Causative Verbs

verb subject verb Causative Verbs

Example: (i) Mother shows her child the moon. ‘show’ Causative Verb
(ii) He made me laugh. ‘made’ Causative Verb

verb Causative
Active Causative Active Causative
See Show Lie Lay
Eat Feed Fall Fell
Know Inform Rise Raise
Remember Remind Learn Teach
Dive Sink Hang Hang

verb causative
Let, Make, Help, Have, Get - Causative

Shortcut
Let
1. (a) Make + Doer + V1 Doer
Help

N.B: Help- verb base form to + verb

(b) Let + Receiver + be + V3 Receiver

Have + (Doer) + V1 Verb base form. Get + (Doer) + to + V

2. 3.
Have +(Receiver)+ V3 Verb past participle. Get + (Receiver) + V3

LET as a Causative Verb

Let Causative Verb
Doer

Structure -1: Subject + let + Doer +V1

Examples:
 Leon let me help the poor boy.
 Shamim lets me do the work.

Structure -2: Subject + let + Receiver + be + V3

Examples:
 Shuvro let her dress be washed (by the washer man).
 Let the problem be solved. (by someone)

More Examples:
Incorrect : Would you let us the borrow your notes?
Correct : Would you let us borrow your notes?
Incorrect : Larry is so good-hearted, he lets people took advantage of him.
Correct : Larry is so good-hearted, he lets people take advantage of him.

 Sample Questions:
 Professor Baker let us ––––– a paper instead of taking a final exam.
A. writing B. to write C. wrote D. write Ans.: D
 When I was learning to drive, my Dad let me ––––– his car.
A. use B. using C. to use D. to using Ans.: A
 Don't let that –––––– you.
A. bothers B. bother C. to bother D. bothering Ans.: B
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 MAKE as a Causative Verb
Make Causative Verb
Structure: Subject + make + Doer / Receiver + V1
Examples:
 Aporna makes me help the poor boy.
 Arnob made the organization run.

More Examples:
Incorrect : Are you going to make your daughter to work part time in the store this summer?
Correct : Are you going to make your daughter work part time in the store this summer?
Incorrect : She made the baby to take a nap.
Correct : She made the baby take a nap.

 Sample Questions:
 Rogers didn’t make us ––––– up our lab reports.
A. type B. types C. typing D. typed Ans.: A
 I can’t seem to make this dishwasher –––––.
A. ran B. runs C. running D. run Ans.: D

HELP as a Causative Verb

Help Causative Verb (Subject)
Structure make follow
meaning- [make- help- ] Structure-
Structure: Subject + help + Doer / Receiver + V1 Or to + V1
Examples:
 Fariha helps me drive/to drive the car.
 Kantha helped the organization run/to run smoothly.
More Examples:
Incorrect : Her husband always helps her that she does the laundry.
Correct : Her husband always helps her do/to do the laundry.
Incorrect : Don't you help each other the study for tests?
Correct : Don't you help each other study/to study for tests?
 Sample Questions:
 Bob said that he would help us –––––––––– the place.
A. find B. finding C. to find D. A + C Ans.: D
 My teacher helped me ––––––––– this job.
A. get B. to get C. got D. A + B Ans.: D
 Rakiba helped them ––––––––– in the exam.
A. copying B. copy C. to copy D. B + C Ans.: D

HAVE as a Causative Verb

Have Causative Verb
Structure-1: Subject + have + Doer + V1
Example:
 Chery had me solve a puzzle.
Structure-2: Subject + have + Receiver + V3
Example:
 Habib had a puzzle solved (by me).
More Examples:
Incorrect : I have Shayna cooking rice.
Correct : I have Shayna cook rice.
Incorrect : Have you had your temperature taking yet.
Correct : Have you had your temperature taken yet.
 Sample Questions:
 They had their lawyer –––––––––– their wills.
A. changed B. to change C. changing D. change Ans.: D
 Orpita had her assignment ––––––––––––.
A. completing B. complete C. to complete D. completed Ans.: D
 Tom had a tooth ––––––––––––.
A. fill B. to fill C. filling D. filled Ans.: D
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 GET as a Causative Verb
Have- make- Get Causative Verb
Structure-1: Subject + get + Doer + to + V1
Example:
 Rafsan got his teacher to solve the math.

Structure-2: Subject + get + Receiver +V3

Example:
 Razib got the math solved (by his teacher).

More Examples:
Incorrect : Do you think that we can get Faiyaz takes us to San Diego?
Correct : Do you think that we can get Faiyaz to take us to San Diego?
Incorrect : I want to get the house paint before winter.
Correct : I want to get the house painted before winter.

 Sample Questions:
 Let’s get some of our money ––––––– for dollars.
A. exchanged B. exchange C. to exchange D. to be exchanged Ans.: A
 We will have to get someone –––––––––– the phone right away.
A. fix B. fixed C. to fix D. fixing Ans.: C

