1
Burckhardt: “History is the record of what one age
WK1 | HISTORY, THE SOURCES &
HISTORICAL METHOD
The Meaning of History
● The English word history is derived from the
Greek word “istoia” meaning learning
● As a discipline it existed for around 2,400
years and is as old as mathematics and
philosophy.
● According to Aristotle, history is the systematic
account of a set of natural phenomena
whether or not chronological ordering was a
factor in an account, and this is considered as
natural history. As time passed, the equivalent
Latin word “scientia”, which is science in
English later was used more to designate
non-chronological systematic accounts of
phenomena.
● Presently, the word “history” means the “past
of mankind”. History is the study of past
events, particularly in human affairs.
● History in German is “Geschichte”, meaning,
“that which has happened”. This means that
the word implies that history teaches and we
may learn from the lessons of history.
● With the definition of history, it brings man to a
recognition that history cannot be
reconstructed, that the past of mankind, much
of it, is beyond recall. And that even the best of
our memories cannot re-create our past.
● The reconstruction of the total past of mankind
is the total goal of historians which, however, is
unattainable. Historians will never really know
everything that happened in the past.
● The problem that every historian confronts is
that the evidence they rely on is likely to be
fragmented, incomplete and even
contradictory. The result is, each historian’s
conclusions are influenced by the evidence
they have selected from what is available and
from how they interpreted it.
● And from whatever a historian only has will be
the only thing that he can use to connect him
to the past
Various Historians
finds worthy of note in another”
Henry Johnson: “History , in its broadest sense, is
everything that ever happened”
V.S. Smith: “The value & interest of history depend
largely on the degree in which the present is
illuminated by the past”
Jawaharal Nehru: "History is the story of a man’s
struggle through the ages against Nature and the
elements;against wild beasts & the jungle & some
of his own kind who have tried to keep him down
and to exploit him for their own benefit.”
History
→ Provides us significant records of events of the
past, a meaningful story of mankind depicting the
details of what happened to man and why it
happened
Nature of History
1. History is a study of the present in the light of
the past
2. History is the study of man
3. History is concerned with man in time
4. History is concerned with man in space
5. History provides an objective record of
happenings
6. History is multi sided
7. History is a dialogue between the events of the
past and progressively emerging future needs
8. History is not only narration but it is also
analysis
9. Continuity and coherence are the necessary
prerequisites of history
10. History is relevant
11. History is comprehensive
Relevance & Function of History
1. History helps us understand people & societies
2. History contributes to moral understanding
3. History provides identity
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4. Studying history is essential for good citizenship
5. History is useful in the world of work
History Method
● The process of critically examining and
analyzing the records and survivals of the past.
● To study objectively (intention of acquiring
detached and truthful knowledge independent
of one’s personal reactions) a thing must first
be an object and must have an independent
resistance outside the human mind). Most of
history is based on the human mind since most
of history is based upon recollection (written or
spoken history).
● In reconstruction, only a part of what was
observed is remembered, only a part of what
was remembered is recorded, only a part of
what was recorded survives, only a part of
what survived comes to the historian’s
attention.
● Only a part of what is credible has been
grasped, only a part of what has been grasped
can be expounded and narrated by the
historian.
Historical Sources
→ An object from the past or testimony concerning
the past which historian’s use to create their own
depiction of the past.
● Written Sources: are published materials
(books, journals and manuscript handwritten
and unprinted like archival materials and
memoirs)
● Non written Sources: Oral history,
artifacts, fossils, etc
Primary Sources
● Testimony of an eyewitness
○ It must have been produced by a
contemporary of that is narrated. It is a
document or physical object written or
created during the time under study.
These sources were present during an
2
experience or time period and offer an
inside view of a particular event.
● It must have been produced by a
contemporary of that is narrated
● It is a document or physical object written or
created during the time under study
● These sources were present during an
experience or time period and offer an inside
view of a particular event
Kinds of Primary Sources
● A historical record
● Records of social observations
● Chronicles
● Human fossils
● Artifacts
● Royal Decrees and Laws
● Official receipt
● Maps
● Memoirs
● Personal accounts
● Newspapers & Magazines
● Legislative journals
● Court Records
Secondary Sources
● Interpret and analyze primary sources
● They are one or more steps removed from the
event. Examples are printed textbooks
Examples of Secondary Sources
● Printed Textbooks
● Books with endnotes and footnotes
● Biographies
● Reprints of artwork
● A journal/magazine article which interprets or
reviews previous findings
● Conference proceedings
● Literary criticism
● Book reviews
● Most works incorporating primary sources
Secondary Research/Tertiary Sources
● Books
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● Periodicals/Magazines
● Indexes
● Databases
● Internet
● Market Consultants
● Marketing Professionals
Repositories of Primary & Secondary Sources
● National Archives of the Philippines
● National Library of the Philippines
● National Historical Commission of the
Philippines
● National Museum of the Philippines
● U.P Main Library
● OLFU Library
● Library of Congress
● National Archives and Records
Administration
● Lopez Memorial Museum
3
● Ayala Museum
● Both primary and secondary sources are
useful in writing and learning history.
However, they need to scrutinize thoroughly
these document to avoid deception and to
come up with the historical truth
Historical Criticism
→ Settles matters on the form and content of a
source
External Criticism
→ Deals with the problem of authenticity to spot
hoaxes, fakes, forgeries and fabrications. Tests of
authenticity are
● Determine the date if it is Anachronistic: a
material, skill or culture does not exist at that
time
● Determine the author in the uniqueness of
his handwriting or signature
● Determine the Provenance or Custody:
genuineness
● Determine the Semantics: meaning of a
text or word
● Determine the Hermeneutics: the
ambiguities (the branch of knowledge that
deals with interpretation, especially of the
Bible)
Internal Criticism
→ It deals with the problem of credibility. The tests
of credibility are:
● Determine the character of the author, his
reliability, and his ability and willingness to
tell the truth
● Determine the Corroboration historical facts
rest upon the testimony of two or more
reliable witnesses
Historical Method
→ The process of critically examining and
analyzing the records and survival of the past
● The historian is many times removed front he
events under investigations
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● They rely on surviving record ● The only child of revolutionary general Mariano
● History is a reconstruction Alvarez

