Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Astm E2698
Astm E2698
--``,,,,,,,,,`,```,,,```,,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
--``,,,,,,,,,`,```,,,```,,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
shall be capable to scale images in size (geometrical
7.6.2 The IQI shall be constructed from material in the same
magnification—zoom) and gray levels (window and level
material group (see Practice E1025) as the material to be
adjustment—brightness and contrast, for example from 16 bit
radiologically inspected. If an IQI material of the same
to 8 bit). Additional functions shall be required such as a line
material group is not available, a material that is radiologically
profile measurement, histogram, and statistics window for
less dense shall be used.
measuring an region of interest (ROI) (mean and standard
deviation). 7.6.3 The use of alternative IQIs that are approved by the
CEO shall be documented in a written procedure with the
7.4 The Digital Detector Array (DDA): design, materials designation, and thickness identification or
7.4.1 Only DDAs shall be used in practice as established in documented on a drawing and that drawing referenced in the
Guide E2736. procedure.
7.4.2 Users shall comply with the manufacturers’ require-
7.6.4 The IQIs shall be procured or fabricated to the
ments of temperatures and humidity conditions for both
requirements of Practice E1025 or Practice E747 with a
operation and shipping.
manufacturer’s certification of compliance with respect to alloy
7.4.3 The DDA shall be calibrated using the manufacturers’
and dimensions. Users shall visually inspect IQIs for damage
recommendation both for frequency of calibration and the
and cleanliness in accordance with Appendix X1.
method used. Other calibration methods are allowed as long as
approved by the CEO. 7.7 Radiation Sources:
7.4.4 The user shall ensure that all exposures are within the 7.7.1 X-Radiation Sources—Selection of appropriate X-ray
linear operating range of the DDA, using either information voltage and current levels is dependent upon variables regard-
obtained from the manufacturer or data obtained by the ing the specimen being examined (material type and thickness)
user/CEO. and exposure time. The suitability of these exposure param-
7.5 The image display shall meet the following require- eters shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required
ments as a minimum. Alternate image displays or requirements radiographic quality level and compliance with all other
may be used with CEO approval. requirements stipulated herein.
7.5.1 The minimum brightness as measured off the image 7.7.2 Gamma Radiation Sources—Isotope sources that are
display screen at maximum Digital Driving Level (DDL) shall used shall be capable of demonstrating the required radio-
be 250 cd/m2. graphic quality level.
--``,,,,,,,,,`,```,,,```,,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
examination process. As long as the radiologic technique is not shall be based on the thinnest wall being radiographed and
changed, subsequent exposures may be performed without an shall be placed on the thickest wall section.
IQI. A new qualification exposure with an IQI shall be made 10.15 The IQIs are not required under the following condi-
daily, or whenever any of the following parameters are tions.
changed: 10.15.1 Examining assemblies for debris.
10.11.1 X-ray Tube Potential (Kilovolts, Megavolts) 10.15.2 Conducting radiography for defect removal pro-
10.11.2 Tube current (milliampere) vided final examination of the area includes an IQI.
10.11.3 Integration time (s) 10.15.3 Examining to show material details or contrast
10.11.4 Source to detector distance between two or more dissimilar materials in component parts
10.11.5 Object to detector distance or assemblies including honeycomb areas for the detection of
10.11.6 Collimation, masking or filters fabrication irregularities or the presence or absence of material.
10.11.7 Digital Detector Settings
10.16 When surfaces are inaccessible, an alternative method
10.11.8 X-ray source or detector change or repositioning/
of qualification shall be used subject to the approval of the
relocation
CEO.
10.11.9 Software settings like brightness, contrast, filters,
etc. 10.17 Fabrication welds shall be processed in accordance
with Practice E1742, Annex A2.
10.12 Subsequent exposures shall be positively tied to the
qualification exposure by serialization or another method. A 10.18 Explosives / propellants, rocket motors, and their
copy of the qualification shall be provided to all parties with components shall be processed in accordance with Practice
review authority. E1742, Annex A3.
10.13 Scatter radiation reduces the contrast in the image. 10.19 Geometrical Considerations—(See Fig. 1)
Five different physical effects can be used to reduce the 10.19.1 Establish Image Quality and Geometric Magnifica-
influence of scatter radiation in the image: tion:
10.13.1 The energy should be as low as possible. 10.19.1.1 The image quality requirement (such as 2-1T) and
10.13.2 A diaphragm in front of the tube should be used to IQI type shall be defined by the CEO and be based on the
mask out all radiation which would not penetrate the region of requirements for the inspection application. This may be done
interest in the object. using hole or wire type IQIs.