Previous years' Questions

1. Where -----------? D Unit DU 2001-02
A. did you cut your hair B. have you cut your hair
C. did you have cut your hair D. did you have your hair cut
Note: Causative verb have receiver verb past participle form option (D)
2. My mother ---------- by a well known photographer. D Unit DU 2000-01
A. had taken her photo B. had her photo taken
C. her photo was taken D. took her photo
3. It costs about tk. 500 to have a tooth -----------. C Unit DU 2008-09
A. filling B. to fill C. filled D. fill
Note: Sub + have (any tense) + receiver + verb in past participle.
4. Choose the correct sentence. 12th BCS
A. Let he and you be witnesses B. Let you and him be witnesses
C. Let you and he witness D. Let you and he be witnesses
Note: Let sentence pronoun objective form
5. The speaker failed to make the audience ----------. 15th BCS
A. to listen B. listening C. listened D. listen
Note: Make noun/pronoun verb simple form
6. Select the correct form of verb: I got my car -------------.
A. repairing B. repaired C. have repaired D. to be repaired
Note: Use of Get sub + get (any tense) + receiver + verb in past participle form.
7. She did not let me --------- what she was painting. RU 2011-12
A. saw B. see C. to see D. sing
8. Please --------- sure your seat belt is fastend for take off. Chitt. U 2011-12
A. get B. make C. keep D. be
9. The examiner made us --------- our identification in order to be admitted to- Chitt. U 2011-12
A. show B. showing C. showed D. to show
10. It costs about thirty dollars to have a tooth ---------. Chitt. U 2011-12
A. filling B. filled C. to fill D. fill
11. I’ll get an electrician --------- the heating. Chitt. U 2011-12
A. repair B. to mend C. for mending D. for repairing
12. The speaker failed to make the audience --------- to him patiently Khulna U 2011-12
A. listening B. to listen C. listened D. listen
Answer Keys: 1.D 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.A 10.B 11.B 12.D
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 Nonfinite Verb (Infinitive/Gerund/Participle)
Nonfinite verb Sentence- Verb, Sentence- Complete Nonfinite Verb

Nonfinite verb
1. Infinitive → to + V1 Noun Verb
2. Gerund → Verb + ing Noun Verb
3. Participle → Verb + ing, V3 having + V3 Adjective Verb

Infinitive
Sentence
1. Rumpa studied hard to pass the admission test. iæ Admission Test
2. To see who was going outside the corridor, Shayla opened the windows.
to + V1 Infinitive

Infinitive Rules
Rule-1 verb verb infinitive
agree appear arrange ask claim consent decide
demand deserve expect fail forget hesitate hope
intend learn manage mean need offer plan
prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend/try threaten
wait want permit proceed allow attempt know
volunteer request wish strive beg
Example:
 We had planned to leave day before yesterday.
 He wants to get admitted into Dhaka College.
 Sample Questions:
 I intend –––––––––– you that we cannot approve your application.
A. performing B. perform C. performed D. to perform Ans.: D
Rule-2 Infinitive subject To swim is my favorite pastime.

Rule-3 Infinitive Subject verb singular

1. To walk is good for health.
2. To tell a lie is a great sin.
Rule-4 (to + be + Verb + ing) Infinitive
I have to be making myself involved with the matter gradually.
Rule-5 (to + be + V3) Infinitive Passive infinitive
The building needs to be painted again.
Rule-6 (to+have+V3) Infinitive
The Independence War required us to have confronted the Pakistani soldiers.
Rule-7 Bid, watch, feel, see, make, hear, behold, please, observe verb active voice infinitive
to He noticed me do the work (not to do).

Gerund-
 Gerund verb + ing
 Gerund noun verb
 Gerund sentence- subject object
Examples:
 Walking along the busy street is dangerous. (subject)
 She dislikes discussing politics. (object)

Rule- 1 verb verb gerund (verb + ing)

admit appreciate avoid complete consider delay deny
enjoy finish like dislike keep practice
quit mention miss postpone recall recommend
regret stop tolerate understand prefer remember
discuss risk suggest
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Examples:
 I regret telling Marzina about the wedding.
 She mentions stopping at El Paso in her letter.
 Sample Question:
 Strauss finished ––––––––– two of his published compositions before his tenth birthday.
A. written B. write C. to write D. writing Ans.: D

Rule- 2 phrase verb gerund verb ing

approve of can’t help be better of count on give up
do not mind don’t get through forget about insist on prior to
look forward to object to with a view to think about accustomed to
Preposition verb + ing
Examples:
 I am looking forward to seeing you.
 He gave up playing football when he got married.
 Sample Questions:
 We wouldn’t mind –––––––––.
A. wait B. waiting C. waited D. to wait Ans.: B
Exercise-1 (Infinitive and Gerund)
1. Sally expects (passing/ to pass) the test tomorrow.
2. I meant (saying, to say) "three" but I accidentally said "tree".
3. We are planning (to see, seeing) a movie.
4. Mike postponed (to get dressed/ getting dressed) for the party.
5. When Cage was a student, she always put off (to finish, finishing) her homework.
6. Some students postpone (doing, to do) their homework latter.
7. My friend enjoys (baking cookies, to bake cookies).
8. The kids hope (going/ to go) to M. Donald's for dinner.
Answer Keys: 1.to pass 2. to say 3. to see 4. getting dressed 5. finishing 6. doing 7. baking cookies 8. to go

Exercise-2 (Infinitive and Gerund)

1. I regret (inform) ---------- them of the fact.
2. While we were in the mountains yesterday, Rashid stopped (smoke) ---------- as the supervisor passed by.
3. We tried (call) ---------- the ambulance.
4. Despite that small problem, Sava began (walk) ----------.
5. Do you remember (give) ---------- me your dictionary yesterday.
6. Our English teacher found a student (cheat) ---------- in the test last week.
7. I am looking forward to (hear) ---------- your answers.
8. I really don’t care for (do) ---------- a lot of work.
9. Oh I am sorry, I meant (give) ---------- you a photocopy of this lesson.
10. You should keep (work) ---------- despite difficulties.
Answer keys:
1. informing 2. smoking 3. to call 4. walking 5. giving 6. cheating 7. hearing 8. doing 9. to give 10. working

Participle
 Participle verb adjective-
 Participle Noun modify
Examples:
 She helped a crying street boy.
 I saw a broken dish lying on the floor.
 Having solved the math, Monna went away.
Verb + ing, V3 Having + V3 Sentence- Participle
Participle
1. Present Participle→ verb + ing. Adjective-
Examples:
 A moving stone gathers no moss.
 I saw a laughing virgin.
 subject Present participle
 Doing the work, I will sleep.
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  Active sense Present participle
 The story is interesting.
 Passive sense Past participle
 I am bored.

