ZOOLOGY

Part one : Biological principles ¡ An understanding of evolutionary processes is very important in

¡ Animals are united with all other forms of life by the biological processes zoology.
¡ What are examples of this evolutionary processes?
that they share with other organisms.
¡ Understanding these processes helps us to know how animals function ¡ Evolutionary processes are selection (natural and sexual), drift, mutation,
and why animals are united with other forms of life from the evolutionary and gene flow.
and ecological perspectives. ¡ They are the only accepted direct causes of evolutionary change.
¡ Chapter 1 examines some of these unifying themes and sets the stage for
the evolutionary and ecological perspectives that are developed ¡ An understanding of evolutionary processes is very important in zoology
throughout this book. because evolution
¡ An understanding of the cell as the fundamental unit of life is key to £ explains the family relationships among animals and how the great
understanding life on this planet. variety of animals arose.
¡ One of the common functions of all cells is reproduction. £ it helps zoologists to understand the interrelationships among
¡ Reproduction may involve individual cells within a multicellular individual animals and groups of animals.
organism, a single-celled organism, or the formation of single £ helps zoologists to understand how human interference threatens
reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. animal populations and the human environment.
¡ The processes involved in cellular reproduction, and the processes
involved in determining the characteristics of the new cells and organisms Concepts
that are produced, are based on common biological themes. ¡ The field of zoology is the study of animals.
¡ Chapters 2 and 3 present cell structure and inheritance as an ¡ It is the broadest fields in all of science because of the immense variety of
important, unifying framework within which biologists approach the animals and the complexity of the processes occurring within animals.
diversity of organisms. ¡ For example over 20,000 described species with bony fishes; over
¡ Principles of inheritance explain why offspring resemble their parents, 300,000 described of beetles.
and why variation exists within populations. ¡ Hence zoologists study a particular subdisciplines in zoology or
¡ this variation is a key to understanding evolution. specialization of zoology by taxonomic categories.
¡ All organisms have an evolutionary history, and evolution helps us to
understand the life-shaping experiences that all organisms share. Subdisciplines of Zoology
¡ Chapter 4 explores the work of pioneers of evolutionary theory, Anatomy
Cytology
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace, and how their work forms
Ecology
the nucleus for modern evolutionary theory.
Embryology
¡ Chapter 5 examines the influence of modern genetics on evolutionary
Genetics
theory. This coverage of evolution will provide core knowledge for
Histology
understanding the diversity of animal life presented in Part Two and how
Molecular biology
evolution has influenced the animal structure and function described in
Parasitology
Part Three.
Physiology
¡ A fundamental unity of life also occurs at the environmental level.
Systematics
¡ All animals are partners in the use of the earth's resources.
¡ Chapter 6 presents basic ecological principles that everyone must Examples of Specializations in Zoology (subdiscipline and their
understand if we are to preserve the animal kingdom. descriptions)
Anatomy - study of the structure of entire organisms and their parts
Cytology - study of the structure and functions of cells
Ecology - study of interaction of organisms with their environment
Embryology - study of the development of animal from the fertilized egg to
birth or hatching
Genetics - study of the mechanisms of transmission of traits from parents to
offspring
Histology - study of tissues
Molecular biology - study of subcellular details of animal structure and
function
Parasitology - study of animals that live in or on the organisms at the expense
of the host
Physiology - study of the function of organisms and their parts
Systematics - study of the classification of, and the evolutionary
interrelationships among, animal groups.
Examples of specializations in Zoology by Taxonomic categories
Entomology - study of insects
Herpetology - study of amphibians and reptiles
Ichthyology - study of fishes
Mammalogy - study of mammals
Omithology - study of birds
Protozoology - study of protozoa
Chapter 1
Zoology: an evolutionary perspective
¡ Animals share a common evolutionary past and evolutionary forces that
influenced their history.
¡ Evolutionary processes are remarkable for their relative simplicity, yet
they have had awesome effects on life-forms.
¡ These processes have resulted in an estimated 4 to 30 million species of
organisms living today.
¡ Many more existed in the past and have become extinct.
¡ Zoologists must understand evolutionary processes if they are to
understand what an animal is and how it originated.
Evolutionary Process
 Organic evolution - is the change in populations of organisms over
time.
£ It is the source of animal diversity, and it explains family
relationships within animal groups.
¡ Charles Darwin published convincing evidence of evolution in 1859 and
proposed a mechanism that could explain evolutionary change.
¡ Since that time, biologists have become convinced that evolution occurs.
¡ The mechanism proposed by Darwin has been confirmed and now
serves as the nucleus of our broader understanding of evolutionary
change (chapters 4 and 5).
ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTIONARY
RELATIONSHIPS
¡ Evolution explains why animals appear and function as they do, and
explains family
¡ relationships within the animal kingdom.
¡ Zoologists have worked to understand the evolutionary relationships
among the hundreds species of cichlid.
¡ Groups of individuals are more closely related if they share more of their
genetic material (DNA) with each other than with individuals in other
groups (sisters-brother-cousins-etc).
