Pre Calculus

Quarter 1 – Module 12:

Series
Pre Calculus
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 12: Series
First Edition, 2020

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 Pre Calculus
Quarter 1 – Module 12:
Series
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Pre Calculus 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Series!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from
public institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners
meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal,
social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Pre Calculus 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Series!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

iii
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

iv
At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

v
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand series. Particularly, this will provide you guide on how to illustrate a
series. Enjoy as you immerse yourself in observing, investigating and discovering
pattern and formulate appropriate mathematical statements.

The module is composed of one lesson, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Series

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Discover and investigate patterns.
2. Illustrate a series.
3. Determine associated series.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What term is associated with a list of numbers?

a. Arrangement c. Sequence
b. Series d. Array

2. What do you call the sum of a sequence?

a. Summary c. Succession
b. Series d. Summation

3. Given the sequence, 3, 7, 11, 15, … what is the next 3 terms?

a. 21, 23, 27 c. 19, 23, 27
b. 21, 25, 29 d. 19, 21, 25

4. 1 + 5 + 25 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 3125 is what kind of series?

a. Arithmetic series c. Geometric series
b. Fibonacci series d. Harmonic series

5. What is the sum of the given series in item no. 4?

a. 3906 c. 3281
b. 3851 d. 3156

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6. What is the sum of the first five terms of the seqeunce 0, 6, 12, ∙ ∙ ∙ ?
a. 18 c. 36
b. 30 d. 60

7. What is the sum of the geometric series 1+2+4+8+16+32?

a. 60 c. 63
b. 62 d. 65

1 1 1
8. Which of the following the is sum of the series 64
+ 32 + 16 + ∙ ∙ ∙ +1 ?
71 127
a. 64
c. 64
95
b. 64
d. cannot be determined

9. Using the first five terms of a sequence formed by { 2 – n }, what series will be
formed?
a. 2 + 1 + 0 - 1 - 2 c. 2 + 1 + 0 – 1 - 2
b. 1 + 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 d. 1 + 0 – 1 – 2 - 3

10. What is the associated series of the first five terms in a sequence formed by
{ 2 – n }?
a. -5 c. 0
b. -2 d. cannot be determined

11. In a sequence formed by {1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ ∙ ∙n}, what is the sum of the first five terms?
a. 90 c. 150
b. 93 d. 153

12. Consider the series 1 + 5 + 9 + 13 + 17, which algebraic expression can defined
the sequence?
a. { n + 3 } c. { 4n – 3 }
b. { 2n + 4 } d. { 3n - 2 }
13. Given the associated series above, what will be its value?
a. 18 c. 27
b. 45 d. 66

1 1 1 1
14. What is the sum of the sequence , , , ,∙
2 4 6 8
∙ ∙?
25 137
a. 24
c. 120
49
b. 40
d. cannot be determined

15. Which of the following series best suited if the desired sum is 442?
a. -10 + 18 + 46 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 158 c. 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 55
1
b. 4 + 9 + 14 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 64 d. 81 + 27 + 9 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 81

2
 Lesson

1 Series
Series play an important role in various aspects of our lives. They help us predict,
evaluate and monitor the outcome of a situation or event and help us a lot in decision
making. If you look around in your surroundings, you will find a number of patterns
in nature – leaves and flowers with similar structures, the ripples on a lake, the
symmetry of a starfish and many more patterns that don’t cease to amaze us.

Series plays an important field of many disciplines, especially physics and chemistry.
They are used for analysis of current flow and sound waves, calculating the time it
takes a bouncing ball to come to rest or the swing of a pendulum to stop.
In common parlance the words series and sequence are essentially synonymous,
however, in mathematics the distinctions between the two is that a series is the sum
of the terms of a sequence.

What’s In

Complete the table by observing the given sequences. List the next three terms on
the next column and then fill in the last column with the sum of all the terms in the
sequence.