2. Past Participle→ V3. Adjective-

Examples:
 The corrupted are hated by all. [Adjective- 'The' verb Plural ]
 The Tajmahal built by Shajahan looks attractive.

3. Perfect Participle→ having + V3. Adjective-

 Having said what she wanted to say, Tumpa left the room.

 Past Participle Perfect Participle

 Indefinite Tense Past Participle

 Perfect Tense Perfect Participle
 I saw a burnt building.→ Past Participle
 Having read the minutes of the previous meeting, the secretary sat down. → Perfect Participle

Sentence present participle past participle-

 The boring professor put the students to sleep.
 The boring lecture put the students to sleep.
 The bored students went to sleep hearing the boring lecture.

1. Active Sense Professor- Professor student professor)

2. Active Sense lecture lecture student lecture Quality
3. Student bored Passive Sense) Lecture boring bored Active Sense)

1. The crying baby woke Mr. Binion.→ The baby was crying
2. The purring kitten snuggled close to the fireplace. → The kitten was purring.
3. The blooming flowers in the meadow created a rainbow of colors. → The flowers were blooming.
4. The sorted mail was delivered to the offices before noon. → The mail had been sorted.
5. Frozen food is often easier to prepare than fresh food. → The food had been frozen.
6. The imprisoned men were unhappy with their living conditions. → The men had been imprisoned.
7. The child saw a frightening movie. → movie Active sense)
8. The frightened child began to cry.→ child- Passive sense)
9. When I was walking inside the garden, I saw a blooming flower.→ Active sense .
10. She gifted me a broken dinner set in my last marriage day.→ / Passive sense dinner set

Exercise: Participles as Adjectives:

Choose the correct form of the participles used as adjectives in the following sentences.
1. The (breaking/ broken) dishes lay on the floor.
2. The (trembling/trembled) children were given a blanket for warmth.
3. Compassionate friends tried to console the (crying/cried) children.
4. The (interesting/ interested) tennis match caused a great deal of excitement.
5. When James noticed the (burning/burnt) building, he notified the fire department immediately.
6. The (exciting/excited) passengers jumped into the lifeboats when notified that the ship was sinking.
7. The (smiling/smiled) Mona Lisa is on display in the Louver in Paris.
8. The wind made such (frightening/frightened) noises that the children ran to their parents' room.
9. The (frightening/frightened) hostages only wanted to be left alone.
10. We saw the (advancing/advanced) army from across town.
Answer keys: 1. broken 2. trembling 3. crying 4. interesting 5. burning 6. excited 7. smiling 8. frightening 9. frightened
10. advancing
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 Previous years' Questions
1. I could not ------------- laughing. DU A Unit 2017-18
A. but B. assist C. help D. though
2. I saw the man ------------- in the field. JnU E Unit 2017-18
A. was working B. work C. working D. worked
3. Cricket enjoys a huge ------------- in Bangladesh. JnU E Unit 2017-18
A. follow on B. following C. follow D. fall out
4. It was -------- funny, I -------- stop --------. B Unit DU 2007-08
A. too, cannot, laughing too B. too, had not, to laugh C. very, could not, laughing D. very, would not, to laugh
Note: (B) (D) stop verb gerund (A) past was past
cannot could not C
5. The people of Quebec have been considering –––– themselves from the rest of Canada. C Unit DU 13-14
A. to separate B. separated C. separate
D. to be separated E. separating
6. Choose the correct sentences: C Unit DU 2008-09
A. I don’t like to discuss about politics. B. I don’t like to discuss politics.
C. I don’t like discuss politics D. I don’t like discussing politics
7. I regret ------- Marzina about the wedding. C Unit DU 2005-06
A. tell B. to tell C. telling D. to telling
8. A ‘Gerund’ does the work. C Unit DU 2000-01
A. a verb and a noun B. a verb and an adjective C. a verb and an adverb D. a verb and a conjunction.
Note: Gerund verb+ing, noun verb force
9. I don’t think you will have any difficulty ------------ a driving license. 18th BCS
A. to get B. in getting C. for getting D. get
10. He advised me -------- smoking. 25th BCS
A. giving up B. to give up C. on giving up D. from giving up
11. It is worth --------- that the project was completed in three months. BRDB- 2004
A. to mention B. of mention C. mentioning D. in mentioning
Note: Worth gerund verb + ing
12. Fast-food restaurants have become popular because many working people want ----------. Exim Bank-2004
A. to eat quickly and cheaply B. eating quickly and cheaply
C. eat quickly and cheaply D. the eat quickly and cheaply
Note: Want verb infinitive to + verb
13 People all over the world are starving ----------. D Unit DU 2001-02
A. greater numbers B. in more numbers C. more numerously D. in greater numbers
Note: in greater numbers
(D)
14. I want --------- careful with your homework in future. D Unit DU 2002-03
A. you be B. you to be C. that you are D. you will be.
Note: Want, wait, ask, agree, learn, plan, tend, offer, verb verb infinitive to

