Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

1. A piece of n type semiconductor is subjected to an electric field Ex. The left end of the
semiconductor is exposed to a radiation so that electron – hole pairs are generated continuously.
Let n be the number density of electrons. The electron current density Je is given by
𝑑𝑛
Je = eneEx + eDe 𝑑𝑥 . The dimensions of electron drift mobility e and electron diffusion

coefficient De are respectively

a) [M1 T2 I1] and [L2 T1] b) [M1 T2 I1] and [M1 L2 T-1]
c) [M-1 T2 I1] and [L2 T-1] d) [M-1 T2 I2] and [L1 T-2 I1]

Sol. Principle of dimensional homogeneity : eneEx is current density

Je : [IL-2] = eneEx : [ITL-3e MLT-3I-1]  e = [M-1 T2 I1]
Principle of dimensional homogeneity : eneEx is current density
𝑑𝑛
Je : [IL-2] = eDe 𝑑𝑥 : [ITDe L-4]  De = [L2 T-1]

2. A metal sample carrying a current along X axis with density Jx is subjected to a magnetic field Bz
(along Z axis). The electric field Ey (Hall field) developed along Y axis is directly proportional to
Jx as well as Bz. The constant of proportionality (Hall coefficient) has SI unit

a) C / m2 b) m2s / C c) m2 / C d) m3 / C

Sol. The Hall coefficient is defined as the ratio of the induced electric field to the product of the current
density and the applied magnetic field. Its value depends on the type, number, and properties of the
charge carriers that constitute the current.

𝐼𝑥 𝐵𝑧
Hall voltage: VH = Vx Bzw =
𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝐸𝑦 𝑉𝐻 𝑡 1
Hall coefficient: RH = 𝑗 = = 𝑛𝑒
𝑥 𝐵𝑧 𝐼𝑥 𝐵𝑧

n – charge carrier concentration (m-3)

e – charge on electron (C)
t – thickness of the metal sample
w – width of the metal sample

3. A vibratory motion is represented by

𝜋 𝐴 3𝜋
x = 2A cos t + A cos (𝜔𝑡 + 2
) + A cos (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋) + 2 cos (𝜔𝑡 + 2
)
the resultant amplitude of the motion is

a) 9𝐴 b) √𝟓𝑨 c) 5𝐴 d) 2A
2 𝟐 2

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 1

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

Sol. Amplitudes of individual components :

𝐴
A1 = 2A / A2 = A / A3 = A / A4 = 2
𝜋
The phase difference between each component : 2
𝐴 2 √𝟓𝑨
Resultant amplitude: AR = √𝐴2 + ( ) =
2 𝟐

4. A force F acting on a body is dependent on its displacement s as F ∝ 𝑠 −1/3 . Therefore, the power
delivered by the force varies with its displacement as

a) s2/3 b) s1/2 c) s5/3 d) s0

Sol. Force acting on the body : F = k𝑠 −1/3

𝐹 𝑘
Acceleration of the body : a = 𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑠 −1/3
𝑑𝑣 𝑘 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑠 𝑘 𝑘
Velocity of the body : 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑠 −1/3  𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑠 −1/3  𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑚 𝑠 −1/3 ds

𝑘 𝑣2 𝑘 3 2/3 3 𝑘 2/3 1/2

∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑚 𝑠 −1/3 ds  2
= [ s ]
𝑚 4
𝑣=(
2𝑚
𝑠 )  𝑣 = 𝑘 s1/3

Power delivered to the body: p = Fv = k 𝑠 −1/3 {𝑘 s1/3} = s0

5. Bamboo strips are hinged to form three rhombi as shown. Point A0

is fixed to a rigid support. The lengths of the side of the rhombi are
in the ratio 3 : 2 : 1. Point A3 is pulled with a speed v. Let vA1 and
vA2 be the speeds with which points A1 and A2 move. Then, the
ratio vA1 : vA2 is

a) 2:3 b) 3:5 c) 3:2 d) 5:2

Sol. From the properties of the rhombus:

A0A1 : A1A2 : A2A3 = 3a : 2a : a = 3 : 2 : 1
The hinge A1 will pull the segment A0A1
The hinge A2 will pull the segment A0A2 = A0A1 + A1A2
The hinge A3 will pull the segment A0A3 = A0A1 + A1A2 + A2A3
Speed of the hinge A3 : v
The speeds of the hinges A1 and A2 will be in the ratio of their lengths.
VA1 : VA2 = A0A1 : A0A2 = A0A1 : A0A1 + A1A2 = 3 : (3 + 2) = 3 : 5
6. A particle of mass m is made to move with uniform speed v along the perimeter of a regular
hexagon. Magnitude of impulse applied at each corner of the hexagon is

𝑚𝑣
a) mv b) mv√3 c) d) zero
2

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 2

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

Sol. Initial momentum of the particle : pi = mv

Final momentum of the particle : pf = mv
Change in momentum of the particle :
p = pf – pi = √(𝑚𝑣)2 + (𝑚𝑣)2 + 2 𝑚𝑣 𝑚𝑣 cos 120

p = √(𝑚𝑣)2 + (𝑚𝑣)2 − (𝑚𝑣)2 = mv

7. Two chambers of different volumes, one containing m1 g of a gas at pressure p1 and other
containing m2 g of the same gas at pressure p2 are joined to each other. If the temperature of the gas
remains constant, the common pressure reached is

a) 𝑚1 𝑝1 + 𝑚2 𝑝2 b) 𝑚1 𝑝2 + 𝑚2 𝑝1 c) 𝑚1 𝑝2 (𝑝1 + 𝑝2 ) d) (𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 )𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐

𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 2 + 𝑚2 2 𝒎𝟏 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒑𝟏

