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Naming Compounds 1
Naming Compounds 1
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5.1 Compounds
Some metals can form cations of more than one possible charge.
Al2O3
Examples:
NaCN sodium cyanide
FeCl2 iron(II) chloride
FeCl3 iron(III) chloride
5.7 Covalent Bonding in Ionic Species
Calcium phosphate:
Ca2+ PO43–
Ca3(PO4)2
Strategy Begin by identifying the cation and anion in each compound, and then
combine the names for each, eliminating the word ion.
Think About It Be careful not to confuse the subscript in the formula with the
charge in the metal ion. In part (a), for example, the subscript on Fe is 2, but this
is an iron(III) compound.
Covalent Bonding in Ionic Species
Starting with the oxoanions that end in –ate, we can name these
ions as follows:
1) The ion with one more O atom than the –ate ion is called the
per…ate ion. Thus, ClO3- is the chlorate ion, so ClO4- is the
perchlorate ion.
2) The ion with one less O atom than the –ate ion is called the –ite
ion. Thus, ClO2- is the chlorite ion.
3) The ion with two fewer O atom than the –ate ion is called the
hypo…ite ion. Thus, ClO- is the hypochlorite ion.
perchlorate ClO4-
chlorate ClO3-
chlorite ClO2-
hypochlorite ClO-
nitrate NO3-
nitrite NO2-
phosphate PO43-
phosphite PO33-
sulfate SO42-
sulfite SO32-
Worked Example 5.10
Name the following species: (a) BrO4-, (b) HCO3-, and (c) H2CO3.
Strategy Each species is either an oxoanion or an oxoacid. Identify the
“reference oxidation” (the one with the –ate ending) for each, and apply the rules
to determine appropriate names.
Strategy The –ous ending in the name of an acid indicates that the acid is
derived from an oxoanion ending in –ite. The oxoanion must be sulfite, SO32-, so
add enough hydrogen ions to make a neutral formula.
Think About It Remembering all these names and formulas is greatly facilitated
by memorizing the common ions that end in -ate.
Hydrates
For example, in its normal state, copper(II) sulfate has five water
molecules associated with it.
When the water molecules are driven off by heating, the resulting
compound, Cu(SO)4, is sometimes called anhydrous copper(II)
sulfate.
While, the molecular formulas tell us the actual number of atoms (the
true formula), the empirical formula gives the simplest formula.
Nomenclature:
1) Name the first element that appears in the formula.
Examples:
HCl hydrogen chloride
HI hydrogen iodide
Naming Molecular Compounds
Think About It Make sure that the prefixes match the subscripts in the
molecular formulas and that the word oxide is not preceded immediately by an
“a” or an “o”.
Worked Example 5.8
Write the chemical formulas for the following binary molecular compounds:
(a) sulfur tetrafluoride and (b) tetraphosphorus decasulfide.
Strategy The formula for each compound will be deduced using the systematic
nomenclature guidelines.
(b) P4S10
Think About It Double-check that the subscripts in the formulas match the
prefixes in the compound names: (a) 4 = tetra and (b) 4 = tetra and 10 = deca.
Compounds Containing Hydrogen
Examples:
B2H6 Diborane
SiH4 Silane
NH3 Ammonia
PH3 Phosphine
H 2O Water
H 2S Hydrogen sulfide
Compounds Containing Hydrogen
Mr. BrINClHOF
A monatomic ion contains only one atom
Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-
3. If both elements are from the same group, the lower one
appears first. Ie: SiC and BrF3
A molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
substance
molecular empirical
H2 O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O
O3 O
N2H4 NH2
ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations
and an anions
• the formula is always the same as the empirical formula
• the sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each
formula unit must equal zero
The ionic compound NaCl
Formula of Ionic Compounds
2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6
Al2O3
Al3+ O2-
1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2
CaBr2
Ca2+ Br-
1 x +2 = +2 1 x -2 = -2
Na2CO3
Na+ CO32-
M
Ion Name (common name) Ion Name (Common name)
NH4+ Ammonium CO32- Carbonate
H3O+ Hydronium HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate
U
(bicarbonate)
OH- Hydroxide SO32- Sulfite
CN- Cyanide HSO3- Hydrogen sulfite S
NO2- Nitrite SO42- Sulfate
NO3- Nitrate HSO4- Hydrogen sulfate
T
ClO- Hypochlorite (often SCN- Thiocyanate
written OCl-)
ClO2- Chlorite S2O32- Thiosulfate
ClO3- Chlorate CrO42- Chromate
K
ClO4- Perchlorate Cr2O72- Dichromate
MnO4- Permanganate PO43- Phosphate N
CH3CO Acetate (can be written HPO42- Hydrogen phosphate
- C2H3O2-)
2
C2O42- Oxalate H2PO4- Dihydrogen phospate
O
W
Recognizing Ionic Compounds
HI hydrogen iodide
Pg 89
.
CuSO4 5 H2O
Copper(II)sulfate.pentahydrate
Olmsted Williams
Writing Chemical Formulas
For non ionic compounds with more than 2 atoms
Hydrogen second
4 Hydrogen
4 Carbons 4 Iodines
2 Carbons
1 Bromine 6 Carbons
4 oxygens
8 Hydrogen 10 Hydrogens
1 Fluorine
1 Chlorine
1 Sulfur
2 Nitrogen C6H10I4
4 Oxygens
C2H4FlO4S
C4H8BrClN2O4
Structural Formulas
for Carbon Containing Compounds