15. Identify the incorrect part of the sentence: D Unit DU 2006-07

She would much rather to exercise moderately than strenuously.
A B C D
Note: Would rather verb verb simple form “exercise” verb to

16. Teachers dislike --------- the examination routine as much as students do. B Unit DU 04-05
A. changing B. change D. having change D. to be changed
Note: Dislike verb gerund (v + ing)
17. I prefer -------- what I like even though it -------- not having much money. B Unit 2005-06
A. to doing, mean B. doing, means C. to do, may D. doing, mean
18. He hastes ---------- the phone and very often lets it --------------. B Unit 2006-07
A. attending, off B. answering, ring C. ringing, on D. holding, rung.
Answer Key: 1.C 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.E 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.B 16.A 17.B 18.B
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 Nominal That clause
Noun clause That Nominal That clause Sentence Subject Object
It is well known that many residents of third world countries are dying.
OR
That many residents of third world countries are dying is well known.
Note: That clause Subject finite Verb
It surprises me that John doing such a thing.→ Incorrect (finite verb
It surprises me that would do such a thing. → Incorrect (subject
It surprises me that John would do such a thing.→ Correct
OR
That John would do such a thing surprises me. → Correct
It wasn't believed until the fifteenth century that revolves around the sun. → Incorrect (subject
It wasn't believed until the fifteenth century that the earth to revolve around the sun. → Incorrect (finite verb
It wasn't believed until the fifteenth century that the earth revolves around the sun. → Correct
OR
That the earth revolves around the sun wasn't believed until the fifteenth century. → Correct
It is obvious that the Williams boy being abusing drugs. → Incorrect (finite verb
It is obvious that is abusing drugs. → Incorrect (subject
It is obvious that the Williams boy is abusing drugs. → Correct
OR
That the Williams boy is abusing drugs is obvious. → Correct

EXAMPLES:
Incorrect : Is likely that the library is closed. Correct : That the library is closed is likely.
Incorrect : She will win is almost certain. Correct : That she will win is almost certain.
Incorrect : That is not fair seems obvious. Correct : That it is not fair seems obvious.
Incorrect : It is that we need to move is sure. Correct : That we need to move is sure.
Incorrect : That it is that she has known him for a long time influenced her decision.
Correct : That she has known him for a long time influenced her decision.
 Sample Question:
1. ––––– it is not fair seems obvious.
A. That B. Those C. These D. When
2. —— was caused by a cow's kicking over a lantern has been told to American school children for several generations.
A. What the Great Chicago Fire B. The Great Chicago Fire
C. To burn in the Great Chicago Fire D. That the Great Chicago Fire
3. ––––– developed so rapidly in Alabama primarily because of its rich natural resources is well known.
A. What heavy industry B. Heavy industry C. Heavy industry that was D. That heavy industry
4. ––––– is more interested in rhythm than in melody is apparent from his compositions.
A. That Philip Glass B. Philip Glass, who C. Philip Glass D. Because Philip Glass
5. —— long distances is well documented.
A. That it is birds migrate B. Who birds migrate C. Birds that migrate D. That birds migrate
6. ––––– a form of carbon has been known since the late eighteenth century.
A. Diamonds are B. Because diamonds are C. When diamonds are D. That diamonds are
Answer Keys: 1.A 2.D 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.D

Embedded Question
➢ Sentence- WH word, Clause Marker WH word Question-
WH word clause- Embedded/ Indirect Question
➢ Embedded Question- WH word Conjunction
Rule 1
Embedded Question
(i) Sentence Interrogative assertive Principal clause- Principal clause Interrogative
sentence- Interrogative Principal clause assertive sentence- assertive
(ii) Sub-ordinate clause- verb Subject- Clause Marker verb
subject
Subject + verb + WH word + subject + verb + ext.
I + don't know + what + his name + is.
I + don't know + when + he + went there.
or,
(Auxiliary) verb + subject + verb +WH word + subject + verb + (?)
Do + you +know + what + his name + is?
Do + you +know + when + he + went there?
Exercises:
Incorrect : I didn't understood what did he say?
Correct : I didn't understand what he said.
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Incorrect : Do you know how much do they cost?
Correct : Do you know how much they cost?
Incorrect : I wonder when is her birthday.
Correct : I wonder when her birthday is.
Incorrect : Can they tell you what time does the movie start?
Correct : Can they tell you what time the movie starts?
 Sample Questions:
 Recently, there have been several outbreaks of diseases like legionnaire's, and doctors don't know ------------.
A. what is the cause B. when cause is what C. is what the cause D. what the cause is Ans.: D
 Could you please tell ––––––––––––?
A. where the post office B. where the post office is
C. where is the post office D. where was the post office Ans.: B

