politika
demokratia
rafaeli, aTenis skola, 1510-
1511, freska, vatikani.
marmarilos fila aTenidan.
aTenuri dekreti tiraniis
winaaRmdeg, Zv.w. 336, gamo­
saxulia demokratia – qalis
saxiT, romelic gvirgvins
adgams moxuc kacs – demoss.
22
zaza firaliSvili
rogori mmarTvelobis wess gulisxmobs
cneba demokratia
termini „demokratia“ berZnuli warmomavlobisaa da saxalxo
mmarTvelobas niSnavs (berZn. „demos“ — xalxi; „kratos“ — kanoni,
Zala). igi warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis iseT formas,
rodesac yvela sazogadoebriv an saxelmwifoebriv gadawyvetile­
bas moqalaqeebi kenWisyris gziT iReben mas Semdeg, rac Seiswavlian
da Seajereben yvela Sexedulebas. cxadia, gadawyvetilebas ver
miiRebs mTeli sazogadoeba erTad. amitomac, gadawyvetilebis
miRebis uflebas sazogadoeba garkveuli vadiT gadascems Tavisu­
fali da samarTliani arCevnebis gziT arCeul pirs an pirTa jgufs.
erTi SexedviT, es sakmaod naTeli da gamWvirvale sistema isto­
riulad sakmaod rTuli asaTvisebeli aRmoCnda yvela xalxisaTvis.
aucilebelia garkveuli istoriuli gamocdileba saimisod, rom
mTelma sazogadoebam da misi wevrebis sakmarisma raodenobam SeiZi­
nos is unarebi, romlebic amgvari sistemis amuSavebisaTvis aris
aucilebeli.
kanonmdebloba, rogori idealuric ar unda iyos, adamianebisa da
maTi unarebis gareSe ver „imuSavebs“. ganvlilma ocdaxuTma welma
Cveni qveynis uaxles istoriaSi dagvanaxa bevri winaaRmdegoba, ro­
melic jerac gadasalaxi gvaqvs saimisod, rom Cvens sazogadoebasa
da saxelmwifoebriv sistemas demokratiuli erqvas.
 demokratia

ratom unda mivaniWoT upiratesoba

demokratias mmarTvelobis sxva
avtoritarizmi – mmarT­
sistemebTan SedarebiT velobis sistema, romelic
uz­runvelyofs xalxis abso­
avtoritarizmis dros sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela lutur morCilebas. avtori­
safexurze gadawyvetilebebs iReben calkeuli pirebi da jgufebi, tarizmi, rogorc sistema,
romelTa Zalauflebac droSi ar aris SezRuduli. Zalaufleba ZiriTadad politikur
sferos moicavs – idevnebi­
eyrd­noba ara yoveli, TiToeuli da calkeuli adamianis nebas da
an opoziciuri politikuri
racionalur azrs, aramed tradiciulad miCneul warmodgenebs, partiebi da liderebi. amasTa­
samxedro Zalas da a.S. nave, totalitarizmisagan
gansxvavebiT, avtoritarizmi
cxadia, cxovrebis tradiciul formebs gafrTxileba unda. maT mosaxleobas Tavisufali
gareSe esa Tu is sazogadoeba SeiZleba globalur samyaroSi dai­ moRvaweobis gacilebiT ufro
kargos. meore mxriv, tradiciebTan zedapirulma da radikalurma farTo areals utovebs. es
gansakuTrebiT iTqmis ekono­
„mijaWvulobam“ qveyana SeiZleba kacobriobis erTiani cxovrebisa­
mikis sferoze, rodesac
gan gaaucxovos. Tumca, es ukve sxva saubris Temaa. mmarTvelobis avtoritaru­
li wesi egueba ekonomikur
liberalizms da ar zRudavs
kerZo samewarmeo Tu komerci­
rogor iqmneba is sazogadoebrivi garemo, ul saqmianobas. mmarTvelobis
romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, vmoqmedebT, amgvari wesis nimuSia frankos
mmarTveloba espaneTSi (1939-
garkveul adgils vikavebT 1975) an pinoCetis reJimi civi
omis periodSi CileSi (1973
davubrundeT Cvens mTavar problemas. albaT, garkveul asakSi
wlidan).
nebismier adamians uCndeba kiTxva, Tu rogor iqmneba is garemo, ro­
melSic cxovrobs. ramdenadac amjerad sakiTxi demokratias, ro­
gorc movlenas, Seexeba, am zogad kiTxvas ufro konkretuli saxe
SeiZleba mivceT:

