HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Ancient Period
The development of the
PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT.
 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

ANCIENT MEDIEVAL MODERN 19TH 20TH

PRESENT
TIME TIME TIME CENTURY CENTURY

The development of the

PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT.
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

ROOT OF THE WESTERN PHILOSOHPY

5 th and 6 th CENTURY BC

Ancient Period
 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

ANCIENT MEDIEVAL MODERN 19TH 20TH

PRESENT
TIME TIME TIME CENTURY CENTURY
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Ancient TIME
DIVIDED INTO
3 ERA’S
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Ancient Period

Pre-
Socratic Greek Roman
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
Ancient Period

Pre-Socratic
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Early works of Greek

philosophers.

Ancient Period
PRE-SOCRATIC era?

Who are they?

What are they

searching for?
WONDERING
STARTED HERE
MALAPIT SA
DAGAT
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS
started to question the WORLD AROUND THEM

Ancient Period
ANO ANG BUMUBUO SA MUNDO?
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

WHAT IS WORLD
MADE OF?
Ancient Period
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

these philosophers searched

for more rational
explanations that could
explain the world, the
universe, and their existence.

Ancient Period
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
Ancient Period

Pre-Socratic
philosophy of nature
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Pre-Socratic philosophers questioned:

• where everything came from?
• what everything was created from?

Ancient Period
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Pre-Socratic philosophers questioned:

• how nature could be described mathematically?
• how one could explain the existence of plurality in nature?

Ancient Period
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
Sa madaling sabi:
SAAN
NAGSIMULA
ANG LAHAT?
Ancient Period
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Ancient Period

FIVE IMPORTANT SCHOOL OF

THOUGHT during the
Pre-Socratic
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
Ancient Period
1 THE MILESIAN SCHOOL
2 THE PYTHAGOREAN SCHOOL
3 THE EPHESIANS SCHOOL
4 THE ELEATIC SCHOOL
5 THE ATOMISTS SCHOOL
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Ancient Period

What do you mean by

SCHOOL of THOUGHT?
 SCHOOL of THOUGHT
Known also as INTELLECTUAL TRADITION
It is the perspective of a group of people who share
common characteristics of opinion or outlook of a
philosophy…
SCHOOL of THOUGHT

discipline, belief, social

movement, economics,
cultural movement, or art
movement
SCHOOL of THOUGHT
Few examples:
MATERIALISM
RATIONALISM
FEMINISM
PERSONALISM
SCHOOL of THOUGHT
Few examples:
INTELLECTUALISM
REALISM
SCHOLASTICISM
LIBERALISM
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
Pre-Socratic
popularized in 1903
German scholar
Hermann Diels

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Pre-Socratic
Socrates was actually alive
during the same time as
many of the pre-Socratic
philosophers…

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Pre-Socratic
the term does not imply that
these philosophies existed
prior to those of Socrates

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Pre-Socratic
It relates to the
difference in
ideology and
principles.

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

The Milesian School

City of Miletus
western coast of Anatolia
(modern Turkey)

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
City of Miletus

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

The Milesian School

City of Miletus
“the birth of the first Pre-Socratic
Philosophers”

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

CITY OF MILETUS
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
The Milesian School
THALES, ANAXIMANDER, ANAXIMES

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS

Who are they?

What are they

searching for?
THALES
One of the most
important pre-Socratic
philosophers
THALES:
WATER
the single element
of the world
THALES:
 The place where he was born,
the place where he grew,
the place where he started to wonder….
SORROUNDED BY
BODIES OF WATER
“believed the earth
floated on water”
 610–546 BC
Second major pre-socratic
philosopher
 Single element:
UNDEFINED
UNLIMITED
INDIFINITE SUBSTANCE
Single element:
“Apeiron”
 Single element:
“Apeiron”
“opposites like moist and dry
cold and hot
separated from each other”
ANAXIMENES

585–528 BC
last important pre-Socratic
philosopher of the Milesian
school
ANAXIMENES
AIR
believed the single
element
ANAXIMENES