Sequence Next three terms Sum

1
1. 4
, 1, 4, …

2. 18, 15, 12, 9, …

3. 0, 4, 8, 12, …
4. 1, 3, 9, 27, …
3 1
5. , 1, − , −1, …
2 2

3
Have you identify the different sequences formed? What if you are required to find
the sum up to 100th terms, will you list all the one hundred terms and then add all
of the terms? That’s somehow indeed a long computation that will require you a lot
effort and sweat. In this lesson, you will delve into these sequences and series.

Notes to the Teacher

Solutions should be provided for exercises which will not be
successfully answered by the learners especially for “Additional
Activities” Part.

What’s New

Know my pattern

Direction: Identify the pattern formed in each sequence. Determine how each term
in a given sequence is related to its preceding term.
Sequence Pattern
1. 6, 11, 16, 21,…, 56 ______________________
2. 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 , … ______________________
3. 47, 44, 41, 38, 35, … ______________________
4. 4, 11, 18, 25, 32 ______________________
1 1 1 1
5. -1, 2, − 4, 8, − 16 ______________________
4
6. 100, 20, 4, 5
______________________
7. 3, 6, 11, 18, 27 ______________________

4
 What is It

Definition: Series

A series represents the sum of the terms of a sequence (separated by “+” or “−”
sign). As an illustration,
1 1 1
1,− , , − is a sequence, and
2 3 4
1 1 1 7
1− 2 + 3
−4 = 12
is its associated series.

If a sequence is finite, we will refer to the sum of the terms of the sequence as the
series associated with the sequence. If the sequence has infinitely many terms, the
sum is defined more precisely in calculus.

How to Find Associated Series.

The sequence with nth term an is usually denoted by { an} and the associated series
is given by
S = a1 + a2 + a3+ ∙ ∙ ∙ + an

Determine the first five terms of each defined sequence, and give their associated
series.

Example 1

1. { -3n + 8 }

Solution. We denote the nth term of a sequence by an and S = a1 + a2 + a3+ a4 + a5.

an = { -3n + 8 }

To find each term

1. Substitute each value of n into the formula. Begin with n = 1 to
find the first term, a1.
2. To find the second term, a2, use n = 2.
3. Continue in the same manner until you have identified all n terms.
And for the associated series, just add all the terms you obta ined.

First five terms : n = 1 a1 = -3(1) + 8 = 5

n=2 a2 = -3(2) + 8 = 2
n=3 a3 = -3(3) + 8 = -1

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 n=4 a4 = -3(4) + 8 = -4
n=5 a5 = -3(5) + 8 = -7

Associated series: S= a1 + a2 + a3+ a4 + a5 = 5 + 2 - 1 -4 – 7 = -5

Example 2

2. { 2n }

Solution.
First five terms : n = 1 a1 = 21 = 2

n=2 a2 = 22 = 4

n=3 a3 = 23 = 8

n=4 a4 = 24 = 16

n=5 a5 = 25 = 32

Associated series: S= 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 = 62

Example 3

𝟒𝒏
3. { (−𝟐)𝒏
}

Solution.
𝟒(𝟏)
First five terms : n = 1 a1 = = (−𝟐)𝟏
= -2

𝟒(𝟏)
n=2 a2 = (−𝟐)𝟏
=2

𝟒(𝟏) 3
n=3 a3 = (−𝟐)𝟏
=- 2

𝟒(𝟏)
n=4 a4 = (−𝟐)𝟏
=1

𝟒(𝟏) 5
n=5 a5 = (−𝟐)𝟏
= −8

3 5 𝟗
Associated series: S= -2 + 2 - 2
+1- 8
=- 𝟖

6
 If you observe the pattern formed in the given example 1, each term is obtained
by adding -1 to its preceding term, 3 + 2 + 1 + 0 -1. The series formed above is called
an arithmetic series.

Arithmetic series is the sum of the terms of an arithmetic sequence (a

sequence where each term after the first is obtained by adding a
constant called common difference).

