl p s d
.

mu o ur o n on e an d t h ree of du e f
at t e r n an on on e o

yp
t e rn ar s at t e rn The a cc i
e n t u a t on o f h i s is ch i d
ot er un t a ev e

i h by t i cc ks b m li s ) by w igh
.

e t er n o at on (a en t m ar or ea ne or e t

i sc i g
n or n .

Vi v ace J =1 26

f m a r ca t o

C op y r igh t 1 93 1 , re n ew e d 1 9 5 9 b y A ssoc i at e d M u sic P u b l ish e r s, In c

U
.

se d b y p e r m ission .

6 . No n -
sy mm e tr ic a l di v isio n s w i th in t he m e asu r e In t rad t ii l on a

sic l divisi s wi hi 4 m s w J J
.

mu ,
t h e n orma on t n a
4
e a u re e re

“ D EE t G pi gs f e c) m m»
. r ou n o 0r d ar e

mpl s f h k i d f sy mm ic l g pi gs w f d
, ,

ex a e o t e n o a et r a r ou n no ou n

wi h i h m s
t n t e e a u re .

All e gro J ? 1 52

C o p y ri g h t 1 9 4 0 b y H aw k es S on , L t d .
, L on do n . U se d b y p er mission .

7 . C o mp o u n d s ig n a t u r e s c mp d sig . m y c sis t
A o ou n n atu re a on of

( a) t wo met er s pplyi g s cc ssiv m s s

a n to u e e e a u re ,

A l l e gr o V i v ac e

C o p y r i g ht 1 9 4 8 b y Boo sey H aw k es , U L on don . se d b y p e r mi ssm n .

or ( b) a c mp o ou n dm e t er a pplying t mgl o a s e -
me a s u re gro u p .

. h = 3 50 <a J

C o p y r igh t 1 9 4 0 b y H aw k es Son , Ltd L on d on . U se d b y p e rmi ssion .

P as t f or ms an d p r ese n t tre n ds

8 P o ly m e t e r s sic c mp s d si c 1 6 00 ( wh h
. In mu f o o e n e en t e u se o

li s fi b c m c s m y ) h s m m w w it
.

b ar ne rst e a e u to ar ,
t e a e e t er as r t en

f or al l p t icip i g ar ic s i s m s i p ic l s c i
at n vo e or n t ru en t n a art u ar e t on

o f comp si i P lym i w i i g w c mm d vic i

a o t on . o et r c r t n as a o on e e n

f t h c y w iti g b w
ou r e e n t -
en t u r f q tly s d th r n ut as n ot re u en u e e re

f Th sim l s m t s ih w i
,

a t er e f difi u t an e ou u se o e ren t e er e t er r t t en
impli d is icip t d i c t i f B hm s c mp si i s
.

or e an t a e n er a n o ra o o t on .

pl s s
,

( S f
ee , m m
or ex a 3 1 5 3 2 1 f h H y d V
e,i i e a u re -
o t e a n ar a t o ns

f or o r ch s ) I h f ll wi g mpl h m sic is
e tra . n ly
t e o o n ex a e, t e u n ot on

p y lo m i b ls si m
et r c l sly c
ut am bi s w d ifi tom pi u t an e ou o ne t o e re n t e .

J 1 04 ( Al l e g r e t t o)

C o p y r ig h t 1 95 2 b y Al f r e d L en gn i c k & C o
'

Ltd . U se d b y p e rmi ssion .

9 A p p lic a tio n
i ly
o s i l m s e r ia l t e ch n iq ues t o r hy th m In . e ar er a u 3 1c

ch iq p im ily i v lv d pi ch l i ships
.
l

th e w to n e -
ro te n ue r ar n o e t r e at on .

S i li i f h y hm is f u d i M i E d d
’
er a z at on o r t o n n ess ae n s tu es e

Rhy h m t d is s bs q
e ly d v l p d i w k s by an u e u en t e e o e n or

B l d S c kh s
ou e z a n to au en .

N ew so u n ds

l i
The cl s c is vid c d i h p iti f
r e at on o f o or to t ru t u re e en e n t e re et on o a

ph s p i d wi h ch g f c l d h
ra e or er o f h is d vic t a an e o o or an t e u se o t e e as

a s bs i f d v l p m p tic l ly by i
u t tu te or h c t y R e e o en t , ar u ar n n e t een t -
en u r us

s1 anc mp s s A om i st c f h is p c d
o er is f d i n ex t re e n an e o t ro e u re ou n n

R v l s B l F m B li h gh L is t W gn S
.

a e
’
o ero D ro er oz t rou z ,
a er , .
t r au ss, e

b ssy d S vi sk y i s m l c l b c m s f i c si g im
.

u an t ra n n t ru en t a o or e o e o n r ea n

p c i m sic I h w i h c y h w d p t is
, ,

or t an e n u n t e t en t e t en t u r , t e ne e ar u re

f c l h t is c l s l i g f m diff t s s
.

n oti d g n e r ee o o or t a o or re u t n ro ere n u e

f h s m b sic m i ls v ic s i s m s d h t mp d
,

o t e a e a at e r a o e n t ru ent ,
an t e e ere

sc l b t i ki d f c l Th lt i f ld c l s y
, ,

a e u n n o o or . e a e r at on o o er o or or s n
Pas t f or ms a nd p r e se n t t r e n d s

Imp r e ssio n ism D e . b ssy s P

u
’
r e l u de to t h e Af te m oo n o f a F au n

( 1 8 9 2 ) m ay b e Imp ssi is m
t ak e n t o m ar k th b gi i e e n n n g of re on

as a s ig ifi t t d Whil
n c an i h S i f
re n pi . d e , as n t e on a t n e or an o an

t h S ri g Q
e t nf R v l I mp ssi o is ic d vic s
u a r te t o c a e , re n t e e are re on

c il bl wi h s t blis h d p t
a e t s th e af f f m( i e a t e rn e u se o ree or as n

D b ssy s P l d a d L M ) is m s t ch ct istic f Im
,
’ -
’

e u re u es n a er o ara er o

p i i m T h gh h m sic is
re ss on s . c t p t l i li
ou t e u n on- on r a un a n a n e ar

m l dic s s
e o h is s b tl
en e , f h y h mic
t ere t p i t a u e u se o r t Cou n e r o n .

N on symm t ic l hy hms d m l dic p t s

-
e r a r sd d t an e o at e rn ar e u e an

cd cs
a en ft e v d d bl d C l b c m s m
ar e o en e a e or u r re . o or e o e an i

p ort an t lm f b th s t c t
e e en td c m m ic t i o ; d o ru u re an o un a on e

cl m t y d h ic l p ssi s
a a or an r v id d T he t or a ex re on are a o e e reac

ti g i s t t h s lf c sci s s i s ss f l t R m icism
.

on a a n e e -
on ou e r ou n e o a er o an t

is xp ss d i q li y f s m i g c s l ss ; th st c l
e re e n a ua t o ee n a u a ne e ru t u ra
c l tiv s th v id c f h clim x yp f d v l p
orr e a e are e a o an e o t e a t e o e e o

m nt f
e d i R m t ic m sic i w h ich s q
ou n n cs d
o an u ,
n e u en e an ex

ten d d ph s s m ch mpl yed d h pplic i f

e ra e are u e o an t e a at on o a

w yp e f d v l p m t i wh i h f gm t y ll s i is
,

ne t o e e o en n c e ra e n ar a u on a

p i ip l d vic S cti l t tm t is f q ly mpl y d

r nc a e e . e on a re a en re u en t e o e .

3 N i at ona li m A dis i c i m st b m d b w h i l
t n t on et t e n at
"

. s . u e a e ee n on a

c h c t f s ch w k s
ara er o B th v n symph y
u V di
or as a ee o e on or a er

o p er a on h h d d th
t e on e i alis ic f lk l i m f Sman an e n at on t o or s o e

sB C pl d s R od Wh h t m
,

d B id
’ ’
tan a ar t ere r e or o an eo . en t e er na

ti l i m is s d i is h l t t
on a s yp which is s lly i f d
u e t t e a er t e u ua n e rr e .

N i lism i m sic ss m s imp t c f m th l tt p t

,

at on a n u a u e or an e ro e a er ar

o f h i t th c y p tic l ly i h s n ti s f E
t e n n e een en t u r ar u ar n t o e a on o u

p d Am ic wh ich l ik I ly F c d G m y
,

ro e an er a , un e ta ,
ran e , an er an ,

h d a
'

l g h it g i t m sic d which c s q ly
no on er a e o
‘

ar u an on e u en t

s gh i d p d
ou t ndi i s i h i m sic l f lkl F lk
e en en t t ra t on n t e r u a o o re . o

m l di s
e o d d c e hy h ms
an h p i cip l s
an c s f f lk
e r t ar e t e r n a ou r e o o

l i i
or st c n a ti lism T h s ct l i fl on a f th s m . i ls e t ru u ra n u e n ce s o e e at e r a

are e vid c d i s m ll it s f m h m ti
en e n th p h s a er u n ro t e o ve t o e ra e

p p p i s l
,

g rou i t t h t h i
n ex e n t , ra t h f g per an n e ro o rt on o ar e r at

te rn s I h m sic f B tok th s c l i fl
. n t e u f f lk
o ar ,
e t ru t u r a n u en c e o o

d iv d p t s is c i d v i s ch bst c w k s
.

er e at ern arr e o er n to u a ra t or as

hi s i g q
s tr n ts d pi c c s
u art e an an o on e rt o .

Dy n a mism ( n e o b a r b a r ism ) B art é k s A l legr o B a r b a r a ( 19 10)

’
4 .
-

i s ys li st
.

an d S t r av n k P e t r o u chk a ( 1 9 1 1 ) are am on g t h e
’
e ar e

e xampl s f dy mi s m in w e o i h c y m sic M na i t e n t et -
en t u r u . o t or an

m tia h f s i t p tt
on , t e s gl u se o h h ly ic o t na o a e rn an u ar r at er t an r

m l di s m t i ic p s p i d i s
,

“
e o h th
e h o v t d rat b er an ra e - er o un ,
an an o

bj i pp c dis i
,

j i
e ct v e h h
”
s ratc t er h t h an a
“
u e ve
”
a r oa are t e t n

g i
u shi g c h c is ics
n f h is t yp f
ar am sic Th t er pl c m t
t o t e o u . e re a e en
 T w e n t ie t h -
ce n t u ry t e c h n i q u es

of the (ly ic ) p b y h ( m ic ) b ll
r oh m s er a t e ot or a e t as t e o t im
p or t an t s g f md i g h fi p f h w i hc
ta e or ur n t e rst art o t e t en t e t en t u r y
is an ev id c f h sh pi g i fl
en e f dy m mo t e a n n u en c e o na ls ln the

ar e a o f h l g
t e f ms ar er or .