Notes: History of the Filipino People

● Coherence – based on facts, chronological Paula Carolina Malay
● Historical Sources – according to origin,
● Graduated from the University of the
anything that is tangible (can touch)
Philippines.
● Memoirs (read as memwa or memors)
● Turned to translation and writing during the
○ Narrative
martial law period.
○ historical account or biography
● Translated the Katipunan and the Revolution:
○ written as personal knowledge or
Memoirs of a General.
special sources (witness from the
historical event/s happened)
● Primary and Secondary Sources – according Andres Bonifacio
to form
● A Filipino revolutionary hero founded the
● Primary Sources – serves as evidence
Katipunan.
● Justify – mapatunayan
● First leader of the Philippine Revolution
● Archival Materials – e.g photography,
● First self-declared President of the
documents, diary
Independent Philippines
● Repositories – kung saan nakatago,
● Member of “La liga Filipina”
nakalagay, o pinangangalagaan yung mga
archival materials
● Autobiography (primary) - an account of a Gregoria de Jesus
person's life, written by that person.
● Founder and vice-president of the women’s
● Biography (secondary) - an account of a
chapter of the Katipunan of the Philippines
person's life, written by someone else
● Wife of Andres Bonifacio.
● Ambiguities – kalituhan
● Custodian of the documents

WK2 | COMPARING PRIMARY &

SECONDARY SOURCES Jose Dizon
Santiago Alvarez ● A Filipino patriot who was among those who
founded the Katipunan

KKK → Kataaas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang

Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ___.
● Katipunan literally means “assembly” or
“association” that comes from the root word
“tipon” which means “gather”.
● A revolutionary general and a founder and ● A secret organization founded by Filipino
honorary president of the first directorate of the patriots, specifically Andres Bonifacio led to
Nacionalista Party the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.
● Also known as Kidlat ng Apoy because of his ● Good Friday of April 1896 at 9:00am
inflamed bravery and dedication as
● They establish a provincial council of
commander of Cavite's famous battles
Katipunan

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Emilio Aguinaldo ● Aguinaldo asked Santiago to accompany him
to meet the Supremo Bonifacio to learn more
● Filipino revolutionary, politician, and military
about the Katipunan.
leader.
● They traveled from Cavite to Manila via
● First and the youngest President of the
Ynchausti Boats.
Philippines
● Aguinaldo went to the port office to attend
● Original member of Katipunan. He led
some business, only to be upset over the
Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter
superciliousness of Ramon Padilla, an official
part of the Philippine Revolution
at the port office.
● They walked until they reached Lavezares
Raymundo Mata Street, Binondo. They met with the Supremo
Andres Bonifacio, his wife Gregoria De Jesus,
● Fellow Caviteños
Jose Dizon, and Dr. Valenzuela himself.

Jacinto Lumbreras
Magdiwang Government
● A Magdiwang and first presiding officer of the
● Mariano Alvarez as President. One of two
Tejeros convention.
Katipunan branches in Cavite along with
● A Katipunan member
Magdalo.
● The Magdiwang Council was acknowledged
Dr. Pio Valenzuela "as the supreme organ responsible for the
successful campaigns against the enemy”
● A Filipino physician and a major figure during
● Relative of Andres Bonifacio
the Philippine Revolution
● Took on the responsibility of establishing
Magdiwang Officials
factions of the secret society in different parts
of Morong or Rizal Province and Bulacan. King Andres Bonifacio
● Original member of Katipunan
Vice-King Mariano Alvarez

Minister of War Ariston Villanueva

March 14, 1896 - Saturday
Minister of Interior Jacinto Lumbreras
● Gen. Santiago V. Alvarez accompanied
neophytes Emilio Aguinaldo and Raymundo Minister of Finance Diego Mojica