AIR
everywhere and has
the ability to
undergo processes
ANAXIMENES

AIR
transformed into other
things, such as water,
clouds, wind, fire, and
even the earth
 PRE-SOCRATIC: The Milesian School

THALES WATER
ANAXIMANDER APEIRON
(indefinite, unlimited, undefined)

ANAXIMENES AIR
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
The PHYTAGOREAN SCHOOL

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
The PHYTAGOREAN SCHOOL

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

PHYTAGORAS
570–497 BC
Philosopher and
mathematician
PHYTAGORAS

MATHEMATICAL
RELATION
the basis of all reality
PHYTAGORAS
“mathematics governed
everything”
PHYTAGORAS
“numbers
were sacred”
 PHYTAGORAS

the use of
mathematics,
everything could be
measured and
predicted
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
The EPHEESIAN SCHOOL

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

 HERACLITUS
535–475 BC
The Ephesian School was based on his work.
 HERACLITUS
“everything in nature
is CONSTANTLY CHANGING”
 HERACLITUS

“that everything was

a manifestation of
fire”
HERACLITUS

FIRE
Single element
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
The ELEATIC SCHOOL

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

THE ELEATIC SCHOOL
It was based in Colophon.
 THE ELEATIC SCHOOL
It was based in Colophon.
ancient city not far from
Miletus
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
The ELEATIC SCHOOL
four important pre-Socratic philosophers:
Xenophanes, Parmenides, Zeno,
and Melissus

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

 XENOPHANES

570–475 BCE
known for his critique of religion
and mythology
 XENOPHANES

“there was one god that,

while it did not physically
move..
 XENOPHANES

had the ability to hear, see, and

think, and controlled the world
with his thoughts”
 XENOPHANES

the gods were

NON-anthropomorphic
(or took a human form)
PARMENIDES

510–440 BCE
“reality didn’t have to do
with the world one
experienced”
PARMENIDES

“only through reason,

not the senses,
that one would be able to
arrive at the truth”
 PARMENIDES

the first movement to

use pure reason
ZENO OF ELEA

490-430 BCE
“that reality existed as
ONE THING”
ZENO OF ELEA

“that things like

plurality and motion
were nothing more
than illusions”
MELLISSUS

440 BCE

******************
the last philosopher of
the Eleatic school
MELLISSUS

“reality existing as one

continuous,
unchanging thing”
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
The ATOMISTS SCHOOL
LEUCIPPUS
and
DEMOCRITUS

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

THE ATOMISTS SCHOOL
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
The ATOMISTS SCHOOL
LEUCIPPUS
Started the ATOMISTS SCHOOL
5th CENTURY BCE

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
The ATOMISTS SCHOOL
LEUCIPPUS
Passed down his teaching to his
student-DEMOCRITUS

Ancient Time: PRE-SOCRATIC

DEMOCRITUS
460–370

atoms and
void
DEMOCRITUS
LEUCIPPUS and
the ATOMISTS
SCHOOL
atoms were
incredibly small
particles
(so small that they could not be cut in half)
LEUCIPPUS and
the ATOMISTS
SCHOOL

that when put together,

these atoms created what is
seen in the visible world.
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
Ancient Period

Pre-Socratic
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
Ancient TIME: PRE-SOCRATICS
1 THE MILESIAN SCHOOL
2 THE PYTHAGOREAN SCHOOL
3 THE EPHESIANS SCHOOL
4 THE ELEATIC SCHOOL
5 THE ATOMISTS SCHOOL
 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

1. THE MILESIAN 2. THE 3. THE EPHESIANS 4. THE ELEATIC 5. THE ATOMISTS

SCHOOL PHYTAGOREAN SCHOOL SCHOOL SCHOOL
SCHOOL
WHAT IS THE WORLD MADE OF?
PHILOSOPHY of NATURE
WATER NUMBERS AND CONSTANTLY PURE REASON ATOMS
APEIRON MATHEMATICS CHANGING ONE THING AND VOID
AIR (state of flux) ONE REALITY
FIRE