rogor iqmneba is sazogadoebrivi garemo, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, vmoqmedebT,

garkveul adgils vikavebT da ase Semdeg?

ra roli gvaqvs Cven Tavad da sxva adamianebs am sazogadoebrivi garemos Seqmnis saqmeSi,
piradad me da TiToeul Cvengans, rogorc erT calkeul adamians?

ramdenad vflob imis unars da codnas, rom raime cvlileba Sevitano am garemoSi?

an, iqneb, yvelaferi winaswarvea gansazRvruli?

anac yvelafers viRac umaRlesi kompetenciis mqone adamianebi gansazRvraven da amaoa

Cemi mcdeloba, odnav mainc ukeTesi gavxado Cemive garemo?

Tuki raimes ukeTesobisaken Secvla SeiZleba, rogor unda moxdes es?

SemiZlia Tu ara, raime cvlilebebi Sevitano am procesebSi?

23
 politika

kidev Zalian bevri kiTxvis CamoTvla SeiZleba, rodesac sakiTxi

yoveli Cvenganis mimarTebas Seexeba im sazogadoebasTan, romelSic
vcxovrobT.

dameTanxmebiT, Znelia, adamiani Seeguo im azrs, rom Cven da

CvenisTanebs arafris Secvla ar SegviZlia da rom mxolod CvenTvis
ucxo garemoebebsa da adamianebze varT damokidebuli.

sazogadoebis demokratiulobaze saubari SeiZleba maSin, rode-

sac sazogadoebis wevrTa mniSvnelovani raodenoba grZnobs, rom
mas aqvs ufleba, unari da movaleoba, monawileoba miiRos Tavisi
sacxovrebeli garemos Seqmnis saqmeSi da SeuZlia es sayovelTao,
Tanasworuflebiani, Tavisufali arCevnebis an kenWisyris meSveo-
biT ganaxorcielos.

am dros saqme mxolod politikur cxovrebas ar exeba. sazo­

gadoebis demokratiuloba Cans misi cxovrebis yvela
aspeqtSi, problemaTa gadawyvetis yvela safexurze. Tu
sazogadoebas demokratiuloba ar axasiaTebs maSin, rodesac qvey­
nis masStabebTan SedarebiT mcire saqmeebis mogvarebas cdilobs,
Zneli warmosadgenia, man politikuri arCevnebis dros gamoiCinos
demokratiuloba. maSasadame, laparaki SeiZleba garkveul unareb­
ze, romelTa mflobelebic unda iyvnen sazogadoebis wevrebi da
romlebsac isini Tavisi erToblivi sasicocxlo garemos Seqmnisas
eyrdnobian.

aucilebelia erTgvari samoqalaqo siqvele da sibrZne, rogorc

amas Zveli berZnebi ambobdnen, radgan TavisTavad arCevnebSi erT­
jeradi monawileobis miReba ar warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi cxov­
rebisa da sasicocxlo garemos gaumjobesebis garantias.