Previous Years' Questions

1. The type of clothing people wear tells others a lot about -----------. BBA 1999-2000
A. what they are B. what they were C. whom they are D. whom they are
2. Choose the correct sentence: D Unit DU 2006-07
A. Can they tell you what time does the movie start? B. Can they say you what time the movies starts?
C. Can they tell you when time the movie starts? D. Can they tell you what time the movie starts?
Note: (Modal/auxiliary) verb + subject + verb + WH word + subject + verb + (?), sentence object say
(B) (C) when time (D).
3. Choose the correct sentence: D Unit DU 2009-10
A. Do you know when the results will be published? B. Do you know when will the results be published?
C. Do you know when will publish the results? D. Do you know when the results will publish?
Note: Auxiliary verb + sub + verb + WH word + sub + verb + (?)
Answer Keys: 1.D 2.D 3.A

Reduced Clause
Sentence- Subordinate Clause- Reduced Phrase- Reduced Clause Clause-
Reduced Phrase- Noun Clause- Reduce Adjective / Adverb Clause-
Reduce
Adjective Clause

Reduced Adjective Clause:

Principal Clause Subordinate Clause- Subject Adjective Clause- Reduced
Reduce
(i) Clause marker be verb
(ii) Sub-ordinate clause- Main verb- Participle-
Sentence- Active form- main verb- Present Participle
* Sentence- Passive form- main verb- Past Participle
(iii) be verb- main verb be verb clause marker
Example:
 Clause : Bill Clinton, who was re-elected president in 1994, was the governor of Arkansas.
 Reduced : Bill Clinton, re-elected president in 1994, was the governor of Arkansas.

(i) Active voice:

Clause : The man who is driving has a new car.
Reduced : The man driving has a new car.
Clause : The window which overlooks the garden is broken.
Reduced : The window overlooking the garden is broken.
 'overlooked' main verb reduced 'overlooked' sub-ordinate clause-
active voice-
 Sample Question:
 Aerodynamics is the study of the forces ———— on an object as it moves through the atmosphere.
A. acting B. act C. are acting D. acted Ans.: A
(ii) Passive voice:
Clause : The woman that was invited to join the club declined.
Reduced : The woman invited to join the club declined.
Clause : I like yogurt that is made in France.
Reduced : I like yogurt made in France.
 Sample Question:
 In 1821, the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, was laid out in a design —— after that of Washington D.C.
A. patterned B. was patterned C. a pattern D. that patterned Ans.: A
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(iii) Subject + to be + adjective:
Clause : The man who is responsible said the underground water had a high salt content.
Reduced : The man responsible said the underground water had a high salt content.

(iv) Subject + to be + noun.

Clause : Her name, which is Lou Ann, contains easy sounds for the deaf to pronounce.
Reduced : Her name, Lou Ann, contains easy sounds for the deaf to pronounce.

(v) Subject + to be + prepositional phrase:

Clause : The books that are on the table belong to Emma.
Reduced : The books on the table belong to Emma.
Note:
(i) Clause Marker- Sentence- Object Reduced
Incorrect : The books checking out of the library are due today.
Correct : The books that I checked out of the library are due today.
 books- subject- check verb Subject check checked
(ii) Whose Adjective Clause Reduced Reduce
Correct : The woman whose son is blocking the entrance works upstairs.
Incorrect : The woman blocking the entrance works upstairs.
(iii) Adjective Clause Sentence Adverb Reduce
Incorrect : The time arriving was inconvenient.
Correct : The time when Andrew arrived was inconvenient.
 Class Room Practices:
 —— for their strong fiber include flax and hemp.
A. Plants are grown B. Plants grown C. Plants that grow D. To grow plants Ans.: B
 Elfreth's Alley in Philadelphia is the oldest residential street in the United States, with ——— from 1728.
A. houses are dated B. the dates of the houses C. the dating of houses D. houses dating Ans.: D

Reduced Adverb Clause

Clause- Subject Adverb Clause- Reduce
Reduce
(i) Subject be verb Clause marker
(ii) Sentence- Active form- main verb- ing
(iii) Sentence- Passive form- main verb- Past Perfect form
 Clause marker
after before once
since until when
while although despite
in spite of though
Examples:
(A) Active voice:
Clause : While he was studying, he heard the explosion.
Reduced : While studying, he heard the explosion.
Clause : After he had finished the book, he put it on the table.
Reduced : After finishing the book, he put it on the table.
Or,
After having finished the book, he put it on the table.
(B) Passive voice:
Clause : When it is completed, the building will be used as a convention center.
Reduced : When completed, the building will be used as a convention center.
Clause : Once he had been challenged to play tennis, Tim wouldn't stop practicing.
Reduced : Once challenged to play tennis, Tim wouldn't stop practicing.
Note:
(i) Because verb form change
Clause : Because she had always been interested in sports, Linda became an avid supporter of the team.
Phrase : Having always been interested in sports, Linda became an avid supporter of the team.
Clause : Because the house has been remodeled, it will fetch more on the market.
Reduced : Having been remodeled, the house will fetch more on the market.
(ii) Adverb clause as as soon as Reduced
Correct : As he was walking, he kept stopping to look at the flowers.
Incorrect : As walking, he kept stopping to look at the flowers.

