Bancnaa, d Ask, h, PSK

SpacTnu pulse
Bun'an

magmbde Comdrot

fn)
BandidoR

es
 W

Touhung cauh o t h
omaunJoble

Srwcbrnrn

ragucok Fsk
nsK kPS*
Bon dit o BW

B Wo PsAPsX

Frebrblily

d: JE
,
ASK o

JF
FSK od= UEp

od= 2Up
 4.2.2 Phase Shift Keying iirtelg

Phase shift keying (PSK) was developed during the early days of the deep-space
program; PSK is now widely used in both military and commercial communications
systems, The general analytic expression for PSK 1s
0sIST
eis,0)= 2
COs ol t o) i=1,.M
(4.7)

where the phase term, o), will have M discrete values, typically given by

4.2 Digital Bandpass Modulation Techniques 197

Vector
Waveform
Analytic
M=2

(a) PSK
0 ) V cos(oof+

05
2ti/M)

www.
wa
2
M-3 d
s ) V cos (o+)
(b) FSK i1,2
-T T T
va MER
M-2 aib

(c) ASK
- Va
st)
1,2M
cos(ot+
AAM o r , s2s

T T ei Ch070gT
isib oomue T

s0)-V cos (oof +

(d) ASKIPSK (APK) i=1, 2.M boo ei s
0stST T T T

ASK. (d) ASK/PSK (APK).

Digital modulations. (a) PSK. (b) FSK. (c)
Figure 4.5

For the binary PSK (BPSK) example

in Figure 4.5a, M is 2. The parameter E is
modulation, the
time duration, and 0 1 s T . I n BPSK
symbolenergy, T is symbol of the waveform s() to one of two states,
modulating data signal shifts the phase 4.5a shows typical BPSK
The waveform sketch in Figure
zerowith its(180°)
a
either
waveform
or
abrúpt phase changes at the symbol transitionsf the modulating
were to consist of alternating ones and zeros,
there would be such an
date stream
abrupt change at cach transition. The signal waveforms can be represented as
to the sjgnal
vectors or phasors on a polar plot; the vector length corresponds
amplitude, and the vector direction for the general M-ary case corresponds to the
signal phase relative to the other M-1 signals in the set. For the BPSK example,
the vector picture illustrates the two 180° opposing vectors. Signal sets that can De

depicted with such opposingvectors are called antipodalsignalsets.

4.2.3 Frequency Shift Keying

FSK modulation is
The general analytic expression for
0stsT
)=cos (o,t )i= 1.. , M
+ (4.8)

the phase term d is an arbi-

where the term o, has M discrete values, and
frequency
trary constant. The FSK waveform sketch in Figure 4.5b illustrates the typical fre
transitions. At the symbol transitions, the figure
quency changes at the symbol
depicts a from one frequency (tone) to another.
gentle shift
This behavior is only
of FSK called continuous-phase FSK (CPFSK)
which is de-
true for a special class
the change to a different tone can
scribed in Section 9.8. In the general MFSK case,
for the phase to be continuous. In
be quite abrupt, because there is no requirement
to 3, corresponding to the same number of
this example, M has been chosen equal
waveform types (3-ary); note that this
M=3 choice for FSK has been selected to
In practice, M is usually a nonzero
emphasize the mutually perpendicular axes. is characterized
The signal set by Cartesian coordi-
power of 2 (2, 4, 8, 16, ...).
axes represents a sinusoid with
nates, auch that each of the mutually perpendicular
a different frequency. As
described earlier, signal sets that can be characterized
called orthogonal signals. Not all
FSK
with such mutually perpendicular vectors are the crite-
set to be orthogonal, it must meet
signaling is orthogonal. For any signal in the process of meeting
rion set forth in Equation (3.69). For an FSK signal set,
The
in the set.
this criterion, condition arises on the spacing between the tones
a

necessary frequency spacing

between tones to fulfill the orthogonality requirement
is discussed in Section 4.5.4.
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binTa) fCK-) T JPLAT
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=
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51

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Coherent Detection of Binary FSK
Coherent detection of Binary FSK has 2 detectors tuned to the two carrier frequencies. Recovery of
fe in receiver is made simple if the frequency spacing between symbols is made equal to the symbol
rate.