Mata to Manila for their initiation into the Minister of Justice Mariano C. Trias
Katipunan secret society, where they waited at
Tagalog writer & poet
the quarters of Jacinto Lumbreras, a Katipunan
member. Minister of Natural Resources Emiliano Riego de Rios
● Before leaving Lumbreras’ place, the two were
Captain General Santiago Alvarez
blindfolded as they reach the home of Andres
Bonifacio, the Katipunan Supremo
Magdalo Council
● They pledged to destroy oppression by signing
their names in their own blood and were ● The Magdalo faction of the Katipunan was a
welcomed by fellow katipuneros. chapter in Cavite, mostly led by Principalias
of that province during the Philippine
Revolution.
April 6, 1896 - Monday ● It was named after Mary Magdalene,
patroness of Kawit, Cavite. It was officially
led by Baldomero Aguinaldo, but his cousin
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Emilio Aguinaldo (whose own Katipunan History of the Filipino People
codename was "Magdalo") was its most
November 8, 1912
famous leader.

Magdalo Officials

President General Baldomera Aguinaldo

Vice-President Edilberto Evangelista

Secretary of War General Candido Tria Terona

Secretary of Interior Felix Cuenca

Secretary of Natural Glicerio Topacio ● Teodoro A. Agoncillo, a renowned Filipino

Resources
historian and national scientist, was born in
Secretary of Agriculture Cayetano Topacio Lemery, Batangas.
Flag Bearer General Emilio Aguinaldo
● Agoncillo started writing history from the
so-called Filipino point of view, along with his
Gen. Artemio Ricarte contemporary historians Renato Constantino
and Gregorio F. Zaide.
● A Filipino general during the Philippine
● They stand as the most prominent 20th
Revolution
century Filipino historians.
● Regarded as the Father of the Philippine
● Agoncillo’s “History of the Filipino People” was
Army
first published in 1960. It remained a popular
● First Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of
standard textbook in many Filipino universities.
the Philippines.
● Some of his other well-known works include
Santiago Alvarez Revolts of the Masses(1956), Malolos the
Crisis of the Republic(1960), the Fateful Years
● A revolutionary general and honorary president
(1965), and History of the Filipino People
of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party.
(1960) which are all still being used as
● Known as "Kidlat ng Apoy"
textbooks in many schools.
● “Hero” of the Battle of Dalahican.
● For this outstanding works as a historian, he
● In a 36-hour battle in Dalahican, one of the
was conferred as a National Scientist in 1985
bloodiest encounters during the revolution, he
● Accordingly, Agoncillo obtained a Bachelor’s
scored a decisive victory and repulsed the
degree in Philosophy from the University of the
Spanish troops.
Philippine in 1934 and a Master’s degree in
Arts from the same university.
Battle of Dalahican ● He became a linguistic assistant at the Institute
of National Language and as an Instructor at
● Was a simultaneous battle during the
the Far Eastern University and at the Manuel
Philippine Revolution that was fought from
L. Quezon University and a faculty member of
November 9–11, 1896.
U.P., chairing the Department of History from
● The result of the battle was the first significant
1963 to 1969, until his retirement in 1977.
● Filipino victory in the country's history.
● Until his death on January 14, 1985, Agoncillo
● Santiago Alvarez was considered the “HERO”
served as a member of the National Historical
in this battle.
Institute

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The Tabon Cave ● The Old Stone Age or the Paleolithic Era, was
a period or time that lasted until about 12,000
Robert Bradford Fox ___. to 70,000 years ago.
● An anthropologist and leading historian on the
prehispanic Philippines
● From 1948 to 1975, Fox actively served the New Stone Age (Neolithic Era)
National Museum of the Philippines, ● The New Stone Age or The Neolithic Era
● In 1960's, he lead archaeological research lasted until 12.000 year ago.
project.
● He led a six-year archaeological research
project in Palawan, focusing mainly on the Pre-History
caves and rock shelters of Lipuun Point in the 1. Paleolithic Age - Old Stone Age (Est. 2 mil
southern part of the island. Its most BC-900 BC)
outstanding site is the Tabon Cave complex, a. Hunters & Gatherers
the large main cave delivered the only i. Nomad: Moving from place to place in
Pleistocene human fossils found in the search for food.
Philippines to date. The fossil finds include a ii. Men > hunted & fished.
skullcap, jaw bones, teeth and several other iii. Woman > gathered fruits, nuts, etc.
fragmented bones. Dubbed as the "Tabon b. Way of Life
Man", the finds represent more than just one i. Cave paintings
individual ii. Stone tools & pottery
iii. Domesticated dogs
Tabon Man
2. Neolithic Age - New Stone Age (9000 BC -
● The oldest known human skeletal
3000 BC)
a. Farming > Neolithic Revolution
i. People could remain in one place,
ii. Herding of animals - goats, sheep &
cattle,
b. Community
i. Council of Elders/Chief - made
important decisions
ii. Warrior class
Tabon Cave
iii. Kept possessions
● Large main cave where only Pleistocene
human fossils in the Philippines were found
● Scattered fossil bones of at least 3 The Neolithic Revolution
individuals were excavated Cause
● Food-gathering women notice seeds grow
Fossil Human Bones into new plants
● Tabon Man may 1 be dated from 22,000 - ● Food-gathering women notice that thinning
24,000 years ago results in stronger plants
● Game animals become scarce
Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Era)

