SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

IN THE CONTEXT OF
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

By: Cullen Samuel L. Sagario, 2022

Stages of Destination
Development

1. Discovery

2. Development

3. Stagnation

4. Decline

4. Rejuvenation
Stages of Destination
Development
Stage 1: Discovery

• The stage of exploration

• A destination begins as a
relatively unknown place and
visitors initially come in small
numbers restricted by lack of
access, facilities, and local
knowledge.
Stages of Destination
Development
Stage 1: Discovery

Boracay 1970’s
Stages of Destination
Development
Stage 2: Development

• The stage of growth

• As more people discover the

destination, the word spreads
about its attractions and the
amenities are increased and
improved.
Stages of Destination
Development
Stage 2: Development

Boracay 1980’s
Stages of Destination
Development
Stage 3: Stagnation

• The stage of maturity

• Tourist arrivals then begin to

grow rapidly toward some
theoretical carrying capacity
which involves social and
environmental limits.

• Often happens rapidly

Stages of Destination
Development
Stage 3: Stagnation
Stages of Destination
Development
Stage 4: Decline

• Possible trajectory of a destination

after the stage of stagnation.

• The stage of saturation and alienation.

• Increased congestion and

unsustainable development caused
the resources that originally drew
visitors to the destination to become
corrupted, or no longer exist.

• The appeal of the destination has

disappeared and the tourists now look
unaltered destination.
Stages of Destination
Development
Stage 4: Decline
Stages of Destination
Development
Stage 4: Rejuvenation

• Possible trajectory of a
destination after the stage of
stagnation.

• Technological developments or
infrastructure improvements
leading to increased carrying
capacity can help rejuvenate a
destination.
Stages of Destination
Development
Stage 4: Rejuvenation
Resources for Developing Tourism

• Resources can be divided into 4 categories:

• Capital

• Labor

• Materials

• Knowledge

• In tourism, materials include natural and human-made assets.

 What is Sustainable Tourism?

Sustainable tourism means tourism which is economically

viable but does not destroy the resources on which the future
of tourism will depend, notably the physical environment and
the social fabric of the host community.
 What is Sustainable Development?

“Sustainable development is progress that meets the needs of

the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”
UN report, Our Common Future, from 1987
What is Sustainable Tourism Development?

“Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present

tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing
opportunities for the future. It is envisaged as leading to
management of all resources in such a way that economic,
social and aesthetic needs can be ful lled while maintaining
cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological
diversity, and life support systems.”

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Carrying Capacity

• The largest number of people a

destination can e ciently
manage within its given environ
and management capabilities.
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Principles of Sustainable Tourism

• Tourism Concern, 1991 in association with the Worldwide Fund for

Nature(WWF) gives 10 principles for sustainable tourism. These are
following as:

• Using resources sustainably. The conservation and sustainable use of

resources- natural, social and cultural – is crucial and makes long-term
business sense.

• Reducing over-consumption and waste. Reduction of over-consumption

and waste avoids the costs of restoring long-term environmental damage
and contributes to the quality of tourism.
Principles of Sustainable Tourism

• Tourism Concern, 1991 in association with the Worldwide Fund for

Nature(WWF) gives 10 principles for sustainable tourism. These are
following as:

• Maintaining biodiversity. Maintaining and promoting natural, social and

cultural diversity is essential for long-term sustainable tourism and creates
a resilient base for the industry.

• Integrating tourism into planning. Tourism development which is

integrated into a national and local strategic planning framework and which
undertake environmental impact assessments increases the long-term
viability of tourism.
Principles of Sustainable Tourism

• Tourism Concern, 1991 in association with the Worldwide Fund for

Nature(WWF) gives 10 principles for sustainable tourism. These are
following as:

• Supporting local economies. Tourism that supports a wide range of local

economic activities and which takes environmental costs and values into
account, both protects these economies and avoids environmental
damage.

• Involving local communities. The full involvement of local communities in

the tourism sector not only bene ts them and the environment in general
but also improves the quality of the tourism experience.
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Principles of Sustainable Tourism

• Tourism Concern, 1991 in association with the Worldwide Fund for

Nature(WWF) gives 10 principles for sustainable tourism. These are
following as:

• Consulting stakeholders and the public. Consulting between the tourism

industry and local communities, organizations and institutions are essential
if they are to work alongside each other and resolve potential con icts of
interest.