You can also use a formula to find the sum of an arithmetic sequence.

Recalling that in arithmetic sequence, in finding the nth term we use the
formula
an = a1 + ( n – 1)d
where
an is the nth term
a1is the first terms
n is the number of terms;
d is the common difference

By its formula and the process you did (adding all the terms in sequence),
we can obtain a new formula to find the sum of arithmetic sequence or simply the
arithmetic series.

Formula of Arithmetic Series

𝑛(𝑎1 +𝑎𝑛 ) 𝑛[2𝑎1 +(𝑛−1)𝑑]
S= 2
𝑜𝑟 2

How to use the formula:

Given terms of an arithmetic series, find the sum of the first n terms.

1. Identify a1 (first term) and an(nth or last term).

2. Determine n (number of terms).
𝑛(𝑎1 +𝑎𝑛 )
3. Substitute values for a1, an and n into the formula S = 2
.
4. Simplify to find S.

Using the example above, 3 + 2 + 1 + 0 -1

We could see that a1 = 3, an = -1, n = 5
𝑛(𝑎1 +𝑎𝑛 ) 5(3+(−1))
S= 2
= 2
=5

or
𝑛[2𝑎1 + (𝑛−1)𝑑]
S= 2

(d, common difference = -1)

5[2(3)+ (5−1)(−1)]
= 2
=5

7
 Another given series above in the example 2 is an example of geometric series.
Looking at the pattern, each term is obtained by multiplying 2 to its preceding term,
2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32.

Geometric series is the sum of the terms of a geometric sequence.

That is, each term after the first is obtained by multiplying the
preceding term by a constant called common ratio.

There are two classifications of geometric series, the finite geometric series and the
infinite geometric series. Example 2 is a finite geometric series, where there is definite
number of terms. The other one, the infinite geometric series has indefinite number
of terms.

Recalling that the nth term of geometric sequence can be find using
an = a1rn-1
where
an is the nth
a1is the first terms
r is the common ratio;
n is the number of terms

Using this, we can also obtain the formula we can use to find the associated
geometric series.

Formula of Geometric Series

𝑎1 (1−𝑟 𝑛 )
S= 1−𝑟
for finite geometric series
𝑎1
S= 1−𝑟
for infinite geometric series

How to use the formula:

Given terms of an geometric series, find the sum of the first n terms.
1. Find the ratio of the second term to the first term, the third term to the
second term, fourth term to the third term, and so on to ensure the ratio
of a term to the preceding term is constant throughout. If so, series is
geometric.
2. Identify a1 and determine n (if can be).
3. Substitute values for a1, r and n into the formula.
4. Simplify to find S.

8
Given: 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32
It has a ratio of 4/2 = 2, 8/4 = 2, 16/8= 2, … therefore it is a geometric series.
And since we can determine n = 5, it is a finite geometric series.
Then,
a1 = 2, r= 2 and n = 5
𝑎1 (1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 2(1−25 )
S= 1−𝑟
= 1−2
= 62

Given: 24 – 12 + 6 – 3 + …
It’s ratio is -12/24 = -1/2, 6/-12 = -1/2, -3/6 = -1/2
n is indefinite, therefore the given is an infinite geometric series.
Then,
a1 = 24, r= -1/2
𝑎1 24
S= 1−𝑟
= 1 = 16
1−(− )
2

Another special type of series:

If { an } is an arithmetic sequence, then the sequence with nth

1
term bn = 𝑎 is a harmonic sequence, and its sum is harmonic
𝑛
series.

9
 What’s More

Activity 12.1

Complete the table by determining the first five terms of each defined sequence, it’s
associated series and pattern formed by the series.