5 E x p r ess i on i sm p ssi. C cc p d
o m m u n ca t on i i an d ex re on ar e a e te

b j c i s f m sic h p ssi b i g h f i
.

as h t e o e t ve o u t e ex re on e n t at o an n n er

s lf — i h s bc sci s g i psych ly ic s s
,

“ ”
e o t e u on ou e o n a o an a
-
t en e .

E p ssi x ism o igi lly d sig d p ll l m m i

re on r na e n at e a ara e ove en t n

p i i g d pl s ic s i wh ich
a nt n an l i f h id d
a t art n a r e v e at on o a en

re a lity w s gh h gh h d pic i f dist d d b

as ou t t r ou t e e t on o o rt e an a

s c f m s T h Tk P i P i
tra t or . Op 1 1 f S ch o b g
e re e ano ec e s , .
, o n er

( 1 9 0 7 ) m g h li s
ar e a p ssi is ic w
on k s i w t e e ar e t e x re on t or n t en

i h c y m sic Th m cip i f h diss c “ ”

t et -
en t u r u . e e an at on o t e on an e

an d h b g i ft e a lity ro ss ci d i h at on li o t on a ar e a o at e n t e e ar e r

ph s s wi h w k s f
a e m bt i y Af h y llior o e x t re e r ev t t er t e cr st a za

—w ch i q h l
.

it f h on o t e t on e r o b c m s h p i cip l te n ue, t e att e r e o e t e r n a

idi m f p ssi ism I s i l m sic h b

o o ex re on d h n er a u as as een n ot e t e
p i cip l d vic is f c i sv i i h
.
, ,

r n a e e w
on e o on t n u ou ar at on , t e t on e ro

a pp i g i v i s sf m i s d sp si i s N
e ar n n ar ou t r an or at o n an t r an o t on . on

s ph ic p
t ro s d f f ms at t ern h s m s f q an ly ree or are t o e o t re u en t

e m pl y d T di i o e l s c s (s ra p ss c gli i
t on a t ru t u re on at a , a a a a, n v en

i ) d p d wi h c sid bl m difi i f xt l
.

t on ar e a a te t a on e ra e o c at on o e e rn a

f t s Whil h f m s s d by Sch o b g d B g d iv
e a u re . e t e or u e n er an er er e

s m w h f m di i l p
o e at s W b s l w ks
ro t ra t on a att e rn e ern
’
at e r or re

v l g dep f m t di i l s c T h m sic
,

ea a re at e r art u re ro ra t on a t ru t u re . e u

— l g g i d
no on d h m ic id i i s m y b
e r or an z e ar ou n t e at en t t e a e

t er m d h m t ic ; i is f
e at h ch c i d by
e a sivt u rt er ar a t er ze an e x t en e

u se o f v i i s f c ic imi i
ar e t e f ci f o an on t at on , r are a t o n o t e x t u re , e x
t re m c c e i f m i l d c cis ss ( S AMF
on e n t r at o n o at er a ,
an on en e . ee ,

p .

6 .
-
is t m h b
N e o R o m a n t ic ism T h i ly d h .
-

er as e en so v ar ou s
‘

u se t at

i m st
t c ss ily b cc mp i d b y ch l gic l m di
u ne e ar e a o an e a ron o o a o

fi Tw i c y R m icis m ls ss ci d wi h
er .h — e n t et en t u r e
n o -
o an t a o a o at e t
cc p c f p ssi c mm ic i bj c f
,

th e a e t an h e o ex re ve o un at o n as t e o e t o
m sic s s l ss dic l m s h d s p
u u e a m Th e ra a e an t an oe ex re ss1 on 1 s e

f Bl c h h Fif h S y mp h y f P k fi
, ,

S h l m c e o o o h L o ,
t e t on o ro o ev , t e on

d S y m p h y f V gh
on Willi m s d h pi
on S o au an a an t e an o o n a ta ,

f S m l B b p s i w k s L y icis m
,

Op 26 .
,
o a ue ar e r a re re re e n t at v e or r

l g m l dic li s d h f q f h ps dic ( f
.
,

on e o )
ne an t e re u e n t u se o r a o re e

s i c j c i wi h w i h —
,

p att ern n c y i di m s
on u n h t on t t en t e t en t u r o ar e t e
dis i g is h i g h
t n c is ics
u n c ar a t er t .
P as t f or m s an d p r ese n t t re n ds

7 . J azz .ic j b c m s blish d b t 1 9 1 5 Ch

A me r an azz e a e e ta e a ou . ar

t i d by sy c p i
ac e r z e s p ly hy hms d th f h
n o at on , o r t ,
an e u se o t e
fi d hi d
at t e d s v th j h
r disc v d h
an ly l s e en t ,
azz as r e o ere t e n e ar -
o t

i i mp vis t i A s c i l d sig with v i ti

'

ar t o ro a t on . e t on a e n ar a on t re a
m is
en t f h p i cip l pl s s d i m k i g
on e o t e
g
"

r n a an u e n a n
“
arr an e

m s Os i
en t . p t s ( i b gi w gi
”
t n at o d b a t e rn as n
“
oo e- oo e an
“
e

b p ) f m w m s s i l gth f q ntly s d
”
o ro on e to t o e a u re n en ar e re ue u e .

Th el i ly f ew G sh wi w k s R h p dy i B l P
r e at v e er n or a so n ue, re

pi C
,

l d
u fes or i F d A Am i an o , i P i o nce r t o n , an h e r can n a r s,

st ill p s h m st s cc ssf l t mp s s blish j

re re e n t t e o u e u at e t to e ta azz as

a
“
c c t h th
on er f c i l yp r at er an a s a
“
un t on a
”
t e .

8 . r s
N eo C la ssic is m ( n e o B a r o q u e) th d -
. The u se of e v en t ee n an

i c yf s
e gh te e n t h en t u r p c d s i c j c i wi h
or m an d
-
ro e u re n on u n t on t
tw i h c y idi ms icip d by B s i m g th s
en t e t -
en t u r o an t at e u on a on o er

b c m s m j t d b gi i g wi h h f ll wi g w k s f
, ,

e o e a a or ren e nn n t t e o o n or o

St vi s k y S
ra f
n pi O : d C
o n a ta or an o c te t an on

f
c er t o pi n A p lyp h ic t xt
or diss t
a o o on e u re ,
“
on an
”

c t p i p di icism d
ou n e r o nt, m d li t y i an -
at on ,
an n eo- o a are re

q tly f d ch ct ist ics i th viv l f s ch B q

u en -
ou n ar a er n e re a o u aro ue

f ms
or h c c t g ss s i t ic c p ss c gli
as t e on er o ro o , o t n a o, r er are , a a a a,

d t cc t h m ph ic typ f Cl ssicism is ‘

an A mo a a . ore o o on e o n eo -
a

f d i s ch w k s h P k fi S d Vi li C e
ou n n u or as t e ro o ev ec on o n on c r to

or th R v l S ei f pi th p t s f Which d iv
a e on a t n e or an o , e a t ern o er e

f m p st B q f ms
ro o -
ar o ue or .

‘
9 . E x is te n t ia lism Ch M i I ll p i s m sic i w an d a n ce us c . n a rev o u u t as

a ss m d h c ld b
u e d vi i f m h
t ere ou m d e no e at on ro t e su cce ss n an

c mbi i f s c c mp si i w w itt F
o n at o n o n ot e on e a o o t on as r en . or e x

a mpl i w ld b i c
e, t c iv bl pl y h ph dly m s
ou e n on e a e to a a az ar ea

u re s 1 1 4 4 0 5 6 1 5 3 5 1 02 1 1 2
-
i -
B th s -
,
-
etc . n a
'

ee ov e n o n at a

m v m I ch c m sic h th h d th p f m
, , ,

o e en t . n an e u , on t e o er an ,
e er or er

is gi h lib y f s l cti g th d
v en t e d s m i m s th
ert o e e n e or e r an o et e e

m an n e r( t mp c ) i wh ich it s s ct i s t b
e o , n u an e n un or e on are o e

p f m d c mbi d Th is p c d
er or e or icip t d by Iv s
o ne . ro e u re , an t a e e ,

is f d i th S ckh s K l i ii k XI d i h B l
ou n n e to au en a v e rs t c an n t e ou e z

Thi d P ir S I i
ano mp h sis h i mm di
o na ta pr s t . n ts e a on t e e at e e en

( h t e un it pl y d ) i d p d f y p st blish d a e as n e en en t o an re e a e con

tex t ( th c mp si i e wh l ) ch c m sic is c l
o o t on as a o e an e u a orr e

a t iv f E xis t
e o i lis m T h l simil ly p s t l t s h t th
en t a e att e r ar o u a e t a e

lity is th imm di t p s s lf—

.

on ly t ru e
“
re a c ti d
”
e e a e re e n t , e on a n e

an d d ch d i d p d
et a f c ss y p st d d t
e n e en en t o a ne e ar a an a e er

mi d f t
,

ne u u re .
 C ha p t e r X X I X

The fun c tion o f for m an d the

cr ea ti ve pr ocess in mus i c

a m il i ar it y wi h lysi s f s yl d f m b l
t an d a n a m k s m o t e an or en a e us to a e o e

b d g li i s d i
ro a e n e ra c inc cl si s wh ich
z at o n an ly ar r v e at e rt a on u on n o t on

gi ve acl c x l d s di g f p ifi f m s b t cl ify
e are r on t e tu a u n e r t an n o s ec c or u ar

h f c i f f m i m sic Th m f cti is h s d i i “ ”
t e un t on o or n u . e t er un on e re u e n ts
b d s s s gmfyi g
r oa e t ly p p s b ls h i
en e , S l l io
n n ot on ur o e ut a o t e n t e rre at n

sh ips ( f m h s dp i f f m ) f d sig c s ics psych l gy

ro t e t an o nt o or o e n , a ou t o o ,

p p i h is ic l d s ylis ic f c s b j c i s s h ics f lk
,

ro or t on , t or a an t t a t or o e t ve ae t et o ,

f c i l d t yp s h c mp siti l p c ss c mm ic i
, , ,

un t on a , an ar t e ,
t e o o on a ro e , o un at o n

an d v c i e d fi lly
o at on , an l im ig ifi I is wi h h s i t
na ,
u t at e s n c an ce . t t t e e n er

l i s hips h h p s ch p is c c d
r e at on t at t e r e en t a t er on e rn e

F m h s dp i f dh c dp f m fi d
.