¡ Animals are named and classified into a hierarchy of relatedness.
¡ Karl von Linnaeus - is primarily remembered for collecting and
classifying plants, his system of naming binomial nomenclature has also
been adopted for animals.
¡ Binomial nomenclature - A two-part name that describes each kind of
organism.
¡ The first part indicates the genus, and the second part indicates the
species to which the organism belongs.
¡ Example- the cichlid scale-cater Perissodus microlepis- is recognized
throughout the world by its two-part name.
¡ Above the species and genus levels, organisms are grouped into families,
orders, classes, phyla, kingdoms, and domains, based on a hierarchy of
relatedness.
¡ Organisms in the same species are more closely related than organisms in
the same genus
¡ Organisms in the same genus are more closely related than organisms in
the same family, and so on.
¡ When zoologists classify animals into taxonomic groupings they are
making hypotheses about the extent to which groups of animals share
DNA, even when they study variations in traits like jaw structure, color
patterns, and behavior, because these kinds of traits ultimately are based
on the genetic material.
Zoology: an ecological perspective
¡ Just as important to zoology as an evolutionary perspective is an
ecological perspective.
¡ Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their
environment (chapter 6).
¡ Throughout our history, humans have depended on animals, and tha
dependence too often has led to exploitation.
¡ We depend on animals for food, medicines, and clothing. We also depend
on animals in other, more subtle ways.
¡ This dependence may not be noticed until human activities upset the
delicate ecological balances that have evolved over hundreds of thousands
of years.
WORLD RESOURCES AND ENDANGERED ANIMALS
¡ There is grave concern for the ecology of the entire world.
¡ The problems, however, are most acute in developing countries, which are
striving to attain the same wealth as industrialized nations.
¡ Two problems, global overpopulation and the exploitation of world
resources, are the focus of our ecological concerns.
Population
¡ Global overpopulation is at the root of all other environmental problems.
¡ Human population growth is expected to continue in the twenty-first
century.
¡ It is estimated that the world population will reach 10.4 billion by the
year 2100.
¡ As the human population grows, the disparity between the wealthiest and
poorest nations is likely to increase.
World Resources
¡ Human overpopulation is stressing world resources.
¡ Although new technologies continue to increase food production, most
food is produced in industrialized countries that already have a high per-
capita food consumption.
¡ Maximum oil production is expected to continue in this millennium.
¡ Continued use of fossil fuels adds more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere,
contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warning.
¡ Deforestation of large areas of the world results from continued demand
for forest products and fuel.
¡ This trend contributes to the greenhouse effect, causes severe regional
water shortages, and results in the extinction of many plant and animal
species, especially in tropical forests.
¡ Forest preservation would result in the identification of new species of
plants and animals that could be important human resources new foods,
drugs, building materials, and predators of pests.
¡ Nature also has intrinsic value that is just as important as its provision of
human resources. Recognition of this intrinsic worth provides important
aesthetic and moral impetus for preservation
Solutions
¡ An understanding of basic ecological principles can help prevent
ecological disasters like those we have described.
¡ Understanding how matter is cycled and recycled in nature, how
populations grow, and how organisms in our lakes and forests use energy
is fundamental to preserving the environment.
¡ There are no easy solutions to our ecological problems.
¡ Unless we deal with the problem of human overpopulation, however,
solving the other problems will be impossible.
¡ We must work as a world community to prevent the spread of disease,
famine, and other forms of suffering that accompany over-population.
¡ Bold and imaginative steps toward improved social and economic
conditions and better resource management are needed.
Chapter 2
The Cell: Its Structures and Functions
 Flagellum
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Nucleus
 Plasma Membrane
 Ribosomes
 Golgi Apparatus
 Lysosome
 Mitochondria
 Peroxisome
 Microvilli
 Centrosome
What is Cell?
Cell is…
¡ The basic structural and functional units of every organism.
¡ The smallest unit that can live on its own.
¡ Makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body.
 — Metabolism of
carbohydrates
— Detoxification of
drugs and poisons
Cytoplasm (liver cells)
¡ Cytosol - clear fluid portion of the cytoplasm in which the particles are — Storage of calcium
dispersed; this contains mainly dissolved proteins, electrolytes, and and ions (muscle
glucose. cells)

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM

 Surrounded by nuclear envelope 
(double membrane) performed
by nuclear pores
 Nuclear envelope continuous 
with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
 Contains most of the genes in the
eukaryotic cell
Contains all the activities of the
cell, cellular function, cell
division and heredity.
Houses of chromosomes, which
are made of chromatin (DNA and
proteins)
 Contains nucleoli, where
ribosomal subunits are made;
pores regulate entry and exit of
materials

Endoplasm Reticulum (E.R.)

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE FUNTIONAL SYSTEM
£ Consists of a network of £ Act as an intracellular transport
membranous tubules and sacs system
called cisternae
£ Continuous with the outer
membrane of the nuclear
envelope
£ Two types of E.R - Rough ER
and smooth ER

TYPES STRUCTURE FUNTIONS

Rough E.R. With ribosomes on ots — Synthesis &
surface transports proteins
made by the
ribosomes
— Membrane factory
Smooth E.R. Without ribosomes on — Synthesis &
its surface transport of lipids
and steroid