10.13.3 A distance between object and detector reduces 10.19.1.2 The magnification requirement shall be set by one
scatter significantly. For example, at 160 keV, scattered radia- of two methods as determined by the CEO.
tion for a given material and thickness may be half of the 10.19.1.3 The first method is based on ensuring that an IQI
detector signal, when the object is directly on the DDA. With hole is larger than the largest allowed bad pixel cluster. This is
a distance of 500 mm (20 in.) the signal from scattered defined by stating how many pixels (for example, 4 by 4) are
radiation is down to 3 %. required to be in the IQI hole of interest as defined in 10.19.1.1.
10.13.4 Shot, masking solutions, sheet lead and foils, poly- This method requires the use of hole-type IQIs. The second
tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), plastic, or other low density, non- method is based on setting the magnification as a function of
FIG. 1 Flowchart for Setting Geometry, Image Unsharpness and Image Quality (see 10.19)
--``,,,,,,,,,`,```,,,```,,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the basic spatial resolution of the DDA and the required U g 5 ~ υ 2 1 ! *Φ (3)
normalized image unsharpness as defined for small focal spot
where Ug is the geometrical unsharpness (see Eq 3, where Φ
sizes (Φ << UIm) by the following equation if 1.6 * SRb > UIm:
is the focal spot size.
υ min 5 1.6*SRb /U Im (1) 10.19.2.3 Third, if the maximum unsharpness is less than
The required value of UIm is given in Table 2. required in Table 2, the inspection shall proceed with the
10.19.2 Determine and Test for Maximum Normalized Im- defined geometry and continue in 10.19. Otherwise, a change
age Unsharpness (UIm): shall be made to decrease the x-ray focal spot size until the
10.19.2.1 First, determine the maximum image recomputed image unsharpness meets Table 2. If at the
unsharpness, UIm, that shall be met for the inspection as shown smallest focal spot size, the required total image unsharpness is
in Table 2. not met, it means that the DDA being tested is not suitable for
10.19.2.2 Second, compute the expected image unsharpness the inspection.
for the geometry and DDA in use as defined in Guide E1000, 10.19.3 Evaluate IQI Visibility Using Contrast to Noise
Eq. 9 (shown here in a modified form for DDAs): Ratio (CNR):
10.19.3.1 Once the image unsharpness requirement is met,
1 3
U Im 5 · =U 3g 1 ~ 1.6·SRb ! 3 (2) the image quality (IQI visibility) must be assessed. If the
υ
required hole is not clearly visible it shall be evaluated by
measuring CNR on a hole-type IQI or other method approved
TABLE 2 Maximum normalized image unsharpness (UIm) and documented by the CEO.
Under 1 in. through 1 in. 0.010 in. 10.19.3.2 For hole-type IQIs, the appropriate IQI shall be
(# 25.4 mm) (0.254 mm) placed on the object and the mean of the pixels inside of the
Over 1 through 2 in. 0.020 in.
(>25.4 through 50.8 mm) (0.508 mm) hole of interest and a neighbouring region on the IQI (but
Over 2 through 4 in. 0.030 in. outside of the hole) shall be measured. The difference in the
(>50.8 through 101.6 mm) (0.762 mm) two means shall be divided by the standard deviation of the
Over 4 in. 0.040 in.
(>101.6 mm) (1.016 mm) same region outside of the hole and the resulting quantity
(contrast to noise ratio) shall be at least 2.5 unless otherwise
11. Quality Assurance Provisions shall be used. The symbol shall contain an identification
11.1 The NDT facility is responsible for furnishing all symbol of the facility.
supplies in conformance to contract or purchase order require- 12.5.2 Except for specialized applications, use the symbol
ments and, unless otherwise specified in the contract or “X” enclosed in a circle to denote 100 % radiologic examina-
purchase order, the performance of all examination require- tion.
ments contained herein. The examination provisions contained 12.5.3 When using the sampling method, parts that are
herein shall become a part of the NDT facility overall exami- actually radiographed shall be marked as specified in 12.5.1.
nation system or quality program. All items in the lot accepted on a sampling basis (part of the lot
APPENDIX
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/
--``,,,,,,,,,`,```,,,```,,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---