aTenuri ostrakebi zed warweri­

li berZnuli saxelebiT – Zveli
ra aris sazrisis monopolia
saberZneTis (gansakuTrebiT
aTenis) demokratiis erT-erTi bevr adamians axasiaTebs gulubryvilo rwmena, TiTqos SeiZleba
gamoxatuleba. moqalaqeebi Tixis arsebobdes konkretuli adamianebis, Tanamedroveebis an winapre­
qoTnebis namtvrevebze sakuTari
Sexedulebisamebr kawravdnen ama bis, mier erTxel da samudamod gaxmovanebuli raRac konkretuli
Tu im gamorCeuli moqalaqis saxels idea, romelsac saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis yvela aspeqti
da monawileobdnen kenWisyraSi,
romlis Sedegadac miiReboda
unda daeqvemdebaros. amiT isini TiTqos gaurbian pasuxismgeblo­
gadawyvetileba, romeli moqalaqe bas im samyaros gamo, romelSic cxovroben. situacias, rodesac
gaeZevebinaT polisidan. moqalaqee­
romelime piri an sxva adamianebi sakuTar Tavs miaweren vinmes amom­
bi am gziT Tavs izRvevdnen ama Tu
im gavleniani piris xelSi Zalauf­ wurav codnas imisa, Tu rogor unda moewyos adamianebis Tanacxov­
lebis gadasvlisgan.
reba, sazrisis monopoliis principi hqvia. avtoritarizmi

24
 demokratia

da misi ukiduresi forma totalitarizmis saxiT swored am prin­

cips eyrdnoba. Tu adamians sakuTari samoqalaqo Rirsebis grZnoba
aqvs, igi ver Seegueba aseT viTarebas. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
sruluflebiani monawileoba misTvis sakuTari pirovnebis ganxor­
cielebis aucilebeli pirobaa. romeliRac pirovnebas SesaZloa
Zalze maRali kompetencia hqondes raime konkretul sferoSi, mag­
ram es sruliadac ar niSnavs, rom man yvelaferi icis da yvelaferi
SeuZlia. aucileblad dadgeba momenti, rodesac igi amowuravs
Tavis resursebs. Tu sazogadoeba ver SeZlebs igi ganze gaswios
samarT­ liani da Tavisufali arCevnebis gziT, aucileblad mi­
viRebT avtoritarizmis ama Tu im formas. sazogadoeba Tavisi gan­
viTarebis gzaze CixSi aRmoCndeba xolme.

totalitarizmi – antidemokratiuli politikuri wyoba, reJimi, romlis drosac saxelmwifo sru­

lad aris gabatonebuli sazogadoebasa da pirovnebaze. saxelmwifo eswrafvis sazogadoebis yvela
sferoze daamyaros kontroli, socialur-politikur cxovrebaSi gauqmebulia pluralizmis prin­
cipi, socialur-politikuri winaaRmdegobebis regulireba xdeba Zalismieri meTodebiT. poli­
tikuri xelisufleba pretenzias acxadebs mosaxleobis sayovelTao interesebze. am sayovelTao
interesebSi adgili ar rCeba pirovnebisa da politikis sxva subieqtebis interesebisaTvis, Tavis­
ufali politikuri moRvaweobisaTvis, rac individis xelisuflebisagan gaucxoebas iwvevs. indi­
vids warTmeuli aqvs TviTregulaciis da TviTganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi, ugulebelyofilia
pirovnebis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. xelisuflebis legitimacia emyareba Zaladobas, saxelmwi­
fos monoideologias. Sesabamisad, totalitaruli reJimi – es aris saxelmwifos mTliani da yovlis­
momcveli kontroli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoze Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebis
gziT.