Sol. Number of moles of the gas remains constant : n1 + n2 = n

𝑝1 𝑣1 𝑝2 𝑣2 𝑝𝑣1 𝑝𝑣2 1 𝑝 𝑝1 𝑣1 +𝑝2 𝑣2
𝑅𝑇
+ 𝑅𝑇
= 𝑅𝑇
+ 𝑅𝑇
 𝑅𝑇 (𝑝1 𝑣1 +𝑝2 𝑣2 ) = 𝑅𝑇 (𝑣1 +𝑣2 )  p = 𝑣1 +𝑣2
𝑚1 𝑚1 𝑅𝑇 𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑅𝑇
Ideal gas equation : p1v1 = 𝑀
RT  v1 = 𝑀 p1
/ p2v2 = 𝑀
RT  v2 = 𝑀 p2
𝑚 𝑅𝑇 𝑚 𝑅𝑇
𝑝1 𝑣1 +𝑝2 𝑣2 𝑝1 1 +𝑝2 2 (𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 )𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐
𝑀 p1 𝑀 p2
p= 𝑣1 +𝑣2
= 𝑚1 𝑅𝑇 𝑚2 𝑅𝑇 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒑𝟐 +𝒎𝟐 𝒑𝟏
+
𝑀 p1 𝑀 p2

8. Two liquid drops of equal radii are falling through air with the terminal velocity v. If these two
drops coalesce to form a single drop, its terminal velocity will be

𝟑 3
a) √2 v b) 2v c) √𝟒 v d) √2 v

Sol. 2 𝑟 2 𝑔(𝜌𝑜 −𝜌𝑚 )

Terminal velocity of spherical object : v = 9 
 v ∝ r2

Radius of each drop : r

4 4
Radius of the bigger drop : R : 3 𝜋𝑅 3 = 2 3 𝜋𝑟 3  R = 21/3r

𝑣 𝑟 2 𝑣 𝑟 2
Terminal velocity of bigger drop : 𝑉 = (𝑅)  𝑉 = (21/3 r) = 2−2/3
𝟑
V = v22/3 = √𝟒 v

9. An elevator of mass M is accelerated upwards by applying a force F. A mass m is initially situated

at a height of 1 m above the floor of the elevator is falling freely. It will hit the floor of the elevator
after a time equal to

a) 2𝑀 b) c) d)
√𝐹+𝑚𝑔 2𝑀 2𝑀 𝟐𝑴
√ √ √
𝐹 − 𝑚𝑔 𝐹 𝑭 + 𝑴𝒈

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 3

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

Sol. Acceleration of the freely falling body: g m/s2

𝐹
Acceleration of the elevator : a = 𝑀
𝐹 𝐹 + 𝑀𝑔
Acceleration of the body relative to lift : ar = a + g = +g =
𝑀 𝑀
1 1
Distance travelled by the stone : s = ut + 2 art2 = 0 + 2
art2
1 𝐹 + 𝑀𝑔 2 𝟐𝑴
1= t  t =√
2 𝑀 𝑭+𝑴𝒈
10. The formation of solid argon is due to vander Waals bonding. In this case the potential energy as a
function of interatomic separation can be written as (Lenard Jones 6 – 12 potential energy) E (r) = -
Ar-6 + Br-12 where A and B are constants. Given that A = 8.0 x 10-77 Jm6 and B = 1.12 x 10-133 Jm12,
the bond length for solid argon is

a) 3.75 nm b) 0.0375 nm c) 0.750 nm d) 0.375 nm

Sol. Potential energy of the material : E (r) = - Ar-6 + Br-12

𝑑𝐸 𝑑
Interatomic attractive force: F = − 𝑑𝑟 = − 𝑑𝑟 (− A𝑟 −6 + B𝑟 −12 ) = 6Ar-7 – 12 Br-13
2𝐵
For equilibrium : F = 0  6Ar-7 – 12 Br-13 = 0  6Ar-7 = 12 Br-13  r6 =
𝐴
2 𝑥1.12 x 10−133
r6 = = 0.28 x 10-56 = 0.0028 x 10-54
8.0 x 10−77
(0.0028 −54 )1/6
r= x 10 = 0.375 x 10-9 = 0.375 nm

11. Let A and B be the points respectively above and below the earth’s surface each at a distance equal
to half the radius of the earth. If the acceleration due to gravity at these points be gA and gB
respectively, then gB : gA

a) 1:1 b) 9:8 c) 8:9 d) zero

Sol. 𝑅 2 𝑅 2 𝑅 2 4𝑔
Acceleration due to gravity at a height h: gh = g ( ) =g( ) =g( ) =
𝑅+ℎ 𝑅+ℎ 𝑅+𝑅/2 9
𝑑 𝑅 𝑔
Acceleration due to gravity at a depth d : gd = g (1 − ) = g (1 − ) =
𝑅 2𝑅 2
𝑔 4𝑔 1 4
gB : gA = 2 : 9
=2:9=9:8

12. Let vrms, vmp and vavg represent the root mean square, the most probable and the average velocities
respectively, in case of a gaseous system in equilibrium at certain temperature. Then vrms : vmp : vavg

a) 8 : 3 : 2 b) 8 : 2 : 3 c) 3 : 2 : 8 d) 3:2:8

Sol. 3𝑅𝑇
Root mean square velocity of the gas molecule : vrms = √ 𝑀
2𝑅𝑇
Most probable velocity of the gas molecule : vmp = √ 𝑀
8𝑅𝑇
Average velocity of the gas molecule : vavg = √ 𝑀
3𝑅𝑇 2𝑅𝑇 8𝑅𝑇 𝟖
Ratio of velocities : vrms : vmp : vavg = √ 𝑀
:√ 𝑀
: √ 𝑀 = √𝟑 : √𝟐 : √𝝅

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 4

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

13. In the arrangement of resistance shown below, the effective resistance between points A and B is

a) 23.5  b) 38.0  c) 19.0  d) 25.0 

Sol. Due to symmetry in the circuit, we can remove the joint at O. After this, we have two balanced
Wheatstone’s bridges as shown. The circuit can be redrawn as shown.
Effective resistance between A&B : 19 
One part of the circuit is shown in second figure

14. A block of material of specific gravity 0.4 is held submerged at a depth of 1 m in a vessel filled
with water. The vessel is accelerated upwards with acceleration of a0 = g/5. If the block is released
at t = 0 sec, neglecting viscous effects, it will reach the water surface at t equal to (g = 10 m/s2)

a) 0.60 s b) 0.33 s c) 3.3 s d) 1.2 s

Sol. Net force acting on the block : Fnet = ma

FB – Fg = ma  m1 (g+a0) – m(g+a0) = ma
(𝑔+𝑎0 )(𝜌𝑙 −𝜌𝑠 )
vl (g+a0) – vs (g+a0) = vsa  a = 𝜌𝑠
𝜌 𝑔 1
a = (g+a0) (𝜌𝑙 − 1) = g + 5 (𝑅𝐷 − 1) = (10 + 2) (1.5) = 18
𝑠