T1

r( o1(t) Decision
Device
Choose 1 if >0
Choose 0 otherwise

2{)

ror(o1(t)dt
Decision Regions of Binary FSK

o2t) - Decision boundary

Message
point S2
R
Message point S1

The receiver decides in favor of s if the observation vector r falls inside region R1. This occurs when
rl>r2

When rl< 2, rfalls inside region R2and the receiver decides in favor ofs2
Non-coherent Detection
One of the simplest ways of detecting binary FSK is to pass the signal through 2 BPF tuned to the 2
signaling frequencies and detect which has the larger output averaged over a symbol period
 Coherent detection requires the phase information
A coherent detector mixes the incoming signal with a locally generated carrier reference
Multiplying the received signal rtt) by the receiver local oscillator (say A.costwa) yields a signal
with a baseband component plus a component at
2
Passing this signal through a low pass filter eliminates the high frequency component. In practice
an integrator is used as the LPF
The output of the LPF is sampled once per bit period
This sample z(T) is applied to a decision rule (T) is called the decision statistic

Matched filter receiver of OOK signal

r(t)- h0=MT,-0|E0Y
T
A MF pair such as the root raised cosine filter can thus be used to shape the source and received
baseband symbols
I n fact this is a very common approach in signal detection in most bandpass data modems
Matched filter pair

coslo cos(a
Noncoherent Receiver
Does not require a phase reference at the receiver
I f we do not know the phase and frequency of the carier, we can use a noncoherent receiver to
recover ASK signal
Envelope Detector

Envelope Detector

MUA

The simplest implementation of an envelope detector comprises a diode rectifier and smoothing
filter
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Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
DPSK
is a modulation scheme which facilitates noncoherent demodulation. PSK
typically does not

support this,
the transmitted
and therefore
will
requires coherent demodulation
demodulated
only. So using the samecarier frequency as

signal give noisy

a message signal.
Principle: DPSK is differentially coherent modulation method. DPSK does not need acoherent carrierat
the demodulator. The input sequence of binary bits is modified such that the next bit depends upon the
previous bit. Therefore in the receiver the previous received bits are used detect the present bit.
DPSK Transmitter or Generator
Balanced

ngnt Segace NOR Mo ulator

X) DPSK
0-MoPco(2
K-
1. Carrier
dekiy 2Pco(2

DPSK Modulator

BPSK modulated using balance

The input data sequence d() is differentially encoded and then it is
modulator.
Operation and waveform of transmitter
The input sequence is d (). Output sequence is b() and b(t-T,) is the previous
values of d() andb(t-T,),
output delayed by one bit period. Depending upon
exclusive OR gate generates the output sequence b (). Table 3.3.1 shows the truth
table
of this operation.
b (
d (0 b(t-T)
0(-1V) (-1V) O(-1)

O(-1V) 1(1) 1(1V)

1(1V) O(-1V) 1(1V)

1(1V) 1(1V) 0(-1/)

Table 3.3.1 Truth table of exclusive OR gate

An arbitrary sequence d () is taken. Depending on this sequence, b() andb t-T)

are found. These waveforms are shown in Fig. 332. The above table 33.1 is used t
derive the levels of these waveforms.

IntervalNo. 0 12 1314
d

b(t-

Pnase

Shit

DPSK waveform
 From the waveforms of Fig. 3.3.2 it is clear that bt-T,) is the delayed version of
b() by one bit period T,. The exclusive OR operation is satisfied in any interval ie. in
any interval b() is given as,

b0= d()®blt-T,) (3.3.1)

While drawing the waveforms the value of bt-T,) is not known initially in
interval no.1. Therefore it is assumed to be zero and then waveforms are drawn.