ro t e t an o nt o a e re n e t o or e ar t u r e ro a xe ,

p s b lish d p
r ee ta h e w h v d w yp s f
at t ern , t e r e ar e , as e a e n ot e , t o t e o

f ms cl s d d p s c s Th h p s g f m ( A
or -
o e an o en t ru t u re e t ree -
ar t on or

B A ) is mpl f sy x mpl f th
.

f h fi an f ex a e o t e rst , a re e an t a an e a e o e

s c d T h f g wi h i di i l p si i
e on -
e u ue, d f s ci l
t t s t ra t on a ex o t on an ree e t on a

f m i m di h yb id yp p cd
.

or IS an A
n t er e h
at e o r r t e . s to ro e u re , t e re ar e
f b sic c g i s A c mp si i m y c sis f ( ) si gl
,

ou r a at e or e . o o t on a on t o a a n e

s m t at e i si mpl f lk s g i h Ch pi P l d i A
en t , as n a e o on or n t e o n re u e n

m j ; (b )
a or s m f ll w d by s m l b i a t at e i
en t tw o o e o e e a or at on , as n a o

or t h p s g f m; ( ) s m f
re e -
art on m or h m s f l c a t at e en t o o n e or o re t e e o

l w d by
o e siv d l pm an e x t e n i i s i s e m ev e o en t o r v ar at o n as n a on at a ov e

s i s f v i i s ; ( d ) m i ic m which m y
,

m en t o r a er e o ar at o n a ot v t reat en t a or

m y a b i mi
n ot i i P l s i
e m t atB ch f g Ch pi
v e , as n a a e tr n a ot e t , a a u ue, a o n

etu d S ch o b g
e , or a w w k n er t on e - ro or .

C sid i g v ll s c
on er n h wo t yp s
e ra f f ms h
t ru t u re , t e r e ar e t o e o or : t e

simpl d sig c sis i g f b

e e b sic p
n on s ch h t n o u t on e a at t e r n , u as t e on e
tw th
o fi p s g f m ; d h c mp d f m s ch
re e or ve - ar t on or an t e o ou n or ,
u

as t h s g f e m wi h on i h s p
or it w h ic h m
tr o, t e on at a , o e ra , or o r at or o , co

bi s w
ne m t simpl d sig s F m h s dp i f l i
o or ore e e n . ro t e t an o nt o r e at o n
 The f u n c t ion o f form

ships p ssi s h
t o ot h er art e x w k i ds f m s c—
re on , t e re are t o n o u 1 au t o

no m bs c m sic wh ich c p f s m f w l ss c l
ou s or a t ra t u , ,
ex e t or o e e t ex t e vo a

w k s is i s m l d ss ci i m sic m sic w i
or n t ru en t a an a o at v e u u r t t e n t o a t e xt
b s d sm m sic l ss ci i m s m sic is
, , ,

or a e on o e A e xt r a u a a o at on . u t on o ou u

n on - r e p s i l ; i d pic s sc s s f c d h
re en t at o n a t e t no en e , t at e no a t , an as n o

li t e ral m igI d s hw ean n h . c i c

t oe i dd o ev er , av e e rt a n o n n o t at v e an en o

i mplic i s I h is c g y ch w k s B ch f g
,

t at i ve at on n t at e or are su or as a a u ue

symph y A ss ci i m sic i cl d s s gs p g m
.

or a M ozar t on o at v e u n u e on ro ra

w ks p d b ll T h m di m m y b cl is m l
.
,

or , o era , an a et . e e u a e vo a ,
n t ru en t a ,

or m y c mb ia ic s d i s m s
o ne v o e an n t ru en t .

M sic l f m s
u a g d
or ly b y m
ar e sic l c s b
ov e r n e ls n ot on u a an on ut a o

by c s ic d psych l gic l p i cipl s I h h mg f

a ou t an o o m a r n e . n t e e ar o a co

p si i
o ly limi d mb f s cc ssi s ds g sp d
t on , o n a te nu er o u e ve ou n are ra e as

an en t i y T h f h imm di ly p s m sic m s c s n ly
t . e re o r e , t e e at e r e en t u u t on t a t

b e l d h m sic l dy h d b
r e at e to t e p f h p s
u a re a e ar ut n ot ar t o t e re en t

en t i y .C s q ly h pp h si
t on e u en t d c mp h si t e a f p re en on a n o re en on o a ar

w k is d p d m m y h d mi s f wh ich
,

i l
t c u ar or e en e n t on e or t e e t er n an t o are

f d i h s psyc h l gic l p i cipl s k w h l ws f ss ci

,

ou n n t o e o o a r n e no n as t e a o a o a

i Th l
t on . e s lly s d h p i cipl s f p i m cy f
at t e r are u u a t at e as t e r n e o r a ,
re

q u en c y c cy d i
r e enid ss T h s m i
an h m s
Vv t blis h i g h ne u a a n t e e e a n t e

b si c h w k m m is s d fi ( p i m cy ) ;
.
, , ,

a c f ar a c t er o a or or ov e ent t at e r st r a an

i mp m i
o r t an t is i d m
ot v e s im s i h c s f re t e rat e nu e r ou t e n t e ou r e o a

m ov e m (f q en tcy ) ; icip y
re u en i i b i gs mi d an an t at o r r e t r an s t on r n to n

a h m i mm di
t e e ly b f h h m is s d ( c cy ) ; w
e at e e or e t e t e e re t at e re en a ne

h m ( i
t e e p i sly h d ) is s d i c s i g k y i
o on e r ev ou ear t at e n a on t ra t n e n a

w c l gis wi h w cc m p im p ( i id
,

ne o or o r r e t e r , or t a ne a o an en t at t e rn v v

ne ss ) .

F ms l or f f li g f g i ti which is i
ev o v e ou t o a d
ee n or or an z a on n n at e an

wh ich g ws f h h m
ro i si c m k
ou t o c s c Th
t e u an n t n t to a e or on t r u t e

d cy w d d f l i g f c s c i i v l s ph ysi l gic l
.

t e n en to ar an ee n or on t ru t on n o ve o o a

psych l gic l d s h ic f c s Th f li g f g i i is
,

o o a an ae t et a t or e ee n or or an z at on

ppli d h g pi g f s ds i p i i d l i i
.
,

a e to t e r ou n o ou n n re et t on an a t e r n a t on , n

simil d i i d p ar an s A p yp f c i m sic l p
n v ar e at t e rn . r ot ot e or e rt a n u a at

t e rn s d p d i f d i h f m l p p i s f b h ph ysi
an r oc e u re s s ou n n t e or a ro e rt e o ot

ca l d m
an l b i g d b h vi ; h p
en t a e n s f mi an d e a or e re , at t e rn o o t on an

re s ci i
t,
“

ex d l s s dd ch g p p i
t at on an re e a e , d f l fill u en an e, re ar at on an u

m m g h m y wh ic h p
e n t , ar e a on i d s s y b sis f c s
t e an r ov e a e n or a or orr e

p di g m sic l d sig s A h f lk d f c i l sp c f m sic

on n u a e n . s t e o an u n t on a a e t o u

is g d lly j i d wi h
ra ua pl c d by h c mpl i sp c
o ne t or re a e t e on t e at ve a e t,
m o re d lib ly pl d d c s i sly s d f ms
e e r at e an n e ili d an on c ou -
u e or are u t ze .

Th s blis h m f h emp l l imi f h mb f s cc s

e e ta en t o t e t or a ts or t e nu er o u e

si s ds wh ich m y b g sp d
ve ou n i y p i d s cl
a e h ra e a s an e n t t r ov e a ue to t e
psych l gic l c s ic b sis f ph s s c
o o a -
a ou t I l i sh ip
a or ra e t ru t u re n r e at o n to
di yfc si h b s blish d h h pp li mi f h
.

au t or a t or t as ee n e ta e t at t e u er t o t e
P as t f orms a n d p rese n t tre n ds

is b w lv s c ds Tw lv s c ds is h
'

p y
s c h o l o gic al p r e s en t a ou t t e e e on e e e on t e
f
.

d ti f f 3 /
u ra on o 4 m s s h ou r f J 60 e a u re a t t e rat e o z : or ou r

m s e a u re s t th t f J 8 0 W m y m h t w lv s c d it
a s
e ra e o z . e a ter t e e e -
e on un

th e mp
te l c c p l sp T h mi d—c iv w ll
or a on e tu a ly an . e n reat e as e as an a t
ic — dst en g i d g to p s m ll or i t s
an z e i p g ssiv
an ly ro u a er un n to ro re e

l g
ar e r on e s fig i t m tiv s m iv s i ph s s ph s s i u re s n o o e ot e n to ra e ,
ra e nto

p i ds t A sl m i s g sp d th w ld b p
,

er o , e c . s a re u t, ore u n t ar e ra e an ou e os

sibl if ch si gl it w th ght f c c iv d
e ea n e un d t ch d e re ou o or on e e as a e a e

en t it y .

A th s limit t i i h mb f s ds wh ich m y b im
ere 1 s a a on n t e nu er o ou n a e

m di t ly g sp d
e a e i y is h
ra elimi i i h l g h
as an en t t so t ere a t at on n t e en t
f i m t w h ich w m y b c tin sly p s d m sic with
,

o t e o e a e on u ou ex o e to u ou t

b c mi g mi df l if t i s e sibl Wh il his limit i is

e o n un n u ,
no n n e . e t at on c on

sid er abl y v i bl t h b sis f c di t i i g f mili i t y

ar a e on d i t
e a o on on n ,
a ar ,
an n er

es t h ,
is v h l ss
t e re m f t n e e rt i sp F h is s e e a n or o at en t on an . or t rea on , an

i t pt d p
u n n e rru symph y m v m t
e o e ra i divisi
ac t , on o e en ,
or or at or o on

o f tw h s is lit lly th i k bl Th l ss v i y th l iv ly
o ou r e ra un n a e . e e ar e t ,
e re at e

sh o t w k A p
r er a for h s d i is t t i f
. h o e r a act o on e ou r
’
u r at on no oo n re

q u en t ( v xcl di ng e W g
en e ) w h s si u g l c h s l m va n er ,
ere a no n e or e t ra o e

m t is f t h t l g h B y h s m t k
en o a h en v g si f i
t t e a e o en , t e a er a e n on e tt a or

i f s t i g ch st is c sid bly sh v g
.

su te or r n or th e th ra on er a or t e r an e a era e

symph y f f ll ch st on or u or e ra .