Defined Sequence First Five Terms Associated Series Pattern

1. { 2n – 3}
2. { 1 + 𝑛 − 𝑛2 }
3. { 1- (-1)𝑛+1 }
4. { 2𝑛−1 + 1 }
5. {1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ ∙ ∙n }

Activity 12.2

Identify the series if it is arithmetic, geometric, and infinite geometric series. Find its
corresponding assosciated series in the box below to convey the message of the
activity.
Embraced 6 + 13 + 20 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 62
1
Series 81 + 27 + 9 + ∙ ∙ ∙ +
81
Overcome 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + 21 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 55
Waves -10 – 2 + 6 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 46
To 10 + 2 + 0.4 + 0.08 + ∙ ∙ ∙
1 3 5
Life 2
+ 4
+ 1+ 4
+∙∙∙+2
A 3 + 10 + 17 + 24 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 52
And 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 12
1 1 1
To 1+ + + +∙∙∙
4 16 64

The message is :

is be

35 9841 4 220
220 144 12.5 306 160
4 81 3

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 What I Have Learned

In this module, you learned how to illustrate a series using defined sequence. Now,
your task is to complete this in 3-2-1 activity.

List 3 things you like in this module.

___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
List 2 ideas you will never forget.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
List 1 question that still need a clarification.
___________________________________________________

What I Can Do

IPON Challenge

This pandemic required us to budget and save money.

As days passed, we learned to maximize all the resources we have at home and save
even the centavo of our money.

As to this, I challenge you!

Start saving your money now!
I will give you two options for your savings:

First option, in each preceding week you will add a fix amount. (Let us say
each week, you will add 20 pesos)

Second option, in each preceding week you will double the amount.

1
Direction:
Make a calendar-like diagram, put also a date. It is your own choice of the day but
make sure the intervals of the days are the same. Indicate also the amount you will
save in each day.
At the end, let us see which option will make you save more money.

OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

SUM
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
First option
Second option

Illustrate the series you formed in your savings:

First option: _______________________________
Second option: _______________________________

*Use a short bond paper for this output.

Rubrics:
Criteria Excellent Very Satisfactory Needs
Satisfactory Improvement
Content (10) Complete 2-3 parts are 4-5 parts are 6-7 parts are
parts are missing. (8) missing. (6) missing. (4)
written. (10)

Presentation Output is Output is Output is Output is

of Output exceptionally attractive in acceptably distractingly
(10) attractive in terms of attractive messy and not
terms of design, layout though it may attractive (4)
design, layout and neatness be a bit messy
and neatness (8) (6)
(10)
Complete Substantial Partial Limited
Mathematical understanding understanding understanding understanding
Content/ of the of the of the of the
Reasoning mathematical mathematical mathematical mathematical
(15) concepts is concepts is concepts is concepts is
evident in the applied. (13) applied. (11) applied. (9)
presentation.
(15)

2
 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What is a sequence?

a. List of terms c. Summary of terms

b. Disarray of numbers d. Summation of numbers

2. Which of the following is a series?

a. { 1 - 3 + 9 – 27 + 81} c. 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + . . . + 25
b. 247, 81, 27, 9, . . . d. ( 5 + 10 + 15 + 20 + 25)

3. Given the sequence, -1, 2, 7, 14, 23, … what is the next 3 terms?
a. 34, 45, 59 c. 32, 41, 50
b. 34, 47, 62 d. 32, 45, 60

4. 4+ 8 + 12 + 16, is what kind of series?

a. Arithmetic series c. Geometric series
b. Fibonacci series d. Harmonic series

5. What is the sum of the given series in item no. 4?

a. 30 c. 40
b. 35 d. 45

3
6. What is the sum of the first five terms of the sequnce -6, -3, -2, ∙ ∙ ∙ ?
93 93
a. - c.
8 8
75 75
b. − d.
8 8