Neolithic Agricultural Revolution

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Immediate Effects
● Abandon nomadic way of life and settle in
villages
● Acquire more possessions
● Develop new technologies
● Develop calendar
Long-Term Effect/immediate Cause
● Growth in population
Immediate Effects
● More interaction among communities
● Increased warfare
Long-Term Effect
● Women lose status
Tabon Cave
● Movius (1960), De Heinzelin (1963), Lin (1963)
● Recent data for Taiwan and Fair Bridges (1960
and 1962)
● Mineralized human bones have been found on
the surface of Manunggol Coffin Number A
with a jar burial assemblage which is dated by
radiocarbon to only 170-890 BC
● Late Pleistocene late 50,000 to 20,000 years
ago
● "late Paleolithic and Mesolithic" (1948)
chronologically and typologically related to the
Tabonian tradition.
● Beyer's Typological distinction between
"Paleolithic" and "mesolithic
● Niah Skull is dated to about 38,000 BC
● Controversial 'Keilor Cranium' found near
Melbourne, Australia to date about 16,000 BC
● Mr. Jonathan Knees of Yale University -
excavation of cave sites and Tabon Cave itself.
Movius (1058) states:
8
● “upper limit of Paleolothic in Borneo should be
placed at approximately 17,625 BC."
● "tiny flakes of the middle Paleolithic" 25-45,000
BC
● *mid sohan flakes of the midelle Paleolithic"
25-45,000 BC
● "chopping tools and large flakes upper
Paleolithic circa" 30,000 BC
● "small flakes of the upper Paleolithic" 30, 000
BC
● -advance flakes of Paleo-mesolithic 10,000 BG
Heinegelder (1945 - 130)
● “The mesolithic cultures of Indonesia are really
late Paleolithic cultures which flourished during
the first millenia of the present geological
period.
Beyer (1946 - 80)
● Basing his conclusion upon extensive
archaeological surveys in bulacan Rizal and
baranads province
The Beginnings of the Philippine Archaeology
● The discovery of TABON cave in Palawan
● Site of an important Philippine Archaeological
discovery: The TABON MAN
Manunggol Cave - Burial Jar
● At least 200 jars, jar covers and small vessels
scattered on the cave was recovered
● Featuring a ship of the dead
● The boatman is steering rather than
● paddling the ship.
● Both wearing band tied over.
● The hands of the front figure are folded across
the chest is a widespread practice in the
islands when arranging the corpse.
● During rice wine rituals, a wooden turtle is
floated in the mouth of wine jars to provide a
vehicle for the "sailors'
Manunggul Cave
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 9
● Setting- tucked into the face of a sheer cliff ● The boatman is seated behind a figure
overlooking the South China Sea on the whose hands are crossed on the chest
Western side of the Libuun Point. About 375 ft ● The position of hands is a traditional
high and to the south of Tabon Cave. Filipinopractice observed when arranging
● Discovered by Mr. Victor Decalan, Mr. Hans the corpse
Kasten and other volunteer workers from
United States Peace Corps in March 1964. Other Artifacts
● The cave is composed of two chambers with
● Wooden Coffin
three openings but only two were used for jar
● Kalayaan Pottery
burial.
● La-kuynb Pottery
● Composed of 4 chambers with 3 openings but
● True Jade
only 2 were used for jar burial
● Has a large round mouth
● Tunnel-like having a send opening on the Manunuggul Jar
northeast side of cliff
● 4 of jade
● Chamber A (7 meters wide and 9 meters in
● 3 of agate
length, has a large round mouth, light and dry
● Two made from large limpet shells
throughout).
● 1 perfect jasper ear pendant
● Chamber B (tunnel-like an opening on the
● Super thin and translucent, ellipsoid-shaped
northeast side of the clift, 2 1/2 meters in width
pendant of a red chalcedony
and 10 meters in length).

Chamber B
Chamber A
● A highly decorated funerary
● Has three animal or bird heads surrounding an
● Sand tempering
opening
● Surface colors
● A unique tripod construction
● Form of burial jars
● Seventy-eight jars and covers, smaller vessels,
● Trunconial jar cover
skull and portions of painted human bone
● Badly broken and scattered on the sloping
scattered over the surface of the cave
floor, the shards were neither decorated nor
● 8 of the 9 tentative pottery complex types
painted.
established for the Tabon pottery ritual purpose
● Only 3 pottery types were recovered
were recovered in this chamber.
● Developed Metal Age with Iron
● Late Neolithic
● The C-14 date from the Chamber B is the first
● The beads associated with the potter of
absolute date for the presence of iron in the
chamber A include shell disks andJade beads.
Philippines.
● Fragments of 8 distinct bracelets were also
● There is no cord marking or carved paddle
round in Chamber A of Manunggol Cave
impressing on the bodies of vessels.
● The artifacts associated with Chamber B and
Manunuggul Jar C are typical of metal age sites which are
associated with iron.
● A kind of burial jar which is unrivaled in
● Other recoveries in Chamber B included two
southeast asia and considered as the work
round pebbles which were used as polishing
of amaster potter
tools In pottery melting
● Signifies the belief of early Filipinos in life
after death
Types of Pottery