Th i s i ct t c e s ct is v t lly c di i d xp ss p
n t n o on t ru e en u a on t on e to e re ro

p i s p t ic l ly f hy hmic t mp l ki d J m s H
ort on ,
ar u ar o a r t or e or a n . a e une

k er s d fi i i f m sic
’
e n i t i iv m h m ics v ls
t on o u a s an
“
n u t e at e at re ea a c on

i
sc ou sn e ss f th p p i l l i sh ips implicit i th t f
o e ro o rt on a re at on n e ar o

sou n d Th w . ss f fii i y b tw m sic d m s m
e a aren e o an a n t e e en u an e a u re en t

is vid c d i th w iti gs f G k h ink s f m Py h g s

e en e n e r n o re e t er ro t a or a on

w d i th w iti gs f th fi t d s c d c t y th ist s N ic
ar , n e r n o e rs an e on -
en u r eor o

m ch s
a d Q i il i
o an i th g pi g f m sic with i h m tic
u nt an u s , n e rou n o u ar t e ,

a st my d g m y i th m di v l q d i i m d i th
ron o an eo et r n e e e a ua r v u ,
an n e

w iti gs f m s E p s i h p st mill ni m Wh il w
,

r n o nu e rou u ro ean n t e a en u . e e

s lly ly e d m st c sci s f m l dic li

u ua an a z an ar e t o on ou o e o ne as a s ru c

t u ra l d t m i t t h m s i mp t
e er n an g i i g f c t
e m sco t or an t or an z n a or l n u 1 1s

h y th m B sid s h bvi s lilt d p tt sp ct s f hythm

,

r . e e t e o ou an a er n a e o r ,

th e re is ls a l hy h m k i d f p i dici y i wh ich fig
o a s tr u c t u r a r t a n o er o t n

s m tiv s ph s s p i ds d l g it s s ch xp si i
,

u re o e ra e er o an ar er u n u as e o t on ,
d v l pm c pit l i s m tim s b i sly d s m
, , , , ,

e e o d en t , an re a u at on , o e e o v ou an o e

t i m s s b ly b l
e u c ch h i h
t c b tiv
a an e ea ot er e t er as orro o ra e or as c on

t ras ti g it s
n un .

Th is p i dicity is p ssi f p p ti l d i A
er o an e x re on o ro or on a u r at o n . c on

d ct m k s c t s wh h f ls th t th is m ch f c i
u or a e u en e ee a e re t oo u o a e rt a n

ki d f t m t th s ct i i q
n o re a en t i
or g lly
e c ess y on n u e st l on i n n o n te ra ne e ar .

A t ch ea dvis s s t d er a p t ic l m l dic hythmic

e a u en t to u se a ar u ar e o or r
Pas t f o r m s an d p r ese n t tre n ds

B o at S on g an d f lk d f ct i l s gs
J oh n H e n r y are b ot h o an un on a on ,

bi e n g s d f
u e w k hy hms ; m ch m y igi
or or r p ly f c t a ar a or n at e as a u re un

ti on a l c mp si i o b wh i is p f m d i h c c h ll i
o t on , ut en t e r or e n t e o n e rt a t
h ch c f w k S imil ly P l s i
x

m y a m
assu e t e ara t e r o an art or ar a a e tr n a

B ch c f c i l i li gic l w ks
.
,

m ot e t or a a d
an t at a a re un t on a n tu r a u se an art or

i c n c t p f m c As t i h
on e r e r or wh h m h d f
an e . o n e r e n t n at u r e , en t e et o o

t reat m i f c i l w k g s b y d h c ssi i s f ili y

en t n a un t on a or oe e on t e ne e t e o ut t
an dh b y d i s b y d h d m ds f h p p s f
as a e au t an n t e re t e on t e e an o t e ur o e or

wh ich i w igi lly w i i is i i ss c

t as or na r w k ls r tt en , t n ts e en e an a t or a o

It is h is ility d s h tic v l s m y c ist with i

.

to t h t e x t en t t a ut an ae t e a ue a o ex n

th s m w k
e a e or .

C mp si i al p t s d
o o t on pp d d v l p f t i
a t ern sly o n ot a e a r an e e o or u t ou or

c i cid lly t p ic l im b
o n en t a a h p d ct f t h
a art u ar t e ut are t e ro u o e con

c mi c i sh api g f c s b th m sic l d x m sic l i

'

o t an e o n or e , o u a an e tra u a n na

A m g th s f c s h is ic l d s ylis ic f c s b sic
,

t u re . on e e or e t or a an t t a t or ar e a

de mi s i h m g c c ys lli i
,

t er n an t n t e ed m difi i f
er en e , r ta z at on , an o c at on o

f m s Wh w m y m h mp f h im s v k s simil
or . at e a t er
“
t e te er o t e t e
”
e o e ar

m if s t i s i c
an e at o n mp s p m n d c t i i i s I is
on t e oran e ou ex re ss ns an a v t e . t
no a ccid th h
en t s blishm t f at lity d th disc v y f
t e e ta en o t on a an e o er o

g vi i cc b h s m im N w s P i ip l ’
ra t a t on o ur at a ou t t e a e t e e t on r nc es , es

y vi y i i p blis
.

t b
a l i h is g h n h f
t e t e or
g d g w o h d i ra t an rav t at on , as u e n

1 689 d R m T e i H m y ( st m f wh h d
’

,
an a e au s r a t se o n ar on a at e en t o at a

b c e en p c ic f s m im ) pp d i 1 7 22 Th ic is
u rr e n t ra t e or o e t e a e ar e n . e t on

a t on alc f h m ic g vi y i
e n ter o h l g sph f c mp si
ar on ra t n t e ar e r ere o a o o

i
t on o r s ci a h f e d m l b ss is c
t o n , as t e f g iy i un a en t a -
a a en t e r o r av t n

f h si gl ch d d i i si s Th s c l
‘
th m ll
‘

e s a e r ar e a o t e n e or an ts n v er on . e t ru t u r a
implic i s f lity h b i dic d g v f m b w n
at on o t on a as as ee n n at e o e rn or et ee

im l g b w N w is ypic l
, ,

1 6 00 d 1 9 00 T h
an dR m
e t e a et ee n e t on an a e au t a

ch l gic l l i ship b w m sic l m v m s d

.

o f a ron o o a r e at o n et ee n u a o e en t an cor

re sp di g m m s i h t s Wi h f w c p i s m sic l
on n ov e en t n ot er ar . t e ex e t on u a

ds b w y h y s b h i d p ll l ds i li
,

t re n ar e a ou t t en t -
ye e ar e n ara e t ren n t e r at u r e
an d p i i g a nt n .

His ic l d mi is m i l g s s is in l d i h l
t or a et er n n a ar e r en e vo ve n t e re a

i
t on s hip f h m g c
o f p ifi f m s
t e e h i s cycl s f
e r en e o s ec c or to t e v ar ou e o

wh ich h y t e p W i h i
are ah f W s c l
ar t . cycl s f t n t e are a o e t e rn u t u re , e o

a pp im ly 1 5 0 y s pp b gi i g wi h h s blish m f
r ox at e e ar a e ar , e nn n t t e e ta en t o

p lyph y b h y 8 5 0 A i w f h ch l gi l ch
o on a ou t t e e ar r ev e o t e ron o o ca ar t

t h b gi i g f h is b k will l i s i g c sis cy i
.

a t e e nn n o t oo r ev e a an n t e re t n on t en n

h is m
t at t e r .

I hi C mm
n s w l h f A
o C S h h on m s sys m ic lly
ea t o r t, u rt ac s as o t te at a

d v l p d h h y f p i dici y s l i g f m h l i f
_

e e o e t e t e or o er o t re u t n ro t e a t e rn at on o
Cl ssic d R m tic c c p s U si g h
a an o ms
an c l d on e t . n t e t er
“
oo er
”
an
“
w m ar i g
er
”
l sy ym s wi h Cl ssic d R m ic
as, n e n e ra ,
n on ou t a
”
an
“
o an t ,

h w i s
e r A —
te : y —m s l rt ly h w m
ev e r d
art ov e a t e r n at e to t e ar er an
 Th e f u n c t io n o f f or m

the c l sid I h
oo er s di c i wh c l ss h
e t c s ifi
an ge re t on en oo n e t re at e n t o st
’

en

c d mic f igidi y d g i wh w m h h r s diss l

.

in a a e r t an a a n, en ar t t e at e n to o ve

d ch s E ch p h s l s s gh ly
,

a ll i art h n an over e at e g ao a a e a t r ou a en e r

i
at on or a hi d f c y s ld m l ss s m im s m
t r o a s li g
en t u r e o e o et e or e , r e u t n

c i i gs is f g i l s ls T h l
, ,
“ ”
in a on t n u n er e p o en e r at on a rev e r a e att e r re re

s sfl wi h i l g p i ds which sim il ly l
.

en t i u c t u at o n s t bn on er er o ar a t er n at e e

t w h s
ee n e t d p h s c c p s o an wh l T h s h R iss cat o on e t as a o e u t e en a an e

is ss i lly h s yp h B p s Cl ssicis s
.
,

e en t a q an h et; o m t h t ; e, t e ar o u e, at o a ,
e o

R m o icism p h s
an t ,
at o .

F m h s dp i f s c
ro t e h t anh s p i ds o nt h o t ru t u r e , t e e t o er o ar e on t e
wh l s ic o e d tr d m cl s d h
t er an p f ms T h s ic
t en o re t o o e t an t o o en or . e t at
et h s q li y
o f R uaiss c m sic d h c s i g dy mic
t o en a an e u an t e on t r a t n na

p h s q li y f B q m s c
at o ua t mplifi d i
o h c ar oc pt f ue u 1 1S ex e e n t e on e o

r hy hm t d m I h R
an iss c h et er b li s d
n t e en a an e t ere ar e no ar ne an

h y h m is l d by bs c sic w i b sic
.
,

r t g re f b
u at e h h o erv an e o a a ta c t u s e re n t e a

un it i h s mi b s t e wi h h m e m ic c -
sp d c f
rev e t t e e t r on o orr e on en e o 0

5 0 60 I-
h B .
q n h t e sf m i arof h k s
u e e ra , w t e t ran or at on o t e tac t us t a e t o

di c i s O h
re t on h d . hy h m n d m tt e b c m id ifi d
on e an r t an e er e o e en t e

wi h g l d c p f b s di id d i m s s
,

t a re u ar an r e u rren t at t e rn o e at v e nto e a u re ,

as ex e mpl ifi d i d c m sic s yli d i e h s i n d s an Oe u t ze n t e u te an on at a . n

h
t e ot erh h d b d m an diss l d i h li
e at an lly m s e t e r ar e o ve n t e t era e a u re

l ss ci i f h p
,

e re t at ve o t e o e ra .