aTenis agora

25
 politika
eqstremizmi – politikuri
problemebis ukiduresi gze­
biTa da saSualebebiT gadaW­
risaken midrekileba, dasaxu­
li miznebisa da amocanebis
misaRwvad yvelaze radikalu­
ri saSualebebis moxmoba, maT
Soris Zaladobis, teroris
gamoyeneba. eqstremizmis
ZiriTadi wyaroa politikuri
da socialuri struqture­
bis deformacia, araswori
nacionaluri da ekonomiku­
ri politika. Tanamedrove
epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebe­
lia eqstremizmis sxvadasxva
saxeoba, rogorc memarcxene
(misi yvelaze tipuri nimu­
Sia italiuri da germanuli
„wiTeli brigadebi“), ise
memarjvene (uwinares yovlisa,
neofaSisturi organizaciebi)
tipisa. damkvidrebis sferos
mixedviT arsebobs nacional­
isturi eqstremizmi, religi­
uri eqstremizmi, liberaluri
eqstremizmi.
26
pirovnebas an pirTa jgufs SeiZleba hqondes garkveuli re­
sursi im sikeTeebisa, romlebic mas SeuZlia SesTavazos sazoga­
doebas. mocemul istoriul momentSi man SeiZleba sazogadoebas
warudginos sruliad gamarTlebuli da garemoebebisaTvis Sesa­
ferisi saxelmwifoebrivi programa da adamianebs am programis
gamJ­Ravnebis unaric daanaxos. swored konkretuli programa da
misi ganxorcielebis unaria misi resursi. magram, rogorc vTqviT,
es resursi amowurvadia. demokratiulia is sazogadoeba, romelic
ganWvrets ra am resursis amowurvas, samarTlebrivi gzebiT Secv­
lis Zvel mmarTvelebs axali an ganaxlebuli resursebis mqone Zve­
li politikuri jgufiT.
Tuki sazogadoebis wevrTa mniSvnelovani nawili nebiT Tu uneb­
lied iziarebs sazrisis monopoliis princips, es niSnavs, rom moce­
mul sazogadoebaSi dabalia optimaluri Sedegebis miRwevisaken
mimarTuli samoqalaqo dialogisa da diskusiis xarisxi. „sazrisis
mflobeli“ sazogadoebis wevrebi mimarTaven ara dialogs, aramed
TiTqos monologis reJimSi arian. isini dialogis unars moklebu­
li arian, rasac Sedegad unayofo eqstremizmi, msoflmxedvelob­
rivi qaosi da sazogadoebis mier wlebis ganmavlobaSi erTi adgi­
lis tkepna mosdevs.
ra aris avtoritarizmi
sazogadoebaSi, sadac adamianebi naklebad cdiloben wonaswo­
robisa da konsensusis wertilebis moZebnas, iolad batondeba ra­
dikalizmi, iolad iRebs iniciativas agresiuli umecreba da agre­
siuli uzneoba, rac xSirad Sedegad gvaZlevs ganwyobas, rogorme
gamoZebnon viRac gansakuTrebuli pirovneba, visac qveynis marTvis
srul uflebas gadaabareben yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe.
avtoritarizmi eyrdnoba adamianebis rwmenas, rom amqveynad
SeiZ­leba arsebobdes viRac saswaulTmoqmedi, vinc yvelaze kargad
icis ra da rogor unda gaakeTos, yvela danarCeni ki morCilad unda
gahyves mas.
amitomac iyo, rom mraval qveyanaSi qaossa da samoqalaqo da­
pirispirebas diqtatura mohyveboda. sazogadoebis wevrebi ver
axerxebdnen Tavisi sasicocxlo garemos mosawesrigeblad dialo­
gisa da TanamSromlobis reJimis gamomuSavebas. amas ki uneblied
mosdevs nacionalisturi da religiuri eqstremizmi da
sxva yaidis eqstremizmi.
 demokratia

aseTi sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eqstremizmi, rogori

keTilSobili miznebiTac ar unda gamodiodes igi, aucileblad
miimarTeba sazogadoebis sakmaod didi nawilis Tavisuflebisa da
interesebis winaaRmdeg. nacionalisturi da religiuri eqstre­
mizmi aucileblad iqceva monoreligiuri da monoeTnikuri sazoga­
doebis idead. magaliTisTvis, liberaluri eqstremizmi daupiris­
pirdeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela tradiciul formas da
Seecdeba, Tavisuflebis ganyenebul ideas dauqvemdebaros sazoga­
doebrivi cxovreba. arsebobs erTi cnobili gamonaTqvami: SeiZle­
ba giyvardes mTeli kacobrioba, Tayvans scemde adamianis, rogorc
aseTis, Tavisuflebas ise, rom ar giyvardes konkretuli adamiani
an adamianTa jgufebi da ar aRiarebde konkretuli adamianis Ta­
kasius longinusis dros moW­
visuflebas. gavixsenoT, rom rogorc safrangeTis, ise ruseTis rili dinari (liTonis fuli),
revo­luciis Semdeg xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosuli adamianebi Zv.w.63, gamosaxulia romaeli
mamakaci xmis micemisas.
swored Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis saxeliT axorcielebdnen
represiebs.