1 1 1 𝟏
Time taken by the block to travel 1 m: s = ut + at2  1 = 0 + (18)t2  t2 =  t = sec
2 2 9 𝟑

15. The maximum tension in the string of a simple pendulum is 1.2 times the minimum tension. If o is
the angular amplitude, then o is

a) 4 b) 3 c) 𝟏𝟓 d) 7
cos-1 5 cos-1 4 cos-1 cos-1 8
𝟏𝟔

Sol. 𝑚𝑣 2
Maximum tension in the string: Tmax = mg + 𝑙
1 𝑣2
Apply conservation of energy: 2mv2 = mgl (1 – cos o)  𝑙
= 2g (1 – cos o)
Tmax = mg + 2mg(1 – cos o) = mg (3 – 2 cos o)
Minimum tension in the string: Tmin = mg cos o
Given: Tmax = 1.2 Tmin → mg (3 – 2 cos o) = (1.2) mg cos o
15 𝟏𝟓
3 = 3.2 cos o  cos o = 16  o = cos-1 𝟏𝟔

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 5

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

16. A uniform line charge with density  = 50 C / m lies along X axis. The electric flux per unit
length crossing the portion of the plane z = - 3 m bounded by y = ± 3 m is

a) 4.68 C / m b) 9.36 C / m c) 50 C / m d) 18.7 C / m

Sol. DELETED

Linear charge density :  = 50 C/m

1  1 2
Electric field intensity : E = 2𝜋𝜀 = 4𝜋𝜀
𝑜𝑟 𝑜 𝑟

The units given in the options do not match the

physical quantity to be calculated (weber/m)

17. A plane mirror perpendicular to XY plane makes an angle of 300 with the X axis. An object placed
at (-20, 0) forms an image in the mirror. The point of incidence is (0,0) and the plane of incidence
is the XY plane. The co-ordinates of the image are

a) 10√3, 10 b) -10√3, 10 c) -10, -10√𝟑 d) -10√3, -10

Sol. From the diagram: object distance = image distance = 10

Y co-ordinate of the image: 20 sin 60 = 10 √𝟑
X co-ordinate of the image: 20 – 20 cos 60 = 20 – 10 = 10
Both the co-ordinates are on negative sides.

18. Magnetic flux through a stationary loop with a resistance R varies during the time interval  as
 = at ( - t) where a is a constant. The amount of heat generated in loop during time interval  is

a) 𝑎2 3 b) 𝑎2 3 c) 𝒂𝟐 𝟑 d) 𝑎2 3
6𝑅 4𝑅 𝟑𝑹 2𝑅

Sol. Flux through the stationary loop :  = at ( - t) = at - at2

𝑑𝜑
Emf induced in the loop : e = = a - 2at
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐻 𝑒 2 (a−at)2
Rate of heat generated : 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑅 = 𝑅
𝜏
𝜏 (a−at)2 (𝑎𝜏−2𝑎𝑡)3 𝒂𝟐 𝝉𝟑
Heat generated : H = ∫ 𝑑𝐻 = ∫0 𝑅
𝑑𝑡 = [ ]
3𝑅 (−2𝑎) 0
= 𝟑𝑹

19. Four functions given below describe motion of a particle.

3𝜋
I. y = sin t – cos t II. y = sin3 t III. y = 5 cos ( 4 − 3𝜔𝑡) IV. y = 1 + t + 2t2
Therefore, simple harmonic motion is represented by

a) only I b) I, II and III c) I and III d) I and II

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 6

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

Sol. 1 1
y = sin t – cos t = √2 ( sin 𝜔𝑡 − cos 𝜔𝑡) = √𝟐 sin (t + 45)
√2 √2

SHM with amplitude: √2 and initial phase:  = 450

3𝜋 𝟑𝝅
y = 5 cos ( 4 − 3𝜔𝑡) = 5 cos (𝟑𝝎𝒕 − 𝟒
)
3𝜋
SHM with amplitude: 5 and initial phase:  = − 4

20. A magnetic field is established with the help of a pair of north and south poles as shown. A small
bar magnet placed freely in the field will undergo
a) pure translation motion
b) pure rotational motion
c) rotational motion superimposed on translational motion
d) oscillatory motion

Sol. From the configuration of the magnetic poles we can conclude that they create a non-uniform
magnetic field.
When a bar magnet is placed on non-uniform field, it will experience a force (translational motion)
and torque (rotational motion)

So, the bar magnet will undergo rotational motion superimposed on translational motion.

21. In a hydrogen atom, the magnetic field at the centre of the atom produced by an electron in the nth
orbit is proportional to

a) 1 b) 1 c) 1 d) 𝟏
𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑛4 𝒏𝟓

Sol. 𝜇𝑜 𝐼
Magnetic field at the centre of the circle: B = 2𝑅
𝑒 𝑒𝑣
Current in the circular orbit: I = =
𝑇 2𝜋𝑅
Radius of nth orbit: R = 0.529 n2
2.2 𝑥 106
Speed of the electron in nth orbit: v = 𝑛
𝑒𝑣
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝜇𝑜 ( ) 𝜇 𝑒𝑣 𝑘 𝟏
2 = 𝑛5  B ∝ 𝒏𝟓
2𝜋𝑅 𝑜
Magnetic field: B = 2𝑅
= 2𝑅
= 4𝜋𝑅

22. A particle of mass m carries a charge +q. It enters into a region of uniform magnetic field 𝐵̅
existing below the line 𝑙𝑙1 as shown. The time spent by the particle in the magnetic field is

𝑚
a) ( - 2)
𝑞𝐵
b) infinite as the particle gets trapped
𝑚
c) 2 𝑞𝐵
𝒎
d) ( + 2) 𝒒𝑩

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 7

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

Sol. The angle covered by the particle inside the field: 2 - ( - 2) =  + 2
𝐵𝑄𝑟 𝐵𝑄𝑟 𝐵𝑄
Speed of the charged particle: v = 𝑚
 r = 𝑚
= 𝑚
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝒎
Time spent by the particle in the field: t = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
= 𝐵𝑄 = ( + 2) 𝒒𝑩
𝑚