B Unit  English : Lecture # 05 Page| 12 -

Class Room Practices:
1. ––––– added to a liquid, antifreeze lowers the freezing temperature of that liquid.
A. That B. As is C. It is D. When
2. ––––– most people think of freezing as a relatively modern method of food preservation, it is actually one of the oldest.
A. Even B. As though C. However D. Although
3. ––––– invisible to the unaided eye, ultraviolet light can be detected in a number of ways.
A. Although is B. Despite C. Even though it D. Although
4. Natural silk is still highly prized –––– similar artificial fabrics.
A. although is available B. despite there are available
C. in spite of the availability of D. even though an availability of
5. ––––– through a prism, a beam of white light breaks into all the colors of the rainbow.
A. When shines B. It shines C. It is shone D. When shone
Answer Keys: 1.D 2.D 3.D 4.C 5.D

Sentence Completion Vocabulary

1. A thrifty buyer purchases fruits & vegetables in season.
A. healthy B. disinterested C. professional D. careful
2. An indulgent teacher does not punish his students.
A. intelligent B. lenient C. sick D. young
3. It is easier to talk about social change than it is to make it happen.
A. acknowledge it B. predict it C. implement it D. bring it about
4. Dwelling taxes are based on an estimate of the value of one's property.
A. appraisal B. forecast C. diagnosis D. outline
5. Library Cards will expire when they are not used.
A. cost more money B. cease to be effective
C. return to the office D. be mailed to the owner's address
E. be renewed automatically
6. His mother forbids him from staying out late at nights.
A. his staying B. him staying C. his to stay D. him to staying
7. Deforestation spoils the environment.
A. indirect B. divert C. destroy D. trailed
8. As soon as the board of elections promulgates the list of candidates, a ballot prepared.
A. informally discusses B. quickly contacts C. officially declares D. critically reviews
9. Because of a long drought, Midwestern farmers are doubtful the prospect of a good yield.
A. sympathetic B. intrepid C. dubious D. thrilled
10. If a client insists upon being stubborn, lawyers have to take claims to court.
A. obstinate B. indignant C. abject D. gauche
11. Psychologists encourage their patients not to get upset about trivial matters.
A. unexpected B. unusual C. unimportant D. uncertain
12. The street lights in most American cities adjust automatically at dusk.
A. in the middle of the night B. in the middle of the day
C. in the evening just before dark D. in the morning just before light
13. Professor Baker is a co-worker of professor Ayers.
A. An advocate B. a disciple C. a rival D. a colleague
14. It is much easier to take about social change than it is to make it happen.
A. acknowledge it B. predict it C. bring it about D. put up with it
15. Plastic has replaced many metal parts in new cars because it is lighter.
A. not as rare B. not as costly C. not as heavy D. not as rigid
16. Madame curie was completely engrossed in her work.
A. disturbed B. absorbed C. fatigued D. successful
17. Strive for excellence.
A. Pay well B. Be patient C. Make efforts D. Cooperate with others
18. The value of an old item increases with time.
A. a facsimile B. a bonus C. an antique D. an original
19. Frontier settlements had to depend on the cavalry
A. visit B. trust C. meet D. help
20. It is very discourteous to intrude during someone's conversation.
A. find fault B. disagree C. be in the way D. leave quickly
21. In some states drivers are fined & 100 for careless driving.
A. routine B. reckless C. adept D. aggressive
22. Feeling irritable may be a side effect of too much medication.
A. drowsy B. grouchy C. dizzy D. silly
23. Preservative are added to bread to keep it from getting stale.
A. small B. flat C. old D. wet
24. Mark Anthony's eulogy of Caesar at his funeral is memorably recorded in a play by Shakespeare.
A. prayer B. biography C. praise D. denunciation
25. Flatboats ferry cars on the Great Lakes between the United States and Canada.
A. transport B. inspect C. pursue D. detain
Answer Key: 1.D 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.C 16.B 17.C 18.C 19.B 20.C 21.B 22.B 23.C 24.C 25.A
B Unit  English : Lecture # 05 Page| 13 -
 Comprehension # 09 (Home Practice)
Read the following passage and then answer Questions (1-7):
Natural Calamities are not uncommon in our part of the world. Annual flooding is regularly complemented by annual droughts in
many parts of Bangladesh. To these two chief agents of our misery you can add the violent storms that originate in the Bay of
Bengal and wreak death and destruction on our coastal belt every now and then. The most recent example is hurricane Sidr that
struck the southern districts on the evening of 15 November, 2007. Despite early warning and precautionary measures, the
devastation caused by Sidr has been horrifying. You look to the West and realize with a start that catastrophes such as
hurricanes, tornadoes and flash floods are also becoming more and more frequent there. You can't help wondering whether
what you call natural calamities are wholly natural today; for some of them are, to a very considerable degree, certainly caused
by air and water pollution, deforestation, wars on big and small scale, each of which is a creation of man and all of which have
combined to produce the alarming phenomenon called global warming. You ask: are not natural calamities really nature's
vengeance for the sins committed by man against nature?
1. 'vengeance' means–
A. anger B. irritation C. revenge D. attack
2. 'every now and then' means
A. occasionally B. at long intervals C. every day D. every year
3. 'our coastal belt' in the paragraph refers to
A. leather strip produced and worn in the seaports of Bangladesh
B. belt-like shape of the Chittagong coast
C. islands off the Sunderbans
D. The southern districts of Bangladesh bordering the Bay of Bengal
4. 'not uncommon' is an instance of
A. negatives used incorrectly B. incorrect arrangement of words
C. double negatives producing an affirmative D. sheer nonsense
5. 'Global warming' refers to
A. a historical phenomenon B. political disorder
C. endangered environment D. rise in the earth's temperatures
6. 'deforestation' is caused chiefly by
A. wild fires B. hurricanes
C. man unscrupulously destroying forests D. long periods of dry weather
7. The papagraph blames natural calamities on
A. God B. man C. fate D. nature
Explanation
Q.1. Vengeance
A. anger B. irritation C. revenge D. attack So Vengeance means revenge.
Correct Ans. C
Q.2. Every now and then- phrase-
A. occasionally B. at long intervals C. every day D. every year
Every now and then means occasionally. Correct Ans. A
Q.3. Passage- our coastal belt-
Passage- coastal belt-
our coastal belt Correct Ans. D
Q.4. not uncommon not uncommon
not uncommon common; 'double negatives producing an
affirmative' instance . Correct Ans. C
Q.5. Global warming So Correct Ans. D
Q.6. passage
deforestation So Correct Ans. C
Q.7. Passage You ask: are not natural calamities really nature's vengeance for the sins committed
by man against nature? So Correct Ans. B
Comprehension # 10 (Class Room Practice)
Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions (1-5)
Steve Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, California. He grew up with an adoptive parents Paul and Clara Jobs.
At the age of 12, Steve came face to face with a computer for the first time. From then on there was no denying that he was ordained
to be a computer genius. As a high school student, Jobs attended lectures at the Hewlett Packard (HP) plant and after that he could
impress the HP president William Hewlett which led to Steve's being offered with a summer internship at this electronic manufacturing
company. After high school, Steve enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon but dropped out after two years. Three years later, he
joined a group known as Homebrew Computer Club, where he met another computer whiz kid Steve Wozniak. This marked the start of
their collaboration with computers and in 1976, they formed the Apple Computer Company (latterly became Apple Inc.), which has an
initial capital of $1,300 raised from the sale of Jobs' microbus and Wozniak's calculator.
Their timing was perfect as this was a time when personal computers were starting to attract a very large market but most of
the computers being manufactured were mainframes. Jobs and Wozniak came up with a design to answer the need for smaller