yvela SemTxvevaSi eqstremistuli msoflmxedveloba cdilobs,

sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebidan gandevnos yve­
la, vinc gansxvavebulia. saqme is aris, rom, rac ar unda erqvas mas,
igi ufro emociuria da koleqtiur vnebebs eyrdnoba, vidre ra­
didi britaneTis parlamentis
sxdoma

27
 politika
mesianizmi (momdinareobs
ebrauli sityvidan „mesia~,
rac kurTxeuls, cxebuls
niSnavs) – gvxvdeba sxvadasxva
religiaSi da am saxelwodebiT
moixsenieba is mistikur-re­
ligiuri Teoriebi da rwme­
na-warmodgenebi, romelTa
Tanaxmad, esa Tu is eri, ena,
miwa-wyali da a.S. RvTis mier
sxva erebze, enebsa da qveyneb­
ze aRmatebuli madliTaa
cxebuli da gamorCeulad
maRali misia akisria.
28
cionaluri da dialogis unaris mqone ram. Sedegad viRebT saxelm­
wifoebriv da sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, romelic usamarTloa da
xSirad ulmobelic gansxvavebulis mimarT. es ki saxelmwifoeb­rivad
aris saSiSi. Znelia Sedges iseTi saxelmwifo, sadac yoveldRiurad
ar zrunaven calkeuli adamianebisa da adamianTa jgufebis inte­
resTa daaxloebaze. amgvari saxelmwifosaTvis eTnikuri, reli­
giuri Tu, zogadad, msoflmxedvelobrivi umciresobebi yovel­
Tvis iqneba erTgvari Senelebuli moqmedebis naRmi. gamocdil
sazogadoeb­ebSi ician es da amitomac zrunaven, rom gansxvavebul­
Ta uflebebi daicvan ise, rom amiT umravlesobis uflebebi ar Sei­
laxos da piriqiT. amgvari balansis miRweva urTulesi saqmea da
yoveldRiur zrunvas moiTxovs.
ra aris Tavisufleba demokratiis
pirobebSi
axalgazrda asakSi adamians win usasrulo perspeqtivebi egule­
ba. es gancda iseTi mZafria xolme, rom zogs verc ki warmoudge­
nia, Tuki raimem SeiZleba misi Tavisufleba SezRudos. Semdeg
mas ukve uwevs darwmuneba, rom garda misi Tavisuflebisa, arse­
bobs meore adamianis Tavisuflebac da erTaderTi, ramac misi Ta­
visufleba SeiZleba SezRudos, sxvisi Tavisuflebaa. igi ver iqne­
ba Tavisufali adamiani, Tu mis garSemo ar arian sxva Tavisufali
adamianebi. Tavisufleba ar niSnavs TviTnebobas da Tavisufleba
da pasuxismgebloba erTi medlis ori mxarea. Tu adre mas Tavi­
si cxovreba uwyvet monologad warmoedgina, ris gamoc mudmivad
da unayofod ekamaTeboda sxvebs, simwifis asakSi igi iazrebs, rom
mniSvnelovania sxva adamianebTan TanamSromloba. Tu sazogadoeba­
Si amgvari adamianebis garkveuli kritikuli raodenoba arsebobs,
demokratiis aucilebeli piroba – yvela mxarisaTvis optimalu­
ri Sedegis misaRwevad mimarTuli dialogi – ganxorcielebadia.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gveqneba msoflmxedvelobrivi kakafonia,
romelsac araferi kargi ar mosdevs da, rogorc vTqviT, sakuTar
unarianobaSi sasowarkveTili adamianebi kvlav da kvlav mavani sas­
waulTmoqmedis Zebnas iwyeben, visac mTel Tavis uflebebs gadaaba­
reben. cxadia, amgvari saswaulTmoqmedebi mxolod gulubryvilo
politikur miTosSi arseboben. amitomac saswaulTmoqmedis ga­
mogonebas garduvalad mosdevs gulis acrueba da axali saswaulT­
moqmedis Zebna. ase SeiZleba sazogadoeba aRmoCndes dausrule­
bel da unayofo wreSi, sanam sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawili
ar igrZnobs, Tu ramdenad aucilebelia konkretuli Sedegebisaken
mimarTuli sazogadoebrivi diskusia da rom droa, calkeulma ada­
mianebma mainc daaRwion Tavi umwifrobis mdgomareobas. avtorita­
 demokratia