H w p i dic fl
o i f m s ic
er o f f m s m y cc
u c t u at o n ro tr t er t o re e r or a o ur

wi hi t h s p i d is ill s
n an et d by c mp i g h
o er o dh e c t u t r at e o ar n t e a re n e o

s blish d p
e ta s i H yd d M
e att e rn d h i c r si g n d a n an o z ar t an t e n ea n t en
en c y d p f
to m m dify
e h s
art p s i ro l B h orv o t e e at t e rn n at e r ee t o en

h—
s

S i mil ly h p t ar s f d i h ly i
,
t e a t e rnc y R m ic ou n n t e ear n n e t een t en t u r o an t
c mp s s W b Sch b M d lss h d
o o er e er , S ch m u e rt , en e o n , an ev e n u an n c on

f m m ch m
or u s blish d f m s h d h w k s f L is d
o re to e ta e or t an o t e or o z t an

W agn er .

A ch c is ic
ar a c p ic l ph s is h t
t er t of the l at e r t r en d in ea h ar t u ar a e t a

to w d ifi i ar d m lg m i un i s c u s wh ich p r d i
cat on an a a a at on n t ru t re a a ox

c lly m p h cl s d T h s h m o h m i f g
,

a ,
ar e or e o en t an o e . u t e on t e at c u u e su c

ic rc h s t d
,

c eed h p ly h m i
s t e m m o t e at c r e ar , t e on e - ov e en t on a a an c on

c f m s f S i S e s d L is s cc d h st ict h
er t o or o a n t- a n an zt u ee t e r er t r ee or

f m m Cl ssic p
ou r -
ove ; h m sic d m f W g
en t h a at t e rn t e u -
ra a o a n er , t e
w k is m l g m i o i wh i h s p pi c s
_

G m k
esa t u ns t er ,
an a a a at n n c e ar at e e e are

re pl c d by h gh c mp s d w k ifi d by h
a e a f h l d
t ro u -
o o e or un e t e u se o t e ea

i g m i
n ot v e .

Th i fl f i lism f m is f w yp s O i l s
e n u en ce o n at on a on or o t o t e ne nv o ve

ili i f ch c is ic f lk p s; h h i l s h
.

th e ut zat on o ar a ter t o att e rn t e ot er nvo ve t e

m ores bl i fl f i ui sic i l i s d p f c s
t e n u en c e o n tr n n a t on a tra t an r e e ren e

Th s cc l d hy hmic f s f i s sp k l g g
.

’
u ,
a en tu a an r t e at u r e o a n at on o en an ua e

are i i b ly fl d i i m sic i s m l w ll v c l
n v ar a re e ct e n ts u n t ru en t a as e as o a .
P as t fo r ms and p r es e n t t re n ds

Wh e t h e r an d to wh
i l ism yb i t i b at e x t en t n at on a t ra t a e n n a e or n o rn ,

an d wh t xt t cq i d is p bl m f th th p l gis d
to a e en a u re a ro e or e an ro o o t an
psych l gis t b h ct li y f i l ch ct ist ics d p f
,

o o ,
ut t e a ua t o n at on a ara er an re

er e n c e s m m t b d i d Ou5 1c 1 5 n o x mpl f h di ct i to e en e . ne e a e o t e re n

fl f f lk p t s is f d i h d iv i f s m f B t6k ’
u e n ce o o at e rn ou n n t e er at on o o e o ar s

f m s d p c d s f m H g i f l k m sic
or an ro e u re ro un ar an o u .

H is ic d t mi ism i l g s s is impli d by cyclic th i s

t or e er n n a ar e r en e e e or e

o f h is y s ch t h s f T y b
t or ,
u d Sp gl e i W
as o e o h ich civili o n e e an en r, n za

ti on is s s cc ssi f c l s ch f wh ich p t s ss
e en as a u e on o u t u re ,
ea o re ea e en

t i l p tt
a a s f i f cy m i y d d cli F ms th s b c m
e rn o n an ,
at u r t ,
an e ne . or u e o e

a f unct i f h e p ic l p t f th c lt c v i wh ich th y
on o t art u ar ar o e u u re ur e n e

o cc u r, d th s i t h i
an ss ti l t u n p d mi d S i c
e r e en a n a u re are re et e r ne . n e

wh t is i v lv d h is c t v si l ph il s ph y f h ist y y d
a n o e ere a on ro er a o o o or ,
an e

t il d disc ssi
a e f f m i mplic i
u on f m th is i wp i w ld b
o or at on ro Ve o nt ou e

b y d h sc p f th is t
e on t e o e o ex t .

Th cc p c d pl i i f s m f m s d h j ct i
e a e t an e an ex o t at on o o e or an t e re e on

o f h s s t m s b sic lly f m
ot er e i l t s d p f c s Th
a a ro n at on a t as e an re eren e . e

s m d ligh i d il wh ich ch ct i s Fl mish p i ti gs f h

a e e t n eta ara er ze e a n n o t e

fif h
t ee n t d si h c
an i s fi d xp ssi i h Fl mish m sic
xt e en t en tu r e n s e re on n t e e u

o f h R t e iss c E glish s v d m d i ( t c ss ily

en a an e n r e er e an o e r at on no ne e ar

h s i y d q i g nd f Cl ssicis m ) xpl i s t l st i
.

t e e ren t an u et ra eu r o a e a n ,
a ea n

p t h ki d f ci pp si i
ar t e n o i p wh ich fi l ly l d
ta t o o t on t o a nat v e o er a, na e

H d l h d m ic i D spi h f c h th i s m t l
,

an e to t e ra at or at o r o . e te t e a t t at e n t ru en a

f m s p ic l ly h s it d h s
or art u ar w fi ssid sly
t e u e an t e on at a , ere rst a u ou

c l i d i It ly I li sy p y is s w s
,

m h h
'

u t v at e g n t a no r e at a an on ex t ,
e r ea no

i ch ll g I ly s p mi c i p Th q li i s f
,

’
n at o n c an a en e ta re e -
n en e n o e ra . e ua t e o

i
n n et e en t h c t y R m icis m f d m st symp th t ic h v i
-
en u r o an t ou n a o a e a en n

G m y H
er an h m ys icis m f
. e re m sic i m p t t b y d di ct
t e t o a u or an e on re

s s s imp m d b y d disc siv s l d t h f

en u ou r e ss n an e on ur e re a on e o t e ree r

o p f m s f h l G m c mp s s
en or o t e i th c s
at e r f er an o o er or , as n e a e o

B hm s h ddi i i s gly m iv c
ra t e a t on o za t i df m t ron e ot e on t e n t t o a r e a n e or .

id c f c ss h s blishm f s ci i f
,

Th e av o an e o ex e t e e ta en t o t a t e as a r t er on o
v l d mi s th ypic l F ch pp ch i wh ich st ct is
,

a u e, et er ne e t a ren a ro a ,
n ru u re

dis i g ish d by c ll d p p i
t n u e h h
on t ro difi e ( I is ro ort on r at er t an u se n e ss . t
i si g
n t er e tn h D b ssy wi h wh m w
to n ot e t ss ci t f f m s
at e u ,
t o e a o a e re e or ,

c itici d S i s w k l ck i g i f m S t i th p c t d
r ze at e
’
or as a n n or a e e r eu on ou n ere

by c mp s i g hi Tk P i i h F m f P )
.

o o n s r ee e ce s n t e or o a e ar .

I n h h ist e y f E p m sic diff t or o ti s h v ss m d

u ro e an u e r en t n a on a e a u e

i c i s i s y f c p tic l ti
,

p re - em m
n e n e at v ar o uT h t h t t e . e v er a t a a ar u ar n a on

is d mi o p i d l ds
n an t at on e c i y th i will yi ld th t
er o ea to a e rt a n t at t e a

d mi c i h s cc di g p i d Th s f his T y b
o n an e n t e u ee n er o . e re a on or t as o n ee

i dic d is h h is y sh ws h t h g p wh ich s cc ssf lly

,

h as n at e ,
t at t or o t a t e r ou u e u

r sp ds t
e on ch ll g is ly th s cc ssf l sp d t th
o on e a en e rar e e u e u re on en to e

Wh h i di m d f m sic c b t h ig ifi
”
n e xt . end t e o an t ren o u orr o ora e t e s n c an t
P as t f or m s and p r ese n t t r e n ds

b ot h .

Ver bllp ic l i s whil m sic c mm ic ti

a an gu age ar t u ar z e e u as o un a on c an

on ly g li b m sic p ss s fi m
en e r a ze , ut f b i g w h ich
u ex re e re ne en t s o e n are

b y d y p ssibl b l q iv l T h is giv s is
e on an o e v er h p dx a e u a en t e r e to t e ar a o

m sic is i w ds b
.

t h at u i d fi i b p n ot t oo nh e n te to e ut nto or ,
u t rat e r t oo

d fi i
e n F m h s dp i f h c i p c ss m sic l m
te ro t e t an o nt o t e re at v e ro e ,
u a co

p si i is h s m i f p i c ( si g h is m i i
.

o t on t e t r an u t at o n o ex er en e u n t t er n ts
wid s s s ) i
e t di y p
en e s Th m n t o au i wh ich t h is cc s
t or at t e rn e ann e r n o ur

is p h p l g sf m i f s l igh i chl phyll

.

er a h
s an a o ou s t o t e t r an or at on o un t nto oro

by h p c ss f ph sy h sis I b h i s c s h sm i
l

t e ro e o ot o nt e n ot n t an e ,
t e t ran u t at on

is i h will d i g h h p c ss by wh ich
.

“
ne t er G e n or c on sc 1 o u s r an t n t at t e ro e

p i c is s blim d i p ssi is c sci s q s i h

.

ex er e n e u at e n ex re on un on ou ,
a ue t on t at

ne v h l ss m i s is h d g f c sci s c s c i i l d
e rt e e
“

re a n t e e r ee o on ou on t ru t on nv o v e

i nh ss fp
t e u e s d d ic s wh ich w id ify i
o at t e rn lysis
an ev e e en t n an a .