23. A 2 F capacitor is charged as shown in the figure.

The change in its stored energy after the switch S is turned to
position 2 is

a) 96 % b) 20 % c) 4% d) 80 %

Sol. 1 1
Initial energy stored in the 2 F capacitor: U1 = 2 Cv2 = 2 x 2v2 = v2
Common potential acquired by the system, after the switch is thrown to 2.
𝐶1 𝑣1 +𝐶2 𝑣2 2𝑣+8(0) 2𝑣 𝑣
vcom = = = =
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 2+8 10 5
1 1 𝑣 2 𝑣2
Final energy stored in the 2 F capacitor: U2 = 2 Cvcom2 = 2 x 2 x (5) = 25
𝑣2
𝑈1 −𝑈2 𝑣2−
25
Change in stored energy: x 100 = x 100 = 96%
𝑈1 𝑣2

24. An infinite number of charges each equal to 0.2 C are arranged in a line at distances 1, 2, 4, 8...m
from a fixed point. The potential at the fixed point is

a) 1800 V b) 2000 V c) 3600 V d) 2250 V

Sol. 𝑘𝑞
Potential due to a point charge: v =
𝑟
𝑘𝑞 𝑘𝑞
Potential due to infinite no. of charges: V = 𝑟1
+ 𝑟 + …….
2
1 1 -6 1 1 1 1
V = kq (𝑟 + 𝑟 + ⋯ ) = 9 x 109 x 0.2 x 10 (1 + 2 + 22 + ⋯ ) = 1.8 x 103 (1−1⁄ ) = 3600 volt
1 2 2

25. A ball of mass m moving with a speed u along a direction making an

angle  with the vertical strikes a horizontal steel plate. The collision lasts
for a time interval t. If e is the coefficient of restitution between the ball
and the plate, the average force exerted by the plate on the ball is

a) 𝑒𝑚𝑢 b) 𝑒𝑚𝑢 cos 𝜃 c) 2(𝑒 + 1)𝑚𝑢 cos 𝜃 d) (𝒆 + 𝟏)𝒎𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝒕

Sol. There is no change in momentum along the surface: mu sin  = mv sin   u sin  = v sin 
𝑟𝑒𝑙. 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Coefficient of restitution : e = 𝑟𝑒𝑙. 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ
along normal
𝑣 cos 𝜑
e= 𝑢 cos 𝜃
 v cos  = e u cos 
∆𝑃 𝑚(v cos j −(−u cos q) 𝑚(𝑒𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) (𝒆+𝟏)𝒎𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
Avg. force by plate on the ball : Favg = ∆𝑡
= 𝑡
= 𝑡
= 𝒕

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 8

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

26. In YDSE, sources of equal intensities are used. Distance between slits is d and wavelength of light
used is  ( << d). Angular separation of the nearest points on either side of central maximum
where intensities becomes half of the maximum value is

a)  b)  c)  d) 
𝟒𝒅
𝑑 2𝑑 6𝑑
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
Sol. Intensity at a point on the screen: I = Imax cos2 (/2)  2
= Imax
cos2 (/2)
1
= cos (/2)  /2 = 45   = 900
√2
 𝜋 
Relation between path diff. and phase diff: x = = =
2𝑝 2 𝑥 2𝜋 4
   
Path difference: x = 2d sin  = 4  2d  = 4   = 8𝑑 → 2 = 𝟒𝒅

27. The variation of magnetic field along the axis of a solenoid is graphically represented by (O is the
centre with 𝑙, 𝑙1 as the extremities of the solenoid along the axis)

Sol. 𝜇 𝑖𝑛
Magnetic field along the axis of solenoid: B = 𝑜2 (cos 𝜃2 − cos 𝜃1 )
If the length of the solenoid is very much greater than its radius:
1 = 1800 and 2 = 00 → B = 𝜇𝑜 𝑖𝑛
So, the correct answer is (d)

28. A wooden cube is placed on a rough horizontal table. A force is applied to the cube. Gradually the
force is increased. Whether the cube slides before toppling or topples before sliding is independent

a) the position of point of application of force

b) the length of the edge of the cube
c) mass of the cube
d) coefficient of friction between the cube and the table

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 9

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

Sol. Condition for sliding: F > f (mg)

𝑎 𝑎 𝑚𝑔𝑎
Condition for toppling:  > N (a/2)   > mg 2  Fh > mg 2  F > 2ℎ
𝑚𝑔𝑎 𝑎
The block will slide before toppling if mg < 2ℎ
  < 2ℎ
𝑎
The block will topple before sliding if  >
2ℎ

Whether the cube slides before toppling or topples before sliding is independent of mass of block

29. There are two organ pipes of same length and material but of different radii. When they are
emitting fundamental notes

a) broader pipe gives note of smaller frequency

b) both the pipes give notes of same frequency
c) narrow pipe gives note of smaller frequency
d) either of them gives note of smaller or larger frequency depending on wavelength

Sol. Let the organ pipes be closed.

𝑣
Fundamental frequency of the note: f = 4(𝑙+𝑒)
Here ‘e’ is end correction: e = 0.6 r (radius of the pipe)
Broader pipe has larger radius thus smaller frequency.
The answer will not change even for an open organ pipe for which we have to apply end correction
for both ends.

30. The wavelength of sodium line observed in the spectrum of a star is found to be 598 nm, whereas
that from the sodium lamp in the laboratory is found to be 589 nm. Therefore, the star is moving
with a speed of about

a) 2.7 x 106 away from the earth b) 5.4 x 106 m/s towards the earth
c) 1.6 x 106 away from the earth d) 4.6 x 106 m/s away from the earth

Sol. Wavelength of sodium line in laboratory:  = 589 nm (actual)

Wavelength of sodium line from the star: 1 = 598 nm (apparent)
As the apparent wavelength is more than actual wavelength, the star is moving away from earth.
 𝑣 598 −589 𝑣
Doppler effect in light: 
=𝑐 589
= 3 𝑥 108  v = 4.58 x 106 m/s

31. In a series LCR circuit, impedance Z is the same at two frequencies f1 and f2. Therefore, the
resonant frequency of the circuit is

a) 𝑓1 +𝑓2 b) 2𝑓1 𝑓2 c) d) √𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐

2 √𝑓1 2 + 𝑓2 2
𝑓1 + 𝑓2
2

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 10

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

Sol. Impedance of LCR series circuit: z = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐 )2

Resistance R is independent of frequency.
Given: zf1 = zf2  Xf1 = Xf2  (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )f1 = (𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 )f2
(𝑋𝐿 )f1 + (𝑋𝐿 )f2 = (𝑋𝐿 )f1 + (𝑋𝐿 )f2
1 1 1 1 𝑓1 +𝑓2
2L(𝑓1 + 𝑓2 ) = ( + )  2L(𝑓1 + 𝑓2 ) = ( )
2𝜋𝐶 𝑓1 𝑓2 2𝜋𝐶 𝑓1 𝑓2
1 1 𝟏
42LC = 𝑓 𝑓  2√𝐿𝐶 =  √𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐 = 𝟐√𝑳𝑪
1 2 √𝑓1 𝑓2

32. Two particles are moving along X and Y axes towards the origin with constant speeds u and v
respectively. At time t = 0, their respective distances from the origin are x and y. the time instant at
which the particles will be closest to each other is

a) √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 b) 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦 c) 𝒖𝒙 + 𝒗𝒚 d) 2√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
√𝑢2 +𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 𝑢+𝑣

Sol. From the diagram: z2 = (x – ut)2 + (y – vt)2

𝑑𝑧
Differentiate w.r.to time: 2z 𝑑𝑡 = 2 (x – ut) (-u) + 2 (y – vt) (-v)
𝑑𝑧
For the distance to be minimum: =0
𝑑𝑡
-2u (x – ut) – 2v (y –vt) = 0
-2ux +2u2t – 2vy + 2v2t = 0
ux + vy
2t (u2+v2) = 2(ux + vy)  t = u2+v2

33. A container of volume 0.1 m3 is filled with nitrogen at a temperature of 47 0C and a gauge pressure
of 4.0 x 105 Pa. After some time, due to leakage, the gauge pressure drops to 3.0 x 105 Pa and the
temperature to 27 0C. The mass of nitrogen that has leaked out is about

a) 128 g b) 84 g c) 154 g d) 226 g

Sol. Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure

𝑚
Ideal gas equation: pv = nRT  pv = 𝑀 RT
𝑝1 𝑚 𝑇 5.0 x 105 𝑚 320 𝑚 75
𝑝2
= 𝑚1 𝑇1 → 4.0 x 105 = 𝑚1 300  𝑚1 = 64
2 2 2 2
𝑝𝑣𝑀 5 𝑥 105 𝑥 0.1 𝑥 28 𝑥 10−3
Initial mass of the nitrogen gas : m1 = 𝑅𝑇
= 8.314 𝑥 320
= 0.53 kg
0.53 75
𝑚2
= 64  m2 = 0.45 kg
Mass of nitrogen gas that has leaked out: m1 – m2 = 0.53 – 0.45 = 0.08 kg = 80 g

34. Ninety percent of a radioactive sample is left over after a time interval t. The percentage of initial
sample that will disintegrate in an interval 2t is

a) 38 % b) 19 % c) 9% d) 62 %

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 11

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

Sol. 𝑡⁄
𝑁 1 𝑇
Percentage radioactive material remaining: 𝑁 x 100 = (2) x 100
𝑜
𝑡⁄ 𝑡⁄
1 𝑇 1 𝑇
90 = (2) x 100  0.9 = (2)
2𝑡⁄ 𝑡 2
1 𝑇 1 ⁄𝑇
X= (2) x 100  X = ((2) ) x 100  X = (0.9)2 x 100 = 81%

Percentage radioactive sample that has disintegrated: 100 – 81 = 19%

35. A circuit is arranged as shown. At time t = 0 sec, switch S is

placed in position 1. At t = 5 sec, contact is changed from 1 to
2. The voltage across the capacitor is measured at t = 5 sec and
at t = 6 sec. Let these voltages be V1 and V2 respectively. Then,
V1 and V2 respectively are

a) 10 V & 0 V b) 9.18 V & 3.67 V c) 9.18 V & 3.37 V d) 10 V & 3.687 V

Sol. Charge on a capacitor being charged: q = q0 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 ) divide with C: vc = v0 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 )

R = 20 k and C = 100 F
vc = 10 (1 − 𝑒 −5/2 ) = 9.18 volt
Voltage across a discharging capacitor: R = 10 k and C = 100 F
9.18
vc = v0 e-t/RC = 9.18 x e-1/1 = 𝑒
= 3.37 volt

36. There are two thermocouples A and B made of the same pair of metals. In A each wire is 50 cm
long and in B each wire is 150 cm long. Both the thermocouples are maintained between the same
lower temperature 1 and higher temperature 2. Each of the two thermocouples is connected to the
same micro ammeter successively. Let 𝜀 be the thermo emf and I be the thermoelectric current.
Then which of the following statements is true?

a) both 𝜀 and I are equal for A and B

b) both 𝜀 and I are greater for B than those for A
c) 𝜺 is the same for both but I is greater for A
d) 𝜀 is the same for both but I is greater for B

Sol. Resistance of a wire is proportional to length.

So, thermocouple B has more resistance.
Thermo emf of a thermocouple: = a + b2 where a, b are constants ( : temperature diff.: 2 - 1 )

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 12

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

37. Two identical particles move at right angles to each other, possessing de Broglie wavelengths 1
and 2. The de Broglie wavelength of each of the particles in their centre of mass frame will be

a) 1 2 + 2 2 b) 1 + 2 c) 21 2 d) 𝟐𝟏 𝟐
√
2 2 1 +2 √𝟏 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟐

Sol. The two particles are identical: m1 = m2 = m

ℎ ℎ
de Broglie’s wave lengths of the particles: 1 = 𝑚𝑣 and 2 = 𝑚𝑣
1 2

𝑣 2 𝑣 2
Since the particles are moving at right angles, velocity in CM frame: v = √( 21 ) + ( 22 )
ℎ ℎ 𝟐𝟏 𝟐
de Broglie’s wavelength of the particle in centre of mass frame:  = 𝑚𝑣 = =
𝑣 2 𝑣 2
𝑚√( 1 ) +( 2 ) √𝟏 𝟐 +𝟐 𝟐
2 2

