1. What does “emerging” mean, emerging technologies and how are they found?

Emerging technology is a term generally used to describe a new technology, but it may also
refer to the continuing development of an existing technology; it can have slightly different
meaning when used in different areas, such as media, business, science, or education.
Over centuries innovative methods and new technologies are developed and opened up.
Some of these technologies are due to theoretical research, and others from commercial
research and development. Technological growth includes incremental developments and
disruptive technologies.
The result is the delineation of five key attributes that qualify a technology as emerging.
These are: (i) radical novelty, (ii) relatively fast growth, (iii) coherence, (iv) prominent
impact, and (v) uncertainty and ambiguity.

2. How do recent approaches to “embodied interaction” differ from earlier accounts of the role
of cognition in human-computer interaction?

Of more relevance to contemporary debates, proponents of embodied cognition must show

that this dependence cannot be accommodated within traditional cognitive science and its
working commitments (e.g., to the computational and representational theories of mind).
Here the body has a feedback-driven role in cognitive processing, and the Body as Regulator
thesis has been especially prominent in dynamic approaches to cognition (e.g., Port and van
Gelder 1995; Beer 2000; Thelen and Smith 1994; cf. also Chemero 2009).
Moreover, it is unclear why embodied cognitive science could not also be symbolic,
representational, abstract, etc.. Puzzlement here is magnified by the fact that many self-styled
embodied approaches to cognition are symbolic, representational, abstract, etc..
Paradigms committed to strong nativism has produced remarkable results in the field of
cognitive development of infants, in domains including arithmetic and physics (Baillargeon
2002, Baillargeon et alia 1985; Spelke et alia 1992, 1995).
3. Discuss the pros and cons of human-computer interaction technology?

Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the study of interaction between people (users) and
computers. Interaction between users and computers occurs at the user interface (or simply
interface), which includes both hardware (i.e. peripherals and other hardware) and software
(for example determining which, and how, information is presented to the user on a screen)."
“Human-Computer Interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and
implementation of interactive computing systems for human use. Human-Computer
Interaction (HCI) research is performed to provide and promote a scientific understanding of
the interaction between humans and the computer technology and tools that we use.
A basic goal of HCI is to improve the interactions between users and computers by making
computers more usable and receptive to the user's needs.
There are 4 types of User Interfaces:
Command Line Interface (CLI), Menu Driven Interface, Graphical User Interface (GUI) And
Natural Language Interface.
i. Command Line Interface (CLI)
A CLI displays a prompt; the user types a command on the keyboard and executes the
command. The computer executes the command, providing textual output.
Advantages
• Very flexible with the use of “switches” (options)
• Good for “expert” users - can quickly access commands
• Uses the fewest system resources
Disadvantages
• Requires the user to learn “complex” commands or language
• “Hidden” features i.e. if you don’t know the commands you won’t know the features are
there!
• Not very good for novice users Command Line Interface Applications
• System administration
• Engineering applications
• Scientific applications
• Ideal for visually impaired users
ii. Menu Driven Interface
The user has a list of items to choose from, and can make selections by highlighting one.
Advantages
• No need to learn complex commands/language
• Easier for a novice to learn/use
• Ideal when there are a limited number of options (efficient)
Disadvantages
• Can be frustrating for experienced users i.e. the command they want to use is buried 5
levels deep!!!!
• User interface may be limited by screen space and number of options available
Menu Driven Applications
• ATM
• Mobile Phone
• MP3 Player
• Video recorder
• Household Devices
• Digital/Cable TV
iii. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Uses windows, icons, menus and pointers (WIMP) which can be manipulated by a mouse
(and often to an extent by a keyboard as well).
Most suitable interface for inexperienced or novice users but UIs use more system resources
than other types of interfaces, many generic packages for a GUI will share common features ,
Layout of the screen, Names given to commands, Icons, Order of menus and Mouse
operation, Dialog boxes.
Benefits of a common interface
There are five advantages to the ‘common user interface’:
• Increased speed of learning
• Ease of use
• Confidence for novice users
• Increase the range of solvable tasks by users
 • Greater range of software available to the average computer user

4. Discuss data and its types from computer programming and data analytics perspectives?

The four types of data analysis are:

Descriptive Analysis
Diagnostic Analysis
Predictive Analysis
Prescriptive Analysis

Descriptive Analysis
The first type of data analysis is descriptive analysis. It is at the foundation of all data insight.
It is the simplest and most common use of data in business today. Descriptive analysis
answers the “what happened” by summarizing past data, usually in the form of dashboards.
The biggest use of descriptive analysis in business is to track Key Performance Indicators
(KPIs). KPIs describe how a business is performing based on chosen benchmarks.
Business applications of descriptive analysis include: KPI dashboards, Monthly revenue
reports, Sales leads overview, Diagnostic Analysis.
Diagnostic analysis takes the insights found from descriptive analytics and drills down to
find the causes of those outcomes. Organizations make use of this type of analytics as it
creates more connections between data and identifies patterns of behavior.