Th c i p c ss c mbi s h i i i ( i mm di k wledg
e re at v e ro e o ne t e ntu t ve e at e no e

f m wi h i ) wi h w ss ( k wl dg f m wi h ) Th sh p
ro t n t a a re n e no e e ro t ou t e a

i g f m sic l w k is h s l f h i ci ff f c s
.

n o a u a or t e re u t o t e n t e r a t on o ou r a t or :

1 Th c . sci s d d lib
e on fou p ic l p tt Th is
an e erat e u se o a art u ar a e rn .

is ill s d i h p si i f h f g u t r at e n ti h c pi l
e ex o t on o t e u u e or n t e re a tu a

i f h s t on o —ll g t e o n at a a e ro .

2 T h f li g f
. ec i p p i s d mp l l i sh ips
ee n or e rt a n ro o rt on an te o ra re at on

wh ich w m y m i si c h s
e a ly s mbl b
t er n n at e , n e t e e n o t on re e e ut

g w f d
roy m ic p s
ou t o f h m p i na c at t e rn o u an e x er e n e .

3 Th . ci ss mp i s f p ic l s yl d im A h m
e ta t a u t on o a art u ar t e an t e . o o

ph ic ph s p i d s c b s d
on ra e- i dic li y w
er o t ru t u r e a e on tr a t on a t as

k f r
t a en
g d i m sic f
or h i gh h
an t e d i hn u o t e e t een t an n n e t e en t cen

i ; h chtu r es c is ic m sic f h s t e ara h c t y wa

t er t u o t e e v en t e en t en u r s

m d l ( o l ) d p lyph ic c p l h h
a n ot t on a an o on -
on t ra unta r at er t an

h m ph ic E w i h c y m sic d spi m l i d
o o on . v en t en t e t -
en t u r u e te a u t tu e

f s m im s ch iq s h i ci ss mp i
,

o fli i g
o et e c on ct n te n ue as ts t a t a u t on
d p f m di i l i dic li y
,

a e art u r e ro t ra t on a tr a t on a t .

4 Th f m l i
. es whic h or h dis i c i ly i di id l xp s
u at on ar e t e t n t ve n v ua e re

si s f p s l s yl d wh ich g w
on o a e r on a f h iq g i s t e an ro ou t o t e un ue en u

f h c mp s H m ic p f c s i F ck s l w k s ; ’
o t e o o er ar on r e e re n e n ran at er or

B h sm f h m ic d l p m ; W g s isi g
.

’ ’
ee t ov e n an n e r o t e at eve o en t a n er r n

sq csi h i e u en l f h i d ; h f gm y s m
e n t e n t e rv a o a t r t e ra e n t ar t at e en t

f m i h sp cy f i D b ssy ; B c h s
’
o a o t v e or t e t ran ar e n o t ex t u r e n e u a

s bd mi u m d l i s i ly ic m l di s— h s
o n an t o mg
u at on n r e o e t e e are a on

ch c is ic p s l i s wh ich
ar a ter t c sci s p s
e r on a t ra t are an u n on ou ex re

si f i di id l mp m
on o an n v ua te e ra en t .

W m s ls m k ll w c f s c h ( m s p ssibly b
e u t a o a e a m o an e or u o t o su c on s

ou s ) hi k i g t is p s d by h
n n as f b sic m i h gh
re re e n t e t e u se o a a ot v e t rou

ou t s cia me m —
t on or i h w y s ch ove m i is d
en t n ot n t e a u a ot v e u se
 Th e f u nc t io n o f f or m

wi h c sci s i
t on i as c i
ou f P l s i
n ten t m
'

n b i h
e t on o a a e tr n a ot et , ut n t e
m ann er m wh ic h h d sc di g s c d is s d h t e g h e hen sl w n e on u e t r ou ou t t e o

m m f B h sS Op 2 N 1 S ch m if
’
ov e en t o ee t ov e n o n a ta , o u t re at en t ,

c sis ly s d i c sci s m m y m i d ic
. . .
,

on te n t u e n a on dou an n e r , a re a n a ev e an n ot

re a lly b i g d i h w k e n te r at e n t e or .

C mp s s do w k wi h i
o er ili c mpl ly d wi h
o n ot or t n, or u t ze o et e an t ou t
ch g p s blish d ( l g ) f m f h simpl s h
an e, a re - e ta e ar er or or t e e r e a on t at

h
t e v er y f c iac t o
g li i g c m p si i
r e at n is c c m i a wi hv n h o o t on on o t an t t t e
s blish m f f m F d m l p i cipl s m y
_

e ta m difi i
en t or o c at on o a or . un a en t a r n e a

b e bs d d spi h f c h p i sly s b lish d di i l

o e rv e e te t e a t t at re v ou -
e ta e t ra t on a
p c d s m y s mi gly b ig d S c ll d m sic h y is
ro e u re -
a ee n e n or e o -
a e u t e or ex

p c c ys lli i sys c i p i ds
. .

p li i
c t d ro e d u re rm I ta ze h n to a te n ert a n er o ,
t e
cc p c f p s blish d m s p id s b sis f c mp si i
.

a e t an e o re- e ta e n or rov e a a or o o t on .

D i g p i ds f
ur n er osi i h w o m sic l c mp si i
t r an by h s
t on , o ev e r , u a o o t on t o e

wh fc h f
o a e t ss ily i l s i i i f h y Th
e u t u re n e c e ar n v o ve an ntu t on o t e or . e

f m l i f w p c d s is g id d by p s p c d b t is
or u at on o ne ro e u re n ot u e a t re e en t u

i d i s i c i ly T h i ds f D s bl h ch m icis m f
arr v e at n t n t ve e tr a o un ta e,
“

t e ro at o

G s ld hi h I mp ssi is m f D b ssy d h d d
.

e ua dM o an azz oc t e re on o e u an t e o e

c b pl s p c d s w ic p c d
, ,

ca p h y f
on S h o og m fn er h h ar e e x ag i e o ro e u re re o n ze

a y et— b -
fto m li d e h ory a ze t eor .

Sp ifi p ec s wh ich h b c ys lli d s ch s
c att e r n av e een r ta ze u as on at a

ll g i s d f ms d s g f ms h b s b
,

a e ro , v ar ou ron o or an on or av e n ot e en e ta
l i h d by d c l df m m l i ci f h
, ,

s e b h e re e ut av e e v o v e ro a utu a n t e r a t on o t e
n at u re o f m sic l m il d mu a f hi ki g
at e r a d f li gan ou r an n er o t n n an ee n .

I is
t h
t ru e tc mp s s h b i fl at o d d g id d by h i
o er av e een n u en ce an u e t e r

p d c ss s b h m ss i l h is h h
re e e or ,
ut t e ore e f h en t a t ru t t at t e n at u re o t e
p ic l m sic l id d h s yl f h im h v b h p
art u ar u a e a/ an t e t e o t e t e a e e en t e r1 n c1

p al d m i ts f l d f m s
et er n an o ev o v e or .

Wh w m y at m h e s h ic p i c
a t er lv d s m
t e ae t et ex er en e 1s i nvo e to
'

o e

d g i h h i g f y ki d f m sic ; f lk f c i l
e re e n t e e ar n o an n o u o un t on a o r art .

I is h l c g y h is m s ig ifi h w v
, ,

t t e at t e r at e or ft at o t s n c an t , o e er, or a t r u e

w k f is
or o l i f
ar t
-
li y b y d di c
a r e v e at on o p ; i is a re a t e on re t e x e rl en c e t

l i m d cc ssibl h gh h i sigh d i i i f h
a re v e at o n a e a e e t r ou t e n t an n t u t on o t e
cr e at 1 v e art is Th p w f mb dyi g h id l i p lp bl f m
t e o er o e o n t e ea n a a e or

is gi h c p ci y c mp h d d pp ci h is
. .

v en f w b to e ut t e a a t to o re en an a re at e t
mb di m is i s l i m n T h l implici i d
,

e o en t u n v er a n a e
-

v a u es t n an un er

s ndi g lis i g p c ss i cl d b ls g b y d s s s pl s
.

ta n t en n ro e n u e, ut a o o e on en u ou ea

d si mpl j ym P ic l ly i m sic wh c ss y
,

u re an e en o en t . a rt u ar n u e re a n e e ar

mp l s cc ssi is i l d i lis i g w c sm
,

te or a u e on nv o ve n t en n e re t ra e to o e e xt e n t

ic p c w lis
,

h
t e cre at v e i p W h h d d h
ro c e sse s k T h h ro u e t e or e t en e r , t e re
f is m ly p ssi d h p icip s i h f ldi g f
.

o re , n ot e re a v e an as e art at e n t e un o n o

w k h bcms if ic i sly m c i
,

a or e e o e even v ar ou o re a t v e

ss i l c f m sic m y b is ic m i g
, , , .

m di
'

Th
“
e e en t a on t en t o u a e ter e ts art t e an n

A si gl c h d b i f s cc ssi f s m y b pl s bl d
.

n e or or r e u e on o t on e a e e a u ra e an
Pa s t f o r ms a n d p r ese n t tre n ds

e v en e v c iv
o at e, b u t it is n ot u n t il th s s
e e ds ou n l d are re at e in a pu r =

p ose f u l a n d oi dm
r gan z e h an n e r t at an y is ic
ar tm i tg is c mm i
e an n o un

c at ed Th p p s f l
. e g i i ur o e u or an z at on o f s ds is wh w m f m
ou n at e t er or

d i is h e ig ifi i f m h is ic
,
.

an t t s n c an c e o or h
t at t g h i
ro u h m i
t t e ar t
g t e an n

o f w k is c mm ic d
a or o un at e .