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● Tabon plain
● Tabon polish
● Tabon impressed
Types of Shells
● Large ring like beads
● Tiny disk beads
● Typical small covering beads
● Shell spoons
○ In1948, number of spoons collected
WK2| THE PREHISPANIC SOURCE
MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF
PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY WILLIAM
HENRY SCOTT
The Maragtas ________
History of Panay
● Published by the Kadapig sang Banwa at the
El Tiempo Press, lloilo in 1907
● It is written in mixed Hiligaynon and Kin-iraya
Pedro Monteclaro
● Born in Miag-ao, Iloilo on October 15, 1850
● Served as Teniente Mayor in 1891 and
Goberadorcillo in 1892-1894
● Also known as poet in both the vernacular and
Spanish
● Author of THE MARAGTAS
● GREAT PEOPLE or GREAT COUNTRY
meaning of THE MARAGTAS
The Maragtas
CHAPTER 1
→ Anthropological treatise on the former customs,
clothes, dialect; heredity, organization of the Aetas,
(Negritos) of Panay.
CHAPTER 2
→ The upcoming of the Ten Datus from Bomeo,
fleeing the tyranny of Datu Makatunaw, and their
purchase of the Island of Panay from Marikudo,
10
Ten Bornean Datus
1. Datu Puti ( and wife Pinanapangan)
2. Datu Sumakwel (and wife Kapinangan)
3. Datu Bangkaya ( and wife Katurong)
4. Datu Paiborong (and wife Pabilaan)
5. Datu Paduhinogan (and wife Tibonasapay)
6. Datu Dumangsol
7. Datu Libay
8. Datu Dumangsil
9. Datu Dumalogdog
10. Datu Balensuela
CHAPTER 3
→ The romance of Sumakwel, Kapinangan and her
lover Gurong-gurong, a charming little tale in its
own right
CHAPTER 4
→ Concludes the tale of ten & Datus, telling their
political arrangements and their circumnavigation of
the island.
CHAPTER 5
→ Another anthropological sort of treatise
describing language commerce, clothes, customs,
marriages, funerals, mourning habits, cockfighting,
timekeeping techniques and calendars, and
personal characteristics
CHAPTER 6
_. → Gives the list of Castilian officials between 1637
and 1808 and the epilogue contains a few 18
century dates from Miag-aQ.
The Confederation of Madia-As
● The settlements set up in Panay by the seven
Bornean datus.
● The datus divided the islands into three areas;
○ Hantik (now Antique), under Datu
Sumakwel
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○ Irong-irong (now Iloilo), under Datu
Paliburong
○ Aklan (now Aklan and Capiz), under Datu
Bangkay.
● the 3 areas united themselves into a
confederation under the overall rule of Datu
Sumakwel, the wisest of the datus and this
grouping was called the Confederation of
Madya-as.
Willian Henry Scott
● A historian of the Gran Cordillera Central and
Prehispanic Philippines
● Wrote the critical discovery
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Review of the Primary Sources
● Examine primary sources from different
historical periods and evaluate these
documents' content in terms of historical value,
and examine the context of their production.
○ First Voyage Around the World by
Magellan - by Antonio Pigafetta
○ The Cavite Mutiny
○ The Cry of Pugadlawin
○ Retraction of Rizal
Brief Summary Of The First Voyage Around The
World By Magellan ________
● Antonio Pigafetta - was an Italian scholar and
explorer from the Republic of Venice. He
traveled with Magellan by order of King
Charles I of Spain on their voyage around the
world. He served as Magellan’s assistant and
kept an accurate journal of the expedition.
11
Magellan set sail with 270 men and five ships:
● Trinidad (Flag ship)
● San Antonio
● Victoria (Only ship that was able to return to
Spain with 18 survivors)
● Conception
● Santiago
The documents reveals several insights not just in
the character of the Philippines during the
pre-colonial period but also on the eyes of the
Europeans regarding the unfamiliar terrain,
environment, people, and culture
For this chapter we will focus on the first hand
observation and general impression of the Far East
by Pigafetta
In Pigafettas account they reached the Ladrones
Islands or the "Islands of the Thieves.”
March 17, 1521 (originally March 16)
● Ladrones Islands - presently known as the
Marianas Islands which is located south-
southeast of Japan, west-southwest of
Hawaii, north of New Guinea, and east of
Philippines.
● Arrival in isle of Zamal (Samar), but
Magellan decided to land in another
uninhabited island for greater security.
● Pigafetta recounted that after two days,
March 18, nine men came to them and
showed joy and eagerness in seeing them.
Magellan realized that the men were
reasonable and welcomed them with food,
drinks, and gifts. In turn the natives gave
them fish, palm wine (uraca), figs, two
cochos, rice (umai), cocos and other food
supplies.
● Cocho (coconut) = fruit from a palm tree
which is large as the head. Its first husk is
green, and two fingers in thickness, in it
they find threads, which they make cords for
fastening their boats.
● The island was called Humunu (now
Homonhon)
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● Magellan and his men called it Acquada da
li buoni Segnialli (“The Watering - place of
Good Signs”) - they found the first signs of
gold in the island.
● They named the island with the nearby
island as the Archipelago of St. Lazarus.
April 1, 1521
● The first mass in the Philippines was held in