5. What is the principal goal of data science?

Data science is a method for transforming business data into assets that help organizations
improve revenue, reduce costs, seize business opportunities, improve customer experience,
and more.
Data science is a method for gleaning insights from structured and unstructured data using
approaches ranging from statistical analysis to machine learning. For most organizations,
data science is employed to transform data into value in the form improved revenue, reduced
 costs, business agility, improved customer experience, the development of new products, and
the like. Data science gives the data collected by an organization a purpose.

6. Briefly explain intelligence? What it is composed of?

Artificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines. The goals
of artificial intelligence include learning, reasoning, and perception. AI is being used across
different industries including finance and healthcare.

7. List down disciplines which artificial intelligence requires?

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer

Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of
AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such as
reasoning, learning, and problem solving.

8. Who is Alan Turing? What is his contribution to AI?

Alan Turing OBE FRS was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician,
cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist.
Often considered the father of modern computer science, Alan Turing was famous for his
work developing the first modern computers, decoding the encryption of German Enigma
machines during the second world war, and detailing a procedure known as the Turing Test,
forming the basis for artificial intelligence.

9. Based on the level of strength we can classify AI into three, briefly explain each of them?

Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI), which has a narrow range of abilities; Artificial general
intelligence (AGI), which is on par with human capabilities; or. Artificial superintelligence
(ASI), which is more capable than a human.
10. Write down some applications of AI in agriculture, health, education, and business?

Artificial Intelligence refers to the intelligence of machines. This is in contrast to the natural
intelligence of humans and animals. Applications of AI in the fields of health, education,
agriculture, and business.

Applications of AI in the fields of health,

The entire tech world is debating about the consequences of artificial intelligence and the part AI
is going to play in shaping our future. We see people out there debating all the time on whether
Artificial Intelligence is good or bad for our future,

Learning has already come to iPads, mobiles, and laptops from the teacher-classroom scenario.
There are many AI-enabled machines or software, which are benefitting the education sector at
present.

Technologies are utilizing the AI to deliver customized books to its users. There are many other
known-unknown implementations of AI that are present in the education field yet. But the above
examples are just the beginnings.

AI applications can perform the basic tasks like grading, attendance and timetable making – it
means every side-task, which teachers have to do, can be given to machines to improve the
education level by allowing teachers to read more.

AI’s revolutionary uses in healthcare sector – Just as education, healthcare is another core
domain. To improve the practices, we need better and intelligent machines. Two things of utter
importance here: Precision is precious in healthcare.

This contrasting condition can be improved by adding more machines (the intelligent ones).
Currently, the healthcare and medicine sector is enjoying the AI superpowers in the following
areas:

 Alzheimer’s and depression detection with 82% or more precision, from a person’s voice
only.
 Blood sampling
 For reading CT scans
  Generating X-ray medical reports
 In diagnosis and identification of lesions
 In heartbeat monitoring
 Exercise assistance

The advantages of AI in agriculture

AI can provide farmers with real-time insights from their fields, allowing them to identify areas
that need irrigation, fertilization, or pesticide treatment. Also, innovative farming practices like
vertical agriculture may help increase food production while minimizing the use of resources.

AI in business

Automation, data analytics, and Natural Language Processing (NLP) are among the top
applications of AI. How do these three domains simplify processes and increase operational
efficiency? Here’s how they affect a wide range of businesses:

Automation: People are no longer required to undertake repetitive activities as a result of

automation. It frees up employees' time to focus on higher-value work by completing
monotonous or error-prone tasks.

Data analytics: Data analytics allows organizations to gain insights that were previously
inaccessible by discovering new patterns and correlations in data.

Natural Language Processing (NLP): Natural Language Processing is beneficial because it

empowers search engines to be smarter, chatbots to be more helpful, and boosts accessibility for
those with disabilities, such as hearing impairments.

Other current uses of AI for business include:

 Data transferring, cross-referencing, and file updates

 Predicting consumer behavior and product suggestions
 Fraud detection
 Advertising and marketing messages that are tailored to the individual
 Customer service using a telephone or chatbot.