A P l st i m a e B ch f g
r na M i
ot e t , B th v
a a u ue, a oz a rt ar a , a ee o en

s t mvm
on a a m v m
o e f m B ok q t t—diff t
en t , or a o e en t ro a art u ar e e re n

as e a ch is i s d d g i i — lik i m if sti g th s
n ou n an or an z at o n are a e n an e n o e

ib s wh ich h m s s f g
at t r u te ss i m sic i y v i y
ar e t e e a u re o re at n e n u : un t ar et

c sis cy c i im gi i E ch ch i v d
, ,

on t en d fi
r eat v ei a n at on , an e e c t v e n e ss . a a e e

w k is mi i w ld k i g sh p f ch s b d
,
“
or a n at u r e or ta n a e ou t o ao ou n to
by d is is f w ic b i s iv s i
, ,

g het er d h or m h h
er , an g h t h or , r n t e un er e nto t e

lik ss f G d
en e o
'

o .
”
G lossar y o f defin i tio n s

T he l i
re at on of th e m at e r i ls f m sic t a o u o th e f ou r at t r ib t s
u e of a t on e
is i dic d i
n at e n th e f ll wi g t bl
o o n a e
P it c h In t en s ity

M e l o dy C re sce n do

H ar m o n y D i m i n u e n do
C ou n t e rp o in t N u an c e

D y n a m ics

T E M P O is th f m v m t A ss ci t d wi h t mp i dic t i
e rat e o s o e en . o a e t e o n a on

arec ti s wh ich c c
on n ot a t ly l i m m b t
on on e rn no on r e a t ve o ve e n t, u

ls h
a o c O b sic t mp t ms I li si c It ly w
ar ac t e r . ur a e o er ar e t a an , n e a as

h d mi
t e m sic l
o ti h p idi
n an t m sic h is t y
u a na on at t at er o n ou r u or

wh c mp s s f d it c ss y d si bl t i dic t t mpi
en o o er ou n ne e ar or e ra e o n a e e

dy mics d p ssi m k s ( s v ly igh h

,

na th
an d ex re on ar e en t e en an e ar e t ee n t
c i s)
,

en t u r e

B E A T is th it f m s wi h i c mp sit i
e un p t f i Th o e a u re t n a o o on or ar o t e

f ll wi g bl lis s w k s i wh ich h b it g s f m t
.

o o n ta e t or n t e e at - u n r an e ro o o

0
Q O P
B e e t h ov e n , S t r i n g u a r te t , p . 1 3 2, re st o

J H a y dn , S y m p h o n y in D m in or (
“
C l o ck F in al e

J M oz ar t , S o n a t a in C m a j or , fi r st m ov e m e n t

h
J B r ah m s, S y m p h o n y N o 1 . in t rodu c t io n t o fi rst m ov e m e n t
,

! M e n de l ssoh n , S o n gs Wit h o u t Wo r ds N o , . 8

jB e e t h ov e n , S o n a t a Op , . 111

It will b e n ot e d t h at t h e e s un is
t are r e p s re en t e d by the num b s1 1er 2,
/ s m sic i s / d sy mb ls
,

4, 1 8 , 1 32
f . In We t e rn u un t an o o

h i d fi f h si h s d i h t s ist t Th
,

t r , h t ,
xt ,
ev e n t an n nt no e are n on - ex en ere

f w hv im sig s s ch 2 /
, .

ore , e a e no 3 4/ 5 7 6 t e n at u re u as , ,
or .

A M E A S U R E i m sic f h l ( 1 6 00 ,
n m y b d u o t e t on a era a e e

fi d ne divisi f b ts i
as a
g l ly c ion
g g ps It is o ea n t o r e u ar r e u rr n rou

ly f 1 600 th t h divisi ti f m sic i t m s

.

on a t er d a t e on an n ot a on o u n o ea

s wi h lik mb f b s b c m s c mm I t w i h
u re t a e nu er o eat e o e o on n e n t et

c y m sic ch gi g m t s m k it c ss y t d fi th
.

en t u r u , an n e er a e ne e ar o re e ne e

m s h g
e a u re as pi g f b s th th p im y cc imm
t e r ou n o e at so at e r ar a en t e

di l y f ll ws h b
at e li Th is is th s f h ch gi g
o o t e ar ne e rea on or t e an n

im si g s i m sic s ch h f ll wi g
.

t e n at u r e n u u as t e o o n :

P m K m
S t rav in sk y , L e S a c r e d a r in t e p s, al u s sc ore p . 101
Ex 2 1 0
 G lossa ry o f defin i tion s

ME T E R is
b s wi h l i
t h e grou cc d d pi n g of eat t r e at on to a ent e an n on

cc d i s I W s m sic h p i cip l m s s d
-

a en t e un t n e t e rn u t e r n a et er u e are

simpl d pl d ipl c mp d d pl ipl

.
,

e u 3/ 4) e an tr e or o ou n u e or tr e

8/ 8 Th pp mb i h im sig e u is s lly er n u er n t e t e n at u re u ua

di isibl by 2 3 ; h l w mb by 2 4 8 U il h m id
,

v e or t e o er n u er or nt t e
i h c y s ch m s 5 4 d w
.
, ,

dl f he o t e n n e t ee n t en tu r u et e r as an ere

ly if
rar e s d i E p m sic T h mpl ym f w
ev e r , u e n u ro e an u e e o en t o ne

h y h mic ic di isi s is f h ch c is ics f w

.
,

r t d m an et r v on on e o t e ara t er t o t en

i h c
t et y m sic ( S Ch p XXVIII )
-
en t u r u ee a t er .

R H Y T H M is h s l f h l i sh ip b w h d i t e re u d t o t e r e at on et e en t e u r at on an

p g ssi f s cc ssi s ds T h p
ro re on o s fm m iu e ve ou n e att ern o ov e en t n

s d m y b i h symm ic l d c symm ic l
.

ou n a e e t er et r a an r e u r r e n t o r n on - et r a

d
an c t R hy h ms ss ci d wi h d c i s m l
n on - r e u rr e n t a o at e t an e or n t ru en t a

f ms m s f p ii c t d symm ic l ;
.

or are o t o t en re et t ve, r e u rr e n an et r a

hy hms ss ci d wi h c l f m s p ic l ly c p l
,

r t a o at e t vo a or ar t u ar on t r a unta

c l f ms f d l ss p p i iv c
,

vo a or b
,
ar e ree an e a t to e re et t e or r e u rr en t .

R h y h m is h m s b sic l mt i m sic— i is h
t e lm o t a e e en t n u t t e on e e e en t

wi h wh ich m sic
t ou t is I is p ssibl f c mp si i
no u c an e x t t o e or a o o t on
s c i f w k b d id f h m y c pi
.

or e t on o a or d to e ev o o ar on ou n t e r o nt , an

i s c s ( p c ssi s c i s f c mp si i s ) wi h
,

i
ev e n , n r ar e n t an e er u ve e t on o o o t on t
ou tm l dy b m sic
e o is wi h uth y h m T mp no l u c an ex t t ou t r t e ora

h y h m is f c i f im divisi T l m i i l i g
.
,

r t a un t on o t e on on a o t on , nvo v n

m l dic ic si d di c i c ib s th
.

e o d h m an ar on t en on an re t on , on t r ute to e

li y f hy h mic ff c i c mp si i
t ot a t o r t e e t n a o o t on .

I W s n m sic e mb
t e rn f b s u v ( d pl ) an ev en n u er o e at or an e en u e

s bdi isio f b s is g lly f d d ( il h w i h

, ,

u v n o eat e n era av o r e an u nt t e t e n t et

c y ) lm s cl si ly mpl y d T h is h misl d c m
, ,

en t u r a o t ex u ve e o e as e e rt a

psych l gis s b li h h p f c f s ch symm ic l

.

o o t to e ev e t at t e r e e r en e or u et r a

s bdi isi s is
u v i s lly i
on h m q liay H w v
u n v er a -
n n at e u an ua t o e er , as

S ch s h wi h wh l s fE p h h f A f ic
.

“
a as r tt en , t e o e ea t o u ro e, t e n ort o r a,

h s
t e hw s q
ou t f A si e I di a d h gi ns gi
t e rn u art e r o a, n a, n ot er re o ve

p f c r e e re n dd mb d hy hm s d s m g sp h m q i
e to o -
nu e re r t an ee to ra t e u te
sily Ch l s Iv s h s d h q s i s cci c ly i
ea .
” 1
ar e fe as t at e t e ue t on u n t n on e o

hi s gs Wh y d s pp l
“ ’
s on :w h Y k oe n t on e , t o, t r ee a ea to a an ee as

m ch
”
u w as o n e , t o ? 2

M E L O D Y is d d s cc ssi f si gl an or s l d t er e u e on o n e t on e so re at e as o

c si m sic l
on t t u t e a i y S ch dj c i s l gic l pl si g
u a en t t . u a e t ve as o a
” “
ea n

i si g f sp c iv c i i A p ic l
, ,
“ ”
n t e re t n , et c . are o t en r e t ro e t e r t er a art u ar

m l dy is c c i l i h y h m ic h m ic
, .

“ ”
e o h or r e t d n r e at on to t e r t ar on an

i llic d mi s f c i s yl H w l h gh i is
, ,

n t erva et er n an t o a e rt a n t e o ev e r , a t ou t
c mp s d f ll wi g h p c p s d cc p i g h ci
.

o o e o o n mp t e re e t an a e t n t e ta t assu

2
CC u rt S ac h s , R h y t h m a n d T e m p o ( N ew or : W
h a rl e s I v es , I , 2 , 3 ( c o mp 1 92 1 ) ( N ew Y o r :
Y k k MW N M . . o r t o n an d

r
C o 1 9 5 3 ) p 22
.
, . .

. e rc u ry u sic Co p .
,
G lossary o f defin i tio ns

i s f p tic l s yl g d m l dy i s
t on o a ar u ar t e, a oo e o re t a n it s v lidity
a an d

v l d spit h g g i di ms T h f ll wi g
a ue e e c an ln o e o o n are x mpl s
e a e of

mb f di ff s yl s
.

t ypi l m l di
‘

ca i e o es n a nu er o e r en t t e :

P M A j
a l est r in a , ( —m )
o te t , d u ro vos R e n a issan c e o d al

B ach , P a r t ita No . 3 f or so l o v io l in , pre l u d e ( B aro q u e —t o n a1 )

M o z ar t , S y m p h o n y in G m in or , fi rst m ov e m e n t ( C l assic al —t o n aI )

Ch op in , N o c t u rn e in E fl at , O p
-
. 9 ( R om an t ic —t o n al )
A n da n t e

D e b u ssy , D o u ze P r el u d e s , Bk . 1 , No . 2 Vo il e s ( Imp re ssio n ist ic —w h ol e

t on e )

Mo dé r c

p t r e s d ou x

C o py r igh t 1 9 1 0 b y D u ran d e t C ie , P a ris

Ek
.

R ep rin t e d b y p e rm i ss1 on of l an -Vo ge l C o , In c , P h il adel p hi a

. . .

Hin de m it h ,
L udu s T o n a l is , F u ga q uin t a in E ( t w e n t ie t h
-
ce n t u r y du odecu p l e
w it h a t on al ce n t er )
'

U se d
C o p y ri gh t

b y p er missio n
1 9 4 3 b y S ch ott
of A sso ci at e d
C o , L t d , L on don
M
.

u si c P u b li s h e r s, In c , N e w
.

.
.

Y k or .

W e b e rn , F u n f G e is t l ich e L ie der , Op . 15 ( t w en t ie t h -
ce n t u ry du o decu p l e
“ ”
a t o n al )

C o p y ri g h t 1 9 24 , 1 9 52 b y
r e n e we d n i v e rsa l U
dit io n , Vien n a E
U M Y k
.

se d b y p e rm ission o f Asso c i at e d u si c P u b lish e rs , In c , N ew or . .