Mazaua(Limasawa)
● It was attended by Magellan, Raia Colambu
(Rajah Kolambu), Raia Siaui(Rajah Siagu),
Spanish voyagers, and the local islanders.
● Mgellan and his men entered the port of
Zubu.
April 15, 1521 (originally April 14)
● A mass was held with Raia Humabon and
his people attending the ceremony. o 800
souls were baptized.
● Pigafetta showed the queen an image of our
Lady, a very beautiful wooden child Jesus,
and a cross.
● She asked for the little child Jesus to keep
in place of her idols and this image of child
Jesus is now known as the Sto. Niño found
in Cebu.
● Image of Sto. Niño de Jesus was given to
the Wife of Raia Humabon
April 28, 1521 (originally April 27)
● At midnight, sixty of Magellan’s men set out
armed with corselets and helmets, Christian
king, prince, some of the chief men, 20 or
30 balanghais.
● The local islanders had lances of bamboo
and stakes hardened with fire.
● 8 of Magellan’s men were killed, 4 Indians
were killed by mortars.
● Of Cilapulapu’s men, only 15 were killed.
● Raia Humabon christian name is Don
Charles (Carlos), as the emperor his
sovereign was named; and he named the
prince Don Fernand (Fernando), after the
brother of the emperor, and the King of
Mazawa, Jehan: to the Moor he gave the
12
name of Christopher and to the others
each a name of his fancy."
● On the 26th April, Zula. a principal man
from the island of Matan (Mactan); went to
see Magellan and asked him for a boat full
of men so that he would be able to fight the
chief named Silapulapu. (Lapulapu).
● Magellan offered three boats instead and
expressed his desire to go to Mactan
himself to fight the said chief.
● They arrived in daylight. but they were only
49 while the islanders of Haganwere
estimated to 1,500.
Custom of the Tagalogs (Las Costumbres de los
Indios Tagalos de Filipinas)
Juan de Plasensia
● A Spanish priest
● A Franciscan missionary arrived in the port
of Cavite, Philippines on the and month of
July 1578
● He wrote the "Custom of the Tagalogs" and
"Doctrina Cristina"
● Juan de Plasencia grew up during the
period known as the Siglo de Oro, a Golden
Age when arts and literature flourished in
many parts of Spain, among them his native
Extremadura.
● Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento
de Villanueva de la Serena was his real
name.
Social Classes
● Chieftain (Datu)
○ Function to protect the people; king,
○ Chief, captain of wars, whom
governed, obeyed and reverenced.
● Nobles (Maharlika)
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○ feudal lords;
○ Free-born, they do not pay taxes
● Commoners (Aliping Namamahay)
○ They live in their own houses and
lords of their property and gold.
○ Will save their barangay from
enemies. Having their own gold,
families and house Have to pay
taxes
● Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilid)
○ They serve their master in his house
and his cultivated lands and can be
sold
○ lowest form of men; can be sold; live
with their lords.
Houses
● BATALAN → dirty kitchen
● SILONG → stockroom
● LADDER → detachable ladder to keep from
enemies
● JAR → filled with water
Clothes
● Male
○ Kangan - Upper; a jacket with short
sleeves
○ Bahag - Lower
○ Putong - Headgear (symbolizes the
number of persons the wearer had
killed)
● Female
○ Baro o Camisa - Upper
○ Saya - Lower
○ Tapis, Lupid
Ornaments
● Kalumbiga
● Pintados - tattoos, for beauty, symbol of
enemies they've killed
● A decorative object or detail that adds
quality or distinction to a person, place or
thing.
13
Government
● The unit of government is called Barangay
ruled by a chieftain, and consist of 30 to 100
families together with their relatives and
slaves.
● Barangay
● Datu
○ Executive- implements laws
○ Legislative - Make laws
○ Judicial - punish
○ Inheritance
Administration of Justice
● The chieftain’s executive function includes
implementing laws, ensuring order and
giving protection to his subject.
● Disputes between individuals were settled
by a court made up of the chieftain and
council of elders.
Inheritance
● The 1st son of the barangay chieftain
inherits his father’s position; if the 1st son
dies, the 2nd son succeeds their father; in
the absence of male heirs, it is the eldest
daughter that becomes the chieftain.
Slaves
● A person becomes slave by:
○ by captivity in war
○ by reason of debt
○ by inheritance
○ by purchase by committing a crime
● Slaves can be emancipated through:
○ by forgiveness
○ by paying debt
○ by condonation
○ by bravery (where a slave can
possibly become a Datu)
○ by marriage
Marriage Customs
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● Men were in general, monogamous; while
their wives are called Asawa.
● Courtship begins with Paninilbihan.
● Prior to marriage the man requires to give a
dowry:
○ Biay-kaya (a piece of land or gold)
○ Panghihimuyat (a gift for the bride’s
parents)
○ Bigay-suso (for bride’s wet nurse).
● Marriage between couples belonging to
different social classes were not common.
● Several grounds for divorce are:
○ Adultery
○ Abandonment on the part of the
husband
○ Cruelty
○ Insanity
○ Infertility
○ Insanity
Religious Beliefs
● They worship many gods and goddesses:
○ Bathala → supreme being
○ Idayanale → God of agriculture
○ Sidarapa → God of death
○ Agni → God of fire