B Unit  English : Lecture # 05 Page| 14 -

but more powerful personal computers. And the rest is a shining history. This great technology magician died on October 5,
2011, after diagnosed with pancreatic cancer for seven years.
1. In the passage, what is the meaning of the word ‘ordained’?
A. destined B. claimed C. fanaticized D. modified
2. Which is an appropriate title for the passage?
A. Steve Paul Jobs : The Co-Founder of Apple Inc. B. Road to personal computers
C. Elimination of mainframe computers D. The pathetic death of a great genius
3. The writer is making the following statements, except:
A. Paul and Clara Jobs adopted Steve Paul Jobs. B. In 1967, Steve met a computer for the first time.
C. Steve Wozniak was the Co-Founder of Apple Inc. D. Steve Paul Jobs’s pancreatic cancer got spotted about in 2004.
4. What was Paul Jobs’s age when he died?
A. 53 years B. 54 years C. 55 years D. 56 years E. None of the above
5. The Apple Inc. could capture the market very easily, really because of
A. the teamwork of Steve Wozniak and Steve Paul Jobs. B. the production of personal computers instead of mainframes.
C. the availability of necessary parts and employees. D. the advantages of post-purchase facilities.
Answer Keys: 1.A 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.B

Home Practice
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1. He did not let me ⎯ the guitar.
A. to play B. play C. playing D. that I could play
2. Select the correct form of verb. I got my car ⎯
A. reparing B. repaired C. have repaired D. to be repaired
3. The smell of the food makes my mouth ⎯.
A. watered B. watering C. water D. waters
4. Javed had Asad ⎯ the car.
A. wash B. to wash C. washed D. to be washed
5. Our teacher makes us ⎯ very hard.
A. to work B. work C. working D. worked
6. It costs about fifteen dollars to have a tooth ⎯.
A. filling B. to fill C. filled D. being filled
7. Karim had his car ⎯ by a mechanic yesterday.
A. to repair B. be repaired C. repairing D. repaired
8. My friend ⎯ yesterday.
A. got his car repaired B. gets his car repaired C. got his car repair D. have got his car repaired
9. The teacher made the children ⎯ the book.
A. read B. to read C. reading D. reads
10. Choose the correct sentence.
A. Would you please don’t smoke B. The mother made the baby to take a nap
C. Please get someone fixing my phone today D. Rahim had his wife agree to the proposal
11. He got used to-----------------.
A. have me do this work B. having I do this work C. having me do this work D. having me do this works
12. In The Wizard of Oz, the wizard could not help Dorothy ⎯⎯⎯.
A. that she return to Kansas B. return to Kansas C. returning to Kansas D. returned Kansas
13. Lobbyists who represent special interest groups get ——— that benefits their groups.
A. Congress to pass the legislation B. Congress passed the legislation
C. the legislation to pass by Congress D. the legislation that Congress passing
14. Psychologists believe that incentives ——— to increase our productivity.
A. make us want B. make us to want C. making us want D. makes us wanting
15. Like humans, zoo animals must have a dentist — their teeth.
A. fill B. filled C. filling D. to be filled
16. The Immigration and Naturalization Service often — their visas if they fill out the appropriate papers.
A. lets students extend B. lets students for extend
C. letting students to extend D. let students extending
17. In partnership with John D. Rockefeller. Henry Flogger—— the Standard Oil Company.
A. helped forming B. helped form C. he helped form D. helping to form
18. The Internal Revenue Service ———— their tax forms by April 15 every year.
A. makes all Americans file B. makes all Americans to file
C. makes the filing of all Americans D. makes all Americans filing
19. General Grant had General Lee ⎯⎯⎯ him at Appomattox to sign the official surrender of the Confederate forces.
A. to meet B. met C. meet D. meeting
20. I got the washing machine —— some clothes yesterday night.
A. wash B. to wash C. washed D. washing
21. There was a terrible fight between Brazil and Argentina. Ronaldo got Kaka ⎯⎯ the ball off the goal bar.
A. kicked B. to kick C. to be kicked D. to kicking
22. It costs about Tk. 500 to have a tooth ––––.
A. filling B. to fill C. filled D. fill
23. My friend ⎯ yesterday.
A. got his car repaired B. gets his car repaired C. got his car repair D. have got his car repaired
24. It needs about Tk. 100 to have a course ––– .
A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. complete
25. The smell of the food makes my mouth ⎯.
A. watered B. watering C. water D. waters
26. He was so angry that he made me to leave the classroom.
A. so B. that C. made D. to leave
B Unit  English : Lecture # 05 Page| 15 -