C on t e n ts o f A N T H O L O GY O F MUS I C AL F OR M S

T h e An th o l o gy of M u sic a l F o r m s s u p p l e m e n t s t h is b o o k w i t h m a t e r ia l t o b e
a n a l y ze d , p a r a ll e l in g th e f o r m s d isc u sse d in S t r uct u re a n d S ty l e .

Pa r t on e

Sp e cifi c forms
SONG F O RMS
One -
p s g f m ( ph s )
ar t on or ra e

A Ch d G F ch m l dy
a n so n e es t e , r en e o

s c wb y s
.

I m G o i n g t o L e a v e O ld T exas N o w T ex a
’
B .
-
,
o o on g

On e -
p s ar tp i d) on g f orm ( er o

B b arA ll S c ch f lk s
a ra g en , ot o on

O p s g f m ( d bl p i d )
n e- art on or ou e er o

P l d Op 2 8 N
re u 7 C h pi e, .
,
o .
,
o n

S i mpl w p s gf m
e t o- art on or

AAm i
"

di i l e r ca , t ra t on a
R b i A d i S c ch i
.

B . o n a r, ot a r

c . No w T ha n k We A ll O u r G o d C ru ege r ,

Ex p ddan e two -
p s art on g f o rm

Ve n e t ia n B o a t S o n g Op 1 9 N o 6 ,
.
,
.
,
Men d elss oh n
I cipi
n e n t t h ree - p s art on g f or m

A O ld F olks a t H ome F st o er

Fi l B v
.
,

B . S y mp h o n y N o 9 .
, n a e, ee t h o e n

T h re e -
p s art on g f or m

A D e dica t io n ( W mu n g
“
id O p 2 5 , No 1 , S h u m ann. c
C i
. .

B . B es ide th e ra dl e , O p 6 8 , N o 5 , Gr e g
. .

En l arge d t h re e -
p s ar t on g f or m
Wa l tz ,
O p 3 9 , No 1 5 ,
. . B rah m s
F ive -
p s ar t on g f o rm

A . S p in n i n g S o ng Op 67 , N o 4 , Men d lss
e oh n

C pi
. .
,

B . Mazu r ka Op 7 , No 1 , h o n , . .
 C on t e n ts o fA N T H O L OG Y OF M U S ICAL F OR M S

10 Grou pf orm

A Q
S tr in g u ar te t in D mi n or , s c dm
e on ov e m en t ( th eme )
Sch b
.
,

u er t

B . T h e R id e r
’
s S o n g O p 6 8 , N o 2 3 , S h u m an n
, . . c
11 T h rou gh -
c mp s d s
o o e on g

R e s t l e ss L o v e O p 5 , N o 1 , S h u ,
. . c b e rt

S I N G L E M O V E M E N T F OR M S -

S g f m wi h i
on or t tr o
SA d f s i g ch s M
ere n a M e or tr n or e t ra , en u et t o oz art

A C s ll
.

Mi
B . n u e t to , . a e a

Fi s d f m
r t ro n o or

S Op 2 N
o n a ta , 1 s c dm m B h .
,
o .
,
e on ov e en t , ee t ov e n

S c e ond d f m r on o or

S i D m j
o n a ta l s m m H yd n a or , a t ov e en t , a n

Th i d d f m
r r on o or

S Op 2 N
o n a ta , 3 l s m m B hv .
,
o .
,
a t ov e en t , ee t o en

V i i
ar at onf m or

Th i y T w V i i
.
rt O igi l T h m B
-
o ar a t o n s o n a n r na e e, ee t h o e n v
S i f m
o n at n e or

A . S on a t i n a O p 2 0 , N o 1 , fi rst mov e men t , K u hl au

. .

v b l vsky
,

B . S o n a t in a N o 1 , Op 1 3 , fi rst mo emen t , K a a e
, . .

S i gl
n e mo v e me n t p r e -
C l assw s on at a

A . S ona ta in G m a j or ( bi y f n ar or m ) D S , . c l i
ar at t

B . S o n a t a in F m i n or ( yf
t e rn ar orm ) D , . Sc l t iar a t

S on at a -
all e gr o

S o n a ta O p 3 1 , N o 3 , fi rst m ov e me n t , B e e t h oye n
, . .

C O N T R A P U N T A L F OR M S
20 I i
n v e n t on

Tw A i I i C m j ( ly d ) B ch
o- v o ce n v e n t zo n n a or an a ze a

i D mi B ch
.

Tw B i
. I i o - v o ce n ve n t o n n n or , a

21 Fg u ue

F g N 2 V l I W l l T mp d C l i B c h
A u ue o . o . e -
e ere a v er , a

C VII O p 6 N 7 All g H d l
.
, ,

B . G o n ce r t o r o ss o , .
,
o .
,
e ro , an e

22 P ss c gl i
a a a a

P A g li i C m i
.
( c p s ) B ch
a s sa c a a n n or ex e r t a

P ss c gli f m S i g Q N 2 Bl c h
,

B . a a a a ro tr n u a r te t o .
,
o
C o n t e n ts o f A N T HO L O GY OF M U S IC AL FORM S

To cc at a

T o cca ta N on a A S ,
. c arl at t i
Ch l p l d e
or a e re u

No w T ha n k We A l l O u r God ,
B ch a

B aroq u e si u te
F re n ch S u ite N o 6 .
( ex c p s ) B ch
er t a

Is n t ru m en t a lc an z o n a

F a lte D A rg e ns C av azz on i
’

Si x t een t h - c en t u r ym o t et

D ie s S a n c t ific a t u s P a ,
ls i
e tr n a

R EE F O R M S
F

F f ms
re e or

P lyp h
A ic yp P l d S i N 8 H d l
o on t e, re u e to u te o an e

H m p h ic yp F D i
. .
,

B . o y i m M o t on t e, a n t as n n or , oz ar

OpC . p l d P l d t L h gi Wg
era re u e, re u e o o en r n, a n er

M s ic o a m t f m i s t reat en o ot v e

S y mp h y N 4 fi m v m on( c p ) M hl o .
, rst o e en t ex e r t a er

T w ch iq
on e - r o te n ue

Ph y f i li ( c p ) Sch b g
a n t as or V o n ex er t ,
on er

P ar t t w o

Addition al se e c l tions f or an a lys is

G ig u e C P E . . B ch a

i
.
,

P u c k O p 7 1 No 3 , Gr eg
f C ild V l I B
. .
,

G a m e ro m F or h re n ok o . art

f m T h Fi Fi g s St vi s ky
, ,

Mo de ra to ro e ve n er ,
ra n

lg s M
,

Mississ ip p i D ,
ou a oore

P o e m e O p 6 9 , N o 1 , S cri ab in e
i s
. .

—
,

R e ve r ie S a t S aen
n

yd
,

S o na t a N o 3 4 ( fi r st m o v e m en t ) H a n

v i i b
, .
,

Sy mp h o n y O p 2 1 ( ar at on mov e me n t ) , We e rn

s vic
.
,

P r e l u de O p 3 4 , No 24 , S h o t ak o h
3 C h pi
. .
,

Ma zu r k a O p 6 8 , No . .
,
o n

l( s m v m t ) B v
,

S o n a t a Op 4 9 , N o 1
, . . a t o e en ,
ee t h o en
B ib liogr ap h y

ic i s
D k n on , A E F . . .
,
B ach
’
s F u ga l Wor k s ,
i
P t m an , L on d ’

on , 1 956

D ys Gon , e or ge , The Ne w M usic , O xf d U or n i v si t y P ss

er re ,
L on d on ,

1 9 24

E dw ds ar ,
A rt h u r C .
,
The A r t o f Me lo dy Ph , il s phi c l L ib y
o o a r ar , N ew
Y or k , 1 9 5 6

Eis in te n , A fr e l d ,
T h e I t a lia n Ma dr iga l ,
Pr ic n e t on Un iv ity er s Pre ss
P i c
,

r n et on , 1 949

E ic k s
r on , Ro b e rt , T h e S tr u c t u r e o f M u s ic , N oon dy a P re ss ,
New
Y or k , 1 9 5 5

E schm an , K ar l Ch a n g ing F orm s in Mo der n M us ic E . C ci

S h r me r
B s
, , .
,

o t on , 1 9 4 5

F o rt e , C A ll en , on t e mp o r a ry T on e S tr u c t u r es , C l mbio u a Un iv sity er

T ch s C ll
ea er o e ge , Bu r e au of Pu blic i s at on ,
N e w Y or k ,
1 955

S ch e n k e r
’
s C o n c ep t i o n o f M us i ca l S t r u c t u r e o u r ,
J
n al o f Mu sic Th y eor , Ya l e Un i sit y Sc
v er h oo of Mu l N ew H a e n sic ,
v ,

Vol TH N o 1
.
,
.
,
1 959

G oet schiu s ,
P er cy ,
T h e H om op h o n ic F or ms o f M u s ic a l C o mp osi

t io n , . c
G S hi rm er N ew Y ork , , 1 898 ( 1 9 26 )
T h e L a rg e r F or m s o f Musica l C o mp o si t io n , G .

ci
S h r m e r , N ew Y ork , 1 9 1 5

L esso n s in M u s ic F or m , C H D t . . is on , N ew Y ork ,

1 9 04

Gra y C cil Th F y E igh P l d d F g f J S B h O

e e or t -
t re u es a n u ue s o . ac ,
x

f d U i sit y P ss L d 1 9 4 8
, ,

or n v er re ,
on on ,

H i d mi th P l (
n e s A M d l ) Th C f f M i l C mp
au t r an . . en e e ra t o u s ca o o

A ss ci d M sic P blish s N w Y k 1 9 42
, ,

i i s t on, o at e u u er ,
e or ,

H w s F
o k M Mi d d M i S c k W b g L d
e ,
r an ,
an , n an u s c, e er ar ur ,
on on ,

1 94 8

Je pp s e en , Kn u d ( t r an s Gl
. en Ha yd on ) ,
C o u n t e rp o i n t , Pr en t ic e -Ha ll
N e w Y ork 1 9 3 9 ,

Le ib wi R é ( s D ik N wli ) S h b g d Hi S h ol
o tz , en t r an . a e n c on er an s c o ,

Ph il s p h ic l L ib y N w Y k 1 949
,

o o a rar ,
e or ,

L i h
e c i H g M i l F m H
t en t r t t , d U i sity P ss C m u o, us c a or , arv ar n v er re ,
a

b i dg 1 9 5 1
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