7. What is the sum of the geometric series 1- 3 + 9 – 27 + 81?

a. 60 c. 63
b. 61 d. 65

8. Which of the following the is sum of the series 2 - 4 + 8 – 16 + ∙ ∙ ∙ +128 ?

a. 254 c. -104
b. -18 d. 86

3
 9. Using the first five terms of a sequence formed by { 3n – 2 }, what series will be
formed?
a. -2 + 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 c. 0 + 3 + 6 + 9 + 12
b. 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 d. 1 + 3 + 5 + 8 + 11

10. What is the associated series of the first five terms in a sequence formed by
{ 3n – 2 }?
a. 20 c. 30
b. 35 d. 28

11. In a sequence formed by { n2 +1 }, what is the sum of the first five terms?
a. 25 c. 45
b. 30 d. 60

12. Consider the series 1 + 5 + 9 + 13 + 17, which algebraic expression can

defined the sequence?
a. { n + 3 } c. { 4n – 3 }
b. { 2n + 4 } d. { 3n - 2 }

13. Given the associated series above, what will be its value?
a. 18 c. 27
b. 45 d. 66
14. What is the sum of the sequence −2, 4 , −8, 16 , ∙ ∙ ∙ ?
2
a. -2 c. −
3
b. 2 d. cannot be determined

15. Which of the following series best suited if the desired sum is 650?
a. 2 + 5 + 8 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 41 c. 2 + 4 + 6 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 50
b. 5 + 9 + 13 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 49 d. 1 + 3 + 5 + ∙ ∙ ∙ + 59

Additional Activities

Observe your community. State atleast 3 series of event happened during your 5
months stay in your community.

4
 5
What’s In What I Know Assessment
Next 3 terms 1. C 1. A
2. D 2. C
1. 16, 64, 256 3. B
3. C
2. 6, 3, 0 4. A
4. C
3. 16, 20, 25 5. C
5. A
4. 81, 243, 729 6. A
6. D
5. -3/2, -5/2, 7. B
7. C
-7/2 8. D
8. B
9. D 9. B
Sum 10.A 10.B
11. D 11.D
1. 336 12.C 12.C
2. 9 13.B 13.B
3. 61 14.D 14.C
4. 1053 15.A 15.C
5. -15/2
Answer Key
Whats More
Activity 12.1

1. a1=-1, a2=1, a3=3, a4=5, a5=7

-1+1+3+5+7= 15
Adding preceding numbers by 2
2. a1=1, a2=-1, a3=-5, a4=-11,
a5= -19
1-1-5-11-19=-35
Adding preceding numbers by
negative even numbers
starting with -2
3. a1=0, a2=2, a3=0, a4=2, a5=0
0+2+0+2+0 = 4
No pattern
4. a1=1, a2=3, a3=5, a4=9 a5= 17
1+3+5+9+17= 35
Adding preceding numbers by
Squared numbers of 2.
5. a1=1, a2=2, a3=6, a4=24, a5=
120
1+2+6+24+120=153
Multiplying preceding
numbers by counting nos.
starting with 2.
Activity 12.2
1. Arithmetic Series, 306
2. Finite Geometric Series,
9841/81
3. None, 220 starting with 3
4. Arithmetic Series, 144 numbers
5. Infinite geometric,12.5 22.Adding odd
6. Arithmetic Series, 35/4 21.Multiplying 1/5
7. Arithmetic Series,220 20.Multiplying -1/2
8. Finite Geometric Series, 160 19.Adding 7
9. Infinite Geometric Series, 4/3 18.Adding -3
17.Multiplying 2
Life is a series of waves 16.Adding 5

to be embraced What’s New

and overcome

6
References

Abramson, Jay. 2015. Algebra and Trigonometry. Rice University. pp. 1443- 1516.
Department of Education. Pre-Calculus learners’ materials. Sunshine Interlinks
Publishing House, Inc. pp 85- 89.
Sullivan, Michael. 1983. PRECALCULUS 9th Edition. Chicago State University. pp.
793 – 825.
Stitz, C & Zeager J. 2013. PRECALCULUS. Lorraine County Community College.
pp. 651- 689.

7
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