38. The stopping potential for photoelectrons emitted from a surface illuminated by light of
wavelength 400 nm is 500 mV. When the incident wavelength is changed to a new value, the
stopping potential is found to be 800 mV. New wavelength is about

a) 365 nm b) 250 nm c) 640 nm d) 340 nm

ℎ𝑐
Sol. Einstein’s photo electric equation: E =  + eV  
=  + eV
1240 1240
=  + e (500 mV)  =  + e (800 mV)
400 
1240 1240 1240
- 3.1 = 0.3  = 3.4 →  = = 364.7 nm = 365 nm
  3.4

39. For the logic circuit given below, the output y for A = 0, B = 0 and A = 1, B = 1 are

a) 0 and 1 b) 0 and 0 c) 1 and 0 d) 1 and 1

Sol. X = 𝐵̅ and Y = 𝐴̅
P = XA = 𝐵̅A; Z = YB = 𝐴̅B
y = P + Z = 𝐴̅B + 𝐵̅A (exclusive OR gate)

40. In hydrogen like atom electron makes transition from an energy level with quantum number n to
another with quantum number (n -1). If n >> 1, frequency of radiation emitted is proportional to

a) 1 b) 𝟏 c) n2 d) 1
𝑛2 𝒏𝟑 𝑛4
Sol. 1 1 1
Rydberg formula:  = R (𝑛 2 − 𝑛 2 ) z2 for hydrogen like atom
𝑖 𝑓

Multiply throughout with c (speed of light)

𝑐 1 1 1 1 𝑛2 −(𝑛−1)2 2𝑛−1 𝟏

= f = Rc (𝑛 2 − 𝑛 2 ) z2 = Rc ((𝑛−1)2 − 𝑛2 ) = Rc ( (𝑛−1)2 𝑛2 )  f ∝ 1 2  f ∝ 𝒏𝟑
𝑖 𝑓 𝑛4 (1− )
𝑛

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 13

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

41. Consider an electron orbiting the nucleus with speed v and in an orbit of radius r. The ratio of the
magnetic moment to the orbital angular momentum of the electron is independent of

a) radius r b) speed v c) charge e d) mass me

𝑞 𝑞 1
Sol. Magnetic moment of orbiting electron: M = iA = 𝑇 r2 = 2𝜋𝑟 r2 = 2qvr
𝑣
Angular momentum of the orbiting electron: L = mvr
𝑀 𝑞
Ratio of magnetic moment to orbital angular momentum: 𝐿
= 2𝑚

42. A current Io enters into a parallel combination of resistors R1 and R2. Current I1 flows through R1
and I2 through R2. The current Io distributes in such a way that

a) power consumed in R1 and in R2 is the same

b) total power consumed in R1 and R2 is minimum
c) I1 is proportional to R2 and I2 is proportional to R1
d) the power consumed in each of R1 and R2 is minimum

Sol. The two resistors are in parallel. Potential drop is same and Io = I1 + I2
I1R1 = I2R2  I1R1 = (Io – I1) R2
𝑹𝟐
I1R1 = IoR2 – I1R2  I1 (R1 + R2) = IoR2  I1 = Io
𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝟏
On similar lines: I2 = Io
𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐

43. Weight of a body on the surface of the earth depends on

a) distance of the body from the centre of the earth

b) the latitude of the place on the earth surface where the body is placed
c) the longitude of the place on the earth surface where the body is placed
d) the angular speed of the rotation of the earth about its own axis

Sol. Weight of a body: w = mg (m: mass (constant); g: acceleration due to gravity (variable))
𝟐𝒉
Variation in g: With altitude (height): gh = g (𝟏 − 𝑹
)
𝒅
With depth: gd = g (𝟏 − 𝑹)
With latitude and rotation: g = g – R2 cos2 
Here  : angular speed of rotation and  : latitude

44. Which of the following is/are involved in the formation of rain drops in a cloud?

a) saturation of vapor pressure b) temperature

c) viscosity d) surface tension

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 14

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

Sol. Surface tension: This property helps the rain drops to attain spherical shape.
Temperature: High temperature helps in faster evaporation process and low temperature helps in
condensation of the water vapor.
Saturation of vapor pressure: This factor decides the rate of evaporation of water from different
sources like lakes, rivers and oceans.

45. A cyclic process on PV diagram is as shown below. The same process can be shown on PT and VT
diagrams. Choose the correct alternative (s).

a) b)

c) d)

Sol. 1 – 2 : isobaric process (constant pressure)

2 – 3 : isothermal process (constant temperature)
3 – 4 : isochoric process (constant volume)
4 – 1 : isothermal process (constant temperature)
Options (a) and (b) are correct.

46. When a bright light source is placed 30 cm in front of a thin lens, an erect image is formed at 7.5
cm from the lens. A faint inverted image is also formed at 6 cm in front of the lens due to
reflection from the front surface of the lens. When the lens is turned around, this weaker inverted
image is now formed at 10 cm in front of the lens. Therefore

a) the lens is diverging biconcave

b) the refractive index of the glass of the lens is 1.6
c) radii of curvature of surfaces of the lens are 10 cm and 15 cm respectively
d) the lens behaves as a converging lens of focal length 30 cm when immersed in a liquid of
refractive index 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol. Lens formula: 𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑓  − 7.5 + 30 = 𝑓  − 10 = 𝑓  f = - 10 cm
Inverted image is formed by concave mirror. The second surface acts as mirror.

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 15

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mirror formula : 𝑣 + 𝑢 = 𝑓  6 + 30 = 𝑓  5 = 𝑓  f = 5 cm
Radius of curvature of the surface : R1 = 2f = 2 x 5 = 10 cm
When the lens is turned around, the second inverted image is formed at 10 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 30
Mirror formula : 𝑣 + 𝑢 = 𝑓  10 + 30 = 𝑓  30 = 𝑓  f = 4
cm
30
Radius of curvature of the surface: R2 = 2f = 2 x 4
= 15 cm

1 1 1
Lens maker’s formula: = (n – 1) ( − )
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 1 1
− 10 = (n – 1) (− 10 − 15
) = (n – 1) (− 6)
6
n – 1 = 10  n = 1 + 0.6 = 1.6

1 𝑛 1 1
Lens maker’s formula: 𝑓 = (𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠 − 1) (𝑅 − 𝑅 )
𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 1 2
1 1.6 1 0.4 1 0.4
= ( − 1) (− ) = (− ) (− ) =
𝑓𝑙 2 6 2 6 12
𝒇𝒍 = 30 cm