rizmis daSvebiT sazogadoeba aRiarebs, rom mas ar ZaluZs sakuTari

Tavis patronoba, rom mis calkeul wevrebs Tavi ver dauRweviaT
pirovnuli mesianizmisaTvis, sazogadoebriv jgufebs ki – eqstre­
mizmisaTvis. avtoritaruli mmarTveloba am dros erTaderT gamo­
savlad rCeba. demokratiis qalRmerTi –
1989 wlis gazafxulze CineTis
did qalaqebSi milionobiT xalxi
eqstremizmsac da mis Sedegad gaCenil avtoritarizmsac safuZv­
gamovida quCaSi Tavisuflebisa da
lad udevs utopiuri warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom idealu­ demokratiis moTxovniT. samxatv­
ro akademiis studentebma pekinSi
ri saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis asaSeneblad
4 dReSi rkinis armaturaze peno­
sruliad martivi da yvelasaTvis iolad gasagebi RonisZiebebia plastisa da papiemaSes gamoyenebiT
gasatarebeli. isini aigeba erTgvar gulubryvilo rwmenaze imi­ Seqmnes demokratiis qalRmerTis
10-metriani qandakeba, romelic
sa, rom istoriis bednieri dasasruli da, Tu SeiZeba iTqvas, mzis xelisuflebam mitingis daSlisas
meufeba aqvea, erTi xelis gawvdenaze, da boroti Zalebi Tu daiZ­ gaanadgura. am movlenebis soli­
darobis niSnad ramdenime qveyanaSi,
levian, idealuri sasicocxlo garemo bevri Zalisxmevis gareSe ramdenime qalaqSi, daidga am qan­
damkvidrdeba. adamianebi iolad da xalisiT iviwyeben, rom ara dakebis aslebi sxvadasxva inter­
pretaciiT
Tu idealuri, normaluri sasicocxlo pirobebis misaRebadac ki
didi, droSi gaWimuli Zalisxmevaa saWiro da rom ar arsebobs iseTi
jadosnuri formulebi, romlebic am Zalisxmevis aucileblobisa­
gan gagvaTavisufleben.

amitomac demokratia aris ara raRac prestiJuli ram, yvelaze

mowinave qveynebSi rom aris gabatonebuli da Cvenc unda mivbaZoT,
aramed sruliad garduvali da aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi urTi­
erTobis forma saimisod, rom Tavi davaRwioT ukidures ganwyo­
bilebaTa maxes da nabij-nabij vaSenoT Cveni sacxovrebeli garemo
da saxelmwifoebrioba.

demokratia sakuTari Rirsebis saqmea yvela im adamianisaTvis,

visTvisac Tavisufleba da saxelmwifoebriv Tu sazogadoebriv
saqmeebSi monawileoba pirovnebis ganuyreli ufleba da movaleo-
baa.

adamiani mzad aris sxvebTan dialogisa da TanamSromlobisa­

Tvis. amgvari adamianebis aucilebeli raodenobis gaCenas, cxadia,
garkveuli istoriuli gamocdileba esaWiroeba da Cven swored
axla, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom wlebSi viZenT mas.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania ganaTleba. ganaTleba adamians sa­

Sualebas aZlevs, rom ase Tu ise obieqturad gansazRvros Tavisi
samoqalaqo Rirseba, Tavisi sazogadoebrivi roli da sruli samo­
qalaqo pasiurobis an, piriqiT, Tavisi gansakuTrebuli misiisa da
rolis ganwyobebs ar mieces.

29