○ Balangaw → God of rainbow
○ Mandarangan → God of war
○ Lalahon → God of harvest and
○ Siginarugan → God of hell
● Also believe in sacred animals and tress
Supertitious Beliefs
● Believe In Aswang, Dwende, Kapre,
Tikbalang, Patyanak/Tiyanak.
● They also believe in magical power of
amulet and charms such as anting-anting,
kulam and gayuma or love potion.
Economic Life
● Agriculture in the plane lands: planting of
rice, a corn, banana, coconut, sugar canes
and other kinds of vegetable and fruits.
● Hunting in high lands.
14
● Fishing in river banks and sea.
● Ship building, weaving, poultry, mining and
Lumbering.
● Domestic trade of different baranggays by
boat.
● Foreign trade with countries like Borneo,
China, Japan, Cambodia, Java, and
Thailand.
Language & System of Writing
● Major languages: Tagalog, Ilocano,
Pangasinan, Pangpangan, Sugbuhanon,
Hiligaynon, Magindanaw and Samarnon.
These languages are originated from the
Malayo-Polenisian language.
● System of writing: the alphabets consisted
of 3 vowels and 14 consonants called
Baybayin.
● They used tap of trees as ink and pointed
stick as pencil.
● They wrote on large plant leaves, bark of a
tree or “bamboo tubes.
EMILIO JACINTO’S KARTILLA NG
KATIPUNAN (Declaration of
Principles)
Kartilla ng Katipunan
● Wrote by: Emilio Jacinto y Dizon
Emilio Jacinto
● A Filipino General during the Philippine
Revolution
● He was one of the highest ranking officers
during the Philippine revolution.
● He joined the secret society
kataastaasan,kagalang-galangang
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katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan, better
known as the katipunan, at the age of 19.
● He serves as the advisor on fiscal matters
and secretary to Andres Bonifacio.
● He edited the revolutionary newspaper of
the katipunan called KALAYAAN under the
pseudonym *Dimasilaw* and used the
moniker 'Pingkian' in the secret society.
Identified as the BRAIN OF THE
KATIPUNAN, he authored the kartilya ng
katipunan.
● Bonifacio found a twin soul in katipunan the
younger and intelligent Emilio Jacinto
● Born in Tondo, Manila on December
15,1875
● Jacinto lived a hard life when he was young.
His father died early which compelled his
mother to send him to his uncle's house for
support
● He first studied at San Juan de Letran and
later transferred to the University of Santo
Tomas where he studied law
● Jacinto joined at the katipunan
● Bonifacio warmed up to him and a deep
friendship developed between the two, then
greatly influenced the katipunan.
● He wrote in tagalog, the language of the
masses, expect one poem in Spanish, A mi
patria (country)
● Jacinto believed. that the people, the
masses, could be reached only in their own
language, so they both wrote tagalog.
leaving his studies
● Bonifacio assigned him to lead the rebels in
laguna
● He died in mahayhay, laguna on April 16,
1899 at the young age of 24 because of
malaria
Kartilla
● Served as the guidebook for new members
of the organization, which laid out the
group's rules and principles.
● The first edition of the Kartilya was written
by Andres Bonifacio.
15
● Emilio Jacinto later pen a revised
Decalogue
Apolinario Mabini
● Is known in literature and history as the
SUBLIME PARALYTIC and the BRAINS of
the REVOLUTION or "Utak ng Himagsikan"
● Born in Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas on July
22, 1864.
● Became known to his professors and
classmates at Letran and the UST because
of his sharp memory and the simple clothes
he used to wear throughout his schooling.
● Became the right-hand of Emilio Aguinaldo
when the latter founded his Republic in
Malolos.
● Mabini performed all his revolutionary and
governmental activities despite having lost
the use of both his legs to polio shortly
before the Philippine Revolution of 1896
MGA ARAL NANG KATIPUNAN NG
MGA ANAK NG BAYAN (The
Teachings of the Katipunan)
1. A life that is not dedicated to a noble and
divine cause is like a tree without a shade, if
not, a poisonous weed.
2. A deed that is motivated by self- interest or
self-pity and done without sincerity lacks
nobility.
3. True piety is the act of being charitable,
loving one's fellow man, and being judicious
in behavior, speech and deed.
4. We are all equal, regardless of the color of
their skin: While one could have more
education, wealth or beauty than the other,
none of them can overpass one's identity.
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5. A person with a noble character values
honor above self-interest, while a person
with a base character values self-interest
above honor.
6. To a man with a sense of shame, his word is
inviolate.
7. Do not waste your time; lost wealth can be
retrieved, but time lost is lost forever.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the
oppressor.
9. A wise man is someone who is careful in all
that he says; learn to keep the things that
need to be kept secret.
10. In the thorny path of life, the man leads the
way and his wife and children follow; If the
leader goes the way of evil, so do the
followers.
11. Never regard a woman as an object for you
to trifle with; rather you should consider her
as a partner and a friend in times of need:
Give proper considerations to a woman's
frailty and never forget that your own