47. Let n1 and n2 moles of the two different ideal gases be mixed. If ratio of specific heats of the two
gases are 1 and 2 respectively, then the ratio of specific heats  of the mixture is given through the
relation

𝒏𝟏 +𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
a) (n1+n2)  = n11 + n22 b) = +
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏
 𝟏 𝟐
c) (n1+n2) 𝟏 = n1  + n2  d) (n1+n2) ( - 1) = n1 (1 − 1) + n1 (1 − 1)
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏

Sol. 𝑛1 𝑐𝑣1 +𝑛2 𝑐𝑣2

Resultant cv =
𝑛1 +𝑛2
(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 ) cv = 𝑛1 𝑐𝑣1 + 𝑛2 𝑐𝑣2
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝒏𝟏 +𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 ) 𝛾−1 = 𝑛1 𝛾 + 𝑛2 𝛾  𝟏
= +
1 −1 2 −1 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏
𝑛1 𝑐𝑝1 +𝑛2 𝑐𝑝2
Resultant cp = 𝑛1 +𝑛2
(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 ) cp = 𝑛1 𝑐𝑝1 + 𝑛2 𝑐𝑝2
𝑅 𝛾 𝑅 𝛾 𝑅  𝟏 𝟐
(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 ) 𝛾−1 = 𝑛1 𝛾 1−1 + 𝑛2 𝛾 2−1  (n1+n2) 𝟏 = n1  + n2 
1 2 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏

48. A resistance of 4  is connected across a cell. Then it is replaced by another resistance of 1 . It is

found that power dissipated in resistance in both the cases is 16 W. Then

a) internal resistance of the cell is 2 

b) emf of the cell is 12 V
c) maximum power that can be dissipated in the external resistance is 18 W
d) short circuit current from the cell is infinite

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 16

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

Sol. 𝐸 𝐸
Current through the circuit: i1 = 𝑅+𝑟 = 4+𝑟
𝐸 𝐸
Current through the circuit: i2 = 𝑅+𝑟 = 1+𝑟
𝐸 2 𝐸 2
Given: power dissipated in both cases is same: (4+𝑟) x 4 = (1+𝑟) x 1  r = 2 
𝐸 2 𝐸 2
Given: (4+𝑟) x 4 = 16  (4+2) x 4 = 16  E = 12 volt
𝐸 2 𝐸2 144
Maximum power is transferred when r = R: Pmax = (2𝑅) R = 4𝑟 = 4 𝑥 2 = 18 W

49. Two solid spheres A and B of equal volumes but of different densities dA and dB respectively, are
connected by a string. They are fully immersed in a fluid of density dF. They get arranged in an
equilibrium state as shown in the figure with non-zero tension in the string. The arrangement is
possible only if

a) dA < dF b) dB > dF c) dA > dF d) dA + dB = 2dF

Sol. For equilibrium of the system : 2vdFg = vdAg + vdBg  2dF = dA + dB

For non-zero tension in the string : vdFg > vdAg  dA < dF  vdBg > vdFg  dB > dF

50. A particle Q is moving along +Y axis. Another particle P is moving in XY plane along a straight
line x = - d (d > 0) with a uniform speed v parallel to that of Q. At time t = 0, particles P and Q
happen to be along X axis where a third particle R situated at x = +d starts moving opposite to P
with a constant acceleration a. At all further instants the three particles happen to be collinear.
Then Q
𝒗 𝒗
a) has an initial speed 𝟐 b) will come to rest after a time interval 𝒂
𝒂 𝟐𝒗
c) has an acceleration − 𝟐 d) will return to its initial position after a time interval 𝒂

Sol. Since the particles are always collinear, the slopes are equal
1
𝑦𝑅 −𝑦𝑝 − 𝑎𝑡 2 −𝑣𝑡
yQ – yp = (x + d); yQ – vt = 2
(x + d)
𝑥𝑅 −𝑥𝑄 2𝑑
−𝑎𝑡−𝑣 −𝑎𝑡−𝑣
Put x = 0 and differentiate: vQ – v = 2𝑑
d= 2
------ (1)
𝑣 𝒗
For initial velocity of Q, put t = 0, vQ = v - =
2 𝟐

−𝑎−0 𝒂
Differentiate eqn. (1) w.r.to time: aQ – 0 = 2
= −𝟐
−𝑎𝑡−𝑣 𝐯
Put vQ = 0 in eqn. (1), 0 – v = 2
t =𝐚
𝟐𝒗
Since the acceleration is constant, the particle Q will return to its starting point in a time: 2t = 𝒂

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 17

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

51. a) A 40 W, 120 V incandescent bulb has a tungsten filament 0.381 m long. The diameter of the
filament is 33 m. Tungsten has a resistivity 5.51 x 10-8 m at room temperature 20 0C. Given that
the resistivity of the tungsten filament varies as T6/5, estimate the temperature of the filament when
it is operated as its rated voltage

b) Assume that the electrical power dissipated in the filament is radiated from the surface of the
filament. If emissivity of the filament surface is 0.35, determine the temperature of the filament
and compare it with that obtained in part (a)

Sol. 𝜌𝑙 𝜌𝑙 5.51 𝑥 10−8 𝑥 0.381 𝑥 4

a) Resistance of the wire at room temperature: R1 = 𝐴
= 𝑑2
=  (33 𝑥 10−6 )2
= 24.5 
4
𝑉2 120 𝑥 120
Resistance of the wire at full power consumption: R2 = 𝑃
= 40
= 360 
Resistivity of the wire at full power consumption:
𝑑2 2
𝑅2 𝐴 𝑅2  360 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 (33 𝑥 10−6 )
= 𝑙
= 𝑙
4
= 4 𝑥 0.381
= 8.08 x 10-7 m
6⁄
Relation between resistivity and temperature:  ∝ 𝑇 5

𝜌 𝑇 6/5 8.08 x 10−7 𝑇 6/5

=( )  =( )  T1 = 2746.3 K
𝜌𝑜 𝑇0 5.51 x 10−8 293

b) Power radiated by a body : P = AeT4 = 𝜎(2𝜋𝑟)𝑙𝑒 (𝑇 4 − 𝑇𝑜 4 )

40 = 5.67 x 10-8 x 2 x 3.14 x 16.5 x 10-6 x 0.381 x 0.35 x (T4 – 7.4 x 109) = 2672.3 K