Important conclusions from the waveforms

1. Output sequence b() changes level at the beginning of each interval in which
d ()=1 and it does not changes level when d ()=0. Observe that d(39=1, hence
level of b (3) is changed at the beginning of interval 3. Similarly in intervals 10,
11, 12 and 13 d()=1. Hence b) is changed at the starting of these intervals. In
interval 8 and 9 d ()=0. Hence b () is not changed in these intervals.
b() =b-T,) and
2. When d)=,
When d ()=1, b()-b(t-Tp)
3. In interval no.l. we has assumed b (t-Tp)=0and we obtained the waveform as
shown in Fig. 3.3.2. If we assume b(t-Tp)=1 in interval no.1, then the
waveform of b() will be inverted. But still b() changes the level at the
beginning each interval in which d ()=1.
4. The sequence b) modulates sinusoidal carrier.

5. When b() changes the level, phase of the carrier is changed. Since b() changes
its level only if d)=1; It shows that phase of the carrier is changed only if
d()=1
In BPSK phase of the carrier changes on both the symbol 1 and 0'. Whereas in
DPSK phase of the carrier changes only on symbol "1'. This is the main diference
betwren BPSK and DPSK.

6. Always two successive bits of d () are checked for any change of level. Hence
one symbol has two bits.

Symbol duration () Duration of two bits(2T)

ie. T 27 253.32)
As shown in Fig. 3.3.1, the sequence b() is applied to a balanced modulator. The
balanced modulator is also supplied with a carrier 2P cos(2fo
The modulator output is,
s() =
b)2P cos(2nfo . (3.3.3)

.. (3.3.4)
t2P cos2m/6)
The above equation gives DPSK signal. Fig. 3.3.2 shows this DPSK waveforms. As
shown in the waveforms the phase changes only when d()=1.
 BER Vs SNR

FSK
PSK

10

10

10 0 2 8 10 12 14 16
Eo/No(dB)
Probability of Error for BPSK and FSK/ASK

10
10 ASKIFSK
10
10 PSK
10
10
10
*********
10" 4 10 12 14
Eb/No in [dB]
 2ature Coherent Non-Coherent
Correlates the received signal with
Description Based on energy collection
awell-designed templatesignal

Advantage
Optimal over AWGN and Lowcomplexity, lowcost,
multipath channels low power consumption
Disadvantage High complexity SNR degradation
 ADVANTAGES
COHERENT NON-CORENT
Better Performance in Better Perfomance in
-AWGN channel, slow flat fading Fast frequeney selectivefading
stationary or slowly varvingchannel -large Doppler spread
strong phase noise
- cochannelinterference
Least power to support a given No time delay for
throughput and errorrate resynchronization
Under what circumstances M-ary signaling
schemes are preferred over binary
schemes?

M-ary signaling schemes preferred over

are

binary signaling schemes for transmitting

digital information over band-pass channels
when the requirement is to conserve
bandwidth at the expense of increased power.
m is a sequence of symbol emitted from a
message source.
 Noncoherent
detection of
orthogonal FSK

10-1
Coherent
detection of
orthogonal FSK
102
Coherent
detection
PSK
Coherent
detection of
differentially
10 encoded PSK

Differentialy
coherent
10 detection of
differentially
encoded PSK
(DPSK)
10
Shannon limit
-1.6 dB)
10-7 Figure 4.25 Bit error probability
-8-6-4-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
for several types of binary sys-
E/No (dB) tems.

which inversion occurred or the bit just after inversion, since the message informa-
tion is encoded in the similarity or diference between adjacent symbols. The simi-
larity or difference quality remains unchanged if the carrier is inverted. Sometimes
messages (and their assigned waveforms) are diferentially encoded and coherently
detected simply to avoid these phase ambiguities.
The probability of bit error for coherently detected, differentially encoded
PSK is given by 15

B2o -o( to yhlao (4.80)

yileooatl
2. A binary frequency shift keying
system employs two signaling
frequencies 1f and 2f. The lower
frequency 1f is 1200 Hz and signaling
rate is 500 Baud. Calculate 2f.?

For binary FSK baud=fb

Fb-500Hz
Consider the FN modulation index(h) of
1 in FSK
Fm-fs/Fb =h=1
Fm-fs=fb
Fs=f1 1200HZ
Fm-1200Hz=500HIz

Fm-170OHz,f2=fm=1700Hz.