• Training sta . Sta training which integrates sustainable tourism into work
practices, along with recruitment of personnel at all levels, improves the
quality of the tourism product.
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Principles of Sustainable Tourism

• Tourism Concern, 1991 in association with the Worldwide Fund for

Nature(WWF) gives 10 principles for sustainable tourism. These are
following as:

• Marketing tourism responsibly. Marketing that provides tourists with the

full and responsible information increases respect for the natural, social and
cultural environments of destination areas and enhances customer
satisfaction.

• Undertaking research. Ongoing research and monitoring by the industry

using e ective data collection and analysis are essential to help solve
problems and to bring bene ts to destinations, the industry, and consumers.
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Three Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism

• Environmental
• Economic
• Social
Three Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism
Environmental Dimension

• The Natural Resources

• Tourism makes use of a range of natural resources, and in many cases, the
core attraction of a destination’s product may be natural resources such as
clean air, land, mineral waters, and the water in lakes and seas.

• The Natural Environment

• The natural landscape represents the core of the tourism product in many
areas including natural forests, mountains, and regions which attract
tourists because of their rivers and lakes.
Three Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism
Environmental Dimension

• The Farmed Environment

• The farmed environment can cover a diverse range of agricultural systems
including agriculture landscapes, man-made forests, and sh farms

• Wildlife
• Wildlife has a number of dimensions such as land-based mammals and
reptiles, ora, birds, insects, sh, and marine mammals. Tourism can clearly
be very harmful to wildlife through the destruction of habitats, a ecting
feeding habits, disrupting breeding patterns, res in woodlands and people
picking rare plants.
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Three Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism
Environmental Dimension

• The Built Environment

• We also need to recognize that, in term of tourism, there are several
dimensions to the built environment such as individual buildings and
structures, villages and townscapes, transport infrastructure, dams, and
reservoirs.
Three Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism
Economic Dimension

• Tourism is an economic phenomenon because:

• It is a major industry and foreign currency earner.

• It is the basis of the growth of many transnational corporations.

• It accounts for a signi cant proportion of the annual disposable income.

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Three Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism
Economic Dimension

• Tourism is an economic phenomenon because:

• It is a major industry and foreign currency earner.

• It is the basis of the growth of many transnational corporations.

• It accounts for a signi cant proportion of the annual disposable income.

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Three Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism
Economic Dimension

• Economic Bene ts of Tourism

• Tourism contributes to the economy of a country in various ways. Economic
bene ts of tourism are following as:

• Job creation

• Injection of income into the local economy through the multiplier e ect.

• Helping keep the local business viable.

• Infrastructure development.

• Attracts the foreign direct investments.

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Three Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism
Economic Dimension

• Economic Costs of Tourism

• There are many economic bene ts of tourism as well as costs. Economic costs of the
tourism are following as:Job creation

• Many jobs are low paid and seasonal.

• Opportunity costs.

• Congestion.

• The need to invest in expensive infrastructure which may only be required for
part of the year.

• Over-dependence on tourism makes the host economy vulnerable.

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Three Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism
Social Dimension

• The social dimension of tourism has been given less attention in the
sustainable tourism debates, than the environmental impacts of tourism. This
is because the socio-cultural impacts of tourism usually occur slowly over
time in an unspectacular fashion. They are also largely invisible and intangible.

• The social impact of tourism is usually permanent with little or no opportunity

to reverse the changes once it has taken place. When the social impact of
sustainable tourism has been considered the focus has normally been upon
the host community.
Three Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism
Social Dimension

• There are a number of factors that determine whether or not the balance of
socio-cultural impacts will be positive or negative in a particular location
including:

• The strength and coherence of the local society and culture.

• The nature of tourism in the resort.

• The level of economic and social development of the host population in

relation to the tourists.

• The measures were taken by the public sector in the destination to manage
tourism in ways which minimize the socio-cultural costs of tourism.
Benefits of Sustainable Tourism Development

• Developing new businesses

• Expanding job opportunities

• Increasing income

• Marketing new products

• Improving infrastructures

• Encouraging diversi cation

• Integrating local economy

• Promoting community pride

• Higher quality of life for local population

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END