52. A parallel plate capacitor with a separation d = 1 cm is subjected to a potential difference of 20 kV

with air as a dielectric. Assume that air behaves as a dielectric (insulator) up to a maximum electric
field (called di electric strength) of 30 kV/cm (after which it breaks down). Now, a thin plate of
glass (dielectric constant 6.5 and dielectric strength 290 kV/cm) is inserted. Determine the
maximum thickness of glass plate to avoid breakdown in the capacitor

Sol. 𝐾𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀0 𝐴
capacitance with dielectric: C1 = ; Capacitance without dielectric: C2 =
𝑡 𝑑−𝑡
Potential across the air capacitor:
𝐾𝜀0 𝐴 𝐾
𝐶1 𝐾 (𝑑−𝑡)𝑡
V2 = (𝐶 )𝑣 = ( 𝐾𝜀0𝐴 𝑡 𝜀0 𝐴 ) 𝑣 = ( 𝐾 1
𝑡
)𝑣 = 𝑣
1 +𝐶2 + + 𝑡 𝑡+𝐾(𝑑−𝑡)
𝑡 𝑑−𝑡 𝑡 𝑑−𝑡
𝑉2 𝐾𝑣 20 𝑥 6.5 2.17
=  30 = →t= = 0.394 cm
𝑑−𝑡 𝑡+𝐾(𝑑−𝑡) 𝑡+6.5(1−𝑡) 5.5

53. 𝐵
a) Cauchy’s empirical formula for refractive index of a transparent medium is n – 1 = A (1 + )
2
Hence obtain the condition for achromatic combination of two lenses made from different glasses.
Refractive indices of flint and crown glasses are given below.
Flint glass : 1.644 (R = 640 nm) / 1.664 (B = 480 nm)
crown glass : 1.514 (R = 640 nm) / 1.524 (B = 480 nm)

b) Determine the focal length of the two lenses (one of flint glass and the other of crown glass)
such that their combination has focal length of +40 cm for all colors.

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 18

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

𝜇 −𝜇 1.664−1.644 0.02 𝟐
Sol. Dispersive power of flint glass : 1 = 𝜇𝐵𝐵+𝜇𝑅 𝑅 = 1.664+1.644 = 0.654 = 𝟔𝟓.𝟒
−1 −1
2 2
𝜇𝐵 −𝜇𝑅 1.524−1.514 0.01 𝟏
Dispersive power of crown glass : 2 = 𝜇𝐵 +𝜇𝑅 = 1.524+1.514 = 0.519 = 𝟓𝟏.𝟗
−1 −1
2 2
𝜔1 𝜔2 𝜔 𝜔 𝝎 𝒇
b) Condition for achromatism : 𝑓1
+ 𝑓2
=0  𝑓1 = − 𝑓2  𝝎𝟏 = − 𝒇𝟏
1 2 𝟐 𝟐
2
𝑓
− 𝑓1 = 65.4
1  f1 = −1.6 f2
2
51.9
1 1 1 1 1 1
Effective focal length of the combination : = +  = +
𝐹 𝑓1 𝑓2 40 𝑓1 𝑓2
1 1 1 1 1 1
=− +  = (1 − )  f2 = 15 cm (convex lens)
40 1.6𝑓2 𝑓2 40 𝑓2 1.6
Focal length of the concave lens: f1 = −1.6𝑓2 = −1.6 𝑥 15 = −24 cm

𝐵
a) Cauchy’s empirical formula for refractive index : n – 1 = A (1 + )
2
1 1 1
lens maker’s formula : 𝑓 = (n - 1) (𝑅 − 𝑅 )
1 2
1 1 1
Differentiate : − 𝑑𝑓 = dn ( − )
𝑓2 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑛
Divide with lens maker’s formula : − 𝑓
= 𝑛−1 = 
1 1 1
Effective focal length of the combination : 𝐹 = 𝑓 + 𝑓2
1
1 1 1
Differentiate : − 𝐹2 𝑑𝐹 = − 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑓2 − 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑓2
1 2
1 1 𝝎𝟏 𝝎
Condition for achromatism : dF = 0  − 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑓2 − 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑓2 = 0  𝒇𝟏
+ 𝒇𝟐 = 0
1 2 𝟐

54. Obtain an expression for the magnetic moment associated with a

solenoid of length L and number of turns N carrying current I. The
inner and outer radii of the solenoid are r1 and r2.

Sol. 𝑁
Number of turns per unit length : n = 𝐿
Consider the cross-sectional view of the solenoid.
Take an element of radius r, thickness dr.
𝑑𝑟
Number of turns per unit length in this element : dn = 𝑟 𝑛
2 −𝑟1
Magnetic moment of the elemental solenoid : dM = iAdn
𝑑𝑟 𝑖𝜋𝑛 2
dM = i r2 𝑛 = r dr
𝑟2 −𝑟1 𝑟2 −𝑟1
𝑖𝜋𝑛 𝑟2 2 𝑖𝜋𝑛 𝑟 3 𝑟2 𝑖𝜋𝑛 𝒊𝝅𝑵
M = ∫ 𝑑𝑀 = ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = [ ] = [𝑟2 3 − 𝑟1 3 ] = [𝒓𝟐 𝟑 − 𝒓𝟏 𝟑 ]
𝑟2 −𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟2 −𝑟1 3 𝑟1 3(𝑟2 −𝑟1 ) 𝟑𝑳(𝒓𝟐 −𝒓𝟏 )

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 19

Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

55. One end of a string is attached to a rigid wall at a point O, passes over a smooth pulley and carries
a hanger S of mass M at its other end. Another object P of mass M is suspended from a light ring
that can slide without friction along the string as shown in figure. OA is horizontal. Find the
additional mass to be attached to the hanger S so as to raise the object P by 10 cm

Sol. For equilibrium of the system : 2T cos  = Mg  2 Mg cos  = Mg   = 600

20√3
tan 60 = ℎ
 h = 20 cm
The block P is to be raised by 10 cm. Now the angle 𝜑
20√3 1
tan  = = 2√3  cos  =
10 √13
1
For equilibrium of the system : 2T cos  = Mg  2(M + m)g = Mg
√13
√𝟏𝟑−𝟐
m=( 𝟐
)M

National Standard Exam in Physics – 2011 Page 20