mother, who brought you forth and nurtured
you from infancy, is herself such a person.
12. Do not do to the wife, children and brothers
and sisters of others what you do not want
others to do to your wife, children and
brothers and sisters.
13. A (person's) worth is not measured by
his/her status in life, neither by the length or
his nose nor the fairness of skin, and
certainly not by whether he is a priest
claiming to be God's deputy. Even if he is a
tribesman/tribeswoman from the hills and
only his/her own tongue, a person)
honorable if he/she possesses a good
character, is to his/her word, has fine
perceptions and is loyal to his/her native
land.
14. When these teachings shall have been
propagated and the glorious sun of freedom
begins to shine on these poor islands to
enlighten a united race and people, then all
the loves lost, all the struggle and sacrifices
shall not have been In vain
16
DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE
What is the purpose of declaring Philippine
Indepence
● in 1896 the Philippine Revolution began.
Eventually, the Spanish began an
agreement with the revolutionaries
● Emilio Aguinaldo went into exile in Hong
Kong at the outbreak of the Spanish
American war
● Commodore George Dewey sailed from
Hongkong to Manila Bay leading a
squadron of US Navy ships
● May 1, 1898 the US defeated the Spanish in
the battle of Manila Bay
● The US Navy transported Aquinaldo back in
the Philippines
Declaration of Philippine Independence
● Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898
● Kawit Cavite before Cavite-Viejo
● June 12, 1898 (Spaniard-American War
Independence)
● July 4, 1946 (The Philippines Gained
Independence from the United States)
● Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898
● 1896 the Philippine Revolution began.
Eventually, the Spanish began an
agreement with the revolutionaries
● Emilio Aguinaldo went into exile in Hong
Kong at the outbreak of the Spanish
American war
● Commodore George Dewey sailed from
Hongkong to Manila Bay leading a
squadron of US Navy ships
● May 1, 1898 the US defeated the Spanish in
the battle of Manila Bay
● The US Navy transported Aguinaldo back in
the Philippines
● The Declaration was signed by 98 people
among them an American Army officer who
witnessed the proclamation, Mr. LM
Johnson, a Colonel of the artillery.
● The proclamation of independence, was
however, promulgated on Aug. 1 when
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many towns had already been organized
under the rules laid down by the Dictatorial
Government of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo.
● The declaration was not recognized by the
US nor Spain. And Spain later, sold the
Philippines to the United States in the 1891
Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish-
American war.
● Philippine-American War the Philippine
Revolutionary government did not recognize
the treaty or American sovereignty, and
subsequently fought and lost in the conflict
with the US
● Ended when Emilio Aguinaldo was
captured by US forces, and issued a
statement acknowledging and accepting the
sovereignty of the USA over the Philippines.
● Following the WWII, the US granted the
Independence to the Philippines on July 4,
1946 via the Treaty of Manila
● 1964 - Pres. Diosdado Macapagal signed
into law Republic Act 4166 designating June
12 as the country's independence day.
National Flag of the Philippines
● designed by General Aguinaldo and made
in Hong kong, by Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo
and Delfina Herboza
● The lower red stripe represents patriotism
and valor.
● The upper blue stripe signifies peace, truth
and justice.
● The white triangle stands for Equality
● The three stars indicate the three
Geographical areas of Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao.
● The eight rays of the sun refer to the first
eight provinces of Manila, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna,
Batangas and Cavite.
17
Marcha Filipina Magdalo
● On June 11, Felipe showed Aguinaldo the
draft of his musical composition, which was
entitled Marcha Filipina Magdalo.
● Felipe changed the title of the march to
Marcha Nacional Filipina (Philippine
National March)
● 1898: National Anthem Melody: Marcha
Nacional Filipina
● 1899: National Anthem in Spanish:
Filipinas
● 934: National Anthem in English: The
Philippine Hymn
● 1956: National Anthem in Filipino: Lupang
Hinirang
● Jose Palma produced the poem "Filipinas"
that fitted the music of the "Marcha
Nacional Filipina" of Julian Felipe.
● "Filipinas" was published in Spanish in the
first anniversary issue of La Independencia
on September 3, 1899
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
● On December 7, 1830, Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista, lawyer and General
Emilio Aguinaldo’s confidante, was born in
Biñan, Laguna.
● Bautista, who was arrested and jailed at the
outbreak of the Revolution, was the one
who authored the "Act of Declaration of
Philippine Independence".
● He was also the one who read the
declaration during the June 12, 1898
Independence proclamation by General
Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite.
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