27. A lot of money in the pocket makes one ⎯ happy.
A. to feel B. feel C. feeling D. felt
28. My mother had me ⎯ milk everyday.
A. to drink B. drinking C. drink D. drank
29. The speaker failed to make the audience ⎯ to him.
A. to listen B. listening C. listend D. listen
30. The teacher failed to make the students ⎯ to him.
A. to listen B. listening C. listen D. listened
31. It costs about Tk. 500 to have a tooth ––––.
A. filling B. to fill C. filled D. fill
32. Select the correct form of verb: I got my car–––.
A. repairing B. repaired C. have repaired D. to be repaired
33. A ‘Gerund’ does the work.
A. a verb and a noun B. a verb and an adjective C. a verb and an adverb D. a verb and a conjunction.
34. I regret – Marzina about the wedding.
A. tell B. to tell C. telling D. to telling
35. Choose the correct sentences.
A. I don’t like to discuss about politics. B. I don’t like to discuss politics.
C. I don’t like discuss politics. D. I don’t like discussing politics.
36. By working hard, you can prospter. Here “working” is a-
A. Participle B. Verbal noune C. Gerund D. Infinitive
37. I remember______ the race.
A. the horse’s winning to B. the house to win C. the horse winning D. the horse’s to win
38. He is looking forward to___ Dhaka to attend the conference.
A. gone B. go C. going D. goes
39. Fermers look forward to___every summer.
A. participating in the country firs B. participate in the country
C. be participating D. have participated in the country
40. Fill the blank with the right option: I am looking forward___you.
A. to seeing B. seeing C. to see D. to have seen
41. Are you looking forware___Tajin again.
A. to seeing B. seeing C. to see D. none
42. I’m sure I locked the door, I clearly remember___it.
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. none
43. She mentions____at EI Paso in her letter.
A. stopping B. stop C. to stop D. stops
44. One of the least effective ways of storing information is learning___it.
A. how repeat B. repearting C. to repeat D. repeat
45. According to the scientific method, a scientist must consider___outcome.
A. any out come to be possible B. any outcome possible C. any outcome a possibility D. any outcome a possible
46. Chose the correct senetnce.
A. Your writing is impossible to reading. B. Your writing is impossible for read.
C. Your writing is impossible reading. D. Your writing is impossible to read.
47. Impressionist artist tried____transitory visual impressions of the real world.
A. capture it B. to capture it C. captures D. to capture
48. The fat man is trying hard to___weight.
A. losses B. loss C. lost D. lose
49. Acting on her advice, I decided___smoking.
A. fro giving up B. to give up C. in giving up D. giving up
50. I remember___France when I was young.
A. visit B. to visit C. visiting D. none of the above
51. A bird has to learn (use) its wings.
A. to use B. Using C. How to use D. In using
52. I don’t Know____.
A. because hed did B. whey did he C. why did he do D. why he did
53. The houses are very close ⎯⎯ each other.
A. at B. to C. by D. of
54. The population of Dhaka ⎯⎯ manifold ⎯⎯ my childhood.
A. have increased, for B. has increased, for C. have increased, since D. has increased, since
55. Crop rotation ————— of preserving soil fertility.
A. it is one method B. one method C. a method is one D. is one method
56. ————, regarded by archaeologists as the world's oldest continuously inhabited city, is the capital of Syria.
A. Damascus is B. Damascus being C. Damascus D. That Damascus
57. —————, who died in 1953, depicted ancient man through drawings, paintings, and sculptures.
A. It was an artist, Charles Knight B. Artist Charles Knight
C. Charles Knight's art D. Charles Knight an artist
58. ————— of the landing of the Mayflower is a rather small, gray stone in Plymouth, Massachusetts.
A. The site B. For the site C. There is site D. To the site
59. When population is not checked by artificial means, ——— increases, putting more strain on limited natural resources.
A. they B. than C. so D. it
60. Although most species of fox are reddish brown, ————— is often pure white.
A. the Arctic fox B. nevertheless the Arctic fox C. that the Arctic fox D. but the Arctic fox
Answer Keys: 1.B 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.D 11.C 12.B 13.A 14.A 15.A 16.A 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.B 21.B 22.C 23.A 24.C
25.C 26.D 27.B 28.C 29.D 30.C 31.C 32.B 33.A 34.C 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.C 39.A 40.A 41.A 42.C 43.A 44.C 45.A 46.D 47.D 48.D 49.B
50.C 51.A 52.D 53.B 54.D 55.D 56.C 57.B 58.A 59.D 60.A
Topics for Next Class:
B Unit  English : Lecture # 05 Modal Auxiliary  Conditional
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