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Convex Polyhedra With Regular Faces
Convex Polyhedra With Regular Faces
Convex Polyhedra With Regular Faces
NORMAN W. JOHNSON
The symbol (4-6-8) could also be written (6 • 8 • 4), (4 • 8 • 6), etc. Note, however,
that (3-4-3-6) and (3 2 -4-6) are not equivalent, since the two triangles are
separated in the one case but adjacent in the other.
r<J > has Ni square faces, N2 faces {m}, N0 faces {n}y and 2N\ vertices
' (m • 4 • n • 4) :
t{ > has TVi square faces, iV2 faces {2m}, iV0 faces {2w}, and 4iVi vertices
n
> (4-2w-2n):
t | ^ | = t{3,4};
$-18.51;
s< / is the snub cuboctahedron;
I4j
s v / is the snub icosidodecahedron.
! } X \n] has » square faces separating two jwj's, and 2M vertices (4 2 -w):
{ } X {4} = }4,3};
{ } X {n} (n = 3, 5, 6, . . .) is the n-gonal prism.
h{ }s{n] has 2n triangular faces separating two {w}'s, and 2n vertices (3 3 -w):
h{ }s{3} = {3,4};
h{ }s{n} {n = 4, 5, 6, . . .) is the n-gonal antiprism.
(s\ (3l
The prefix "rhomb(i)-" in the names for H.? and r< > derives from the
fact that the former has 12 square faces whose planes bound a rhombic
dodecahedron, the solid dual to < . >, while the latter has 30 squares lying in
the face-planes of a rhombic triacontahedron, the dual of < >.
Some persons object to the names "truncated cuboctahedron" and "trun-
where, in the case of r< > and s< >, digonal "faces" are to be disregarded
(cf. 5, p. 403). Also,
FIGURE 1
Miller sometime before 1930 (2, p. 137). More recently, Askinuze (1) claimed
that it should be counted as a fourteenth Archimedean polyhedron.
turning a pair of pieces, these are distinguished by the further prefixes para-
if the pieces are opposite each other and meta- if they are not.
To facilitate the description of regular-faced solids obtained from uniform
polyhedra, certain of the latter are given abbreviated symbols:
The last three solids result from the respective removal of three pentagonal
pyramids from an icosahedron, of two opposite pentagonal cupolas from a
rhombicosidodecahedron, and of three pentagonal cupolas from a rhomb-
icosidodecahedron. The tridiminished icosahedron Y 5 ~ 3 I 5 is the vertex figure of
a uniform four-dimensional polytope, the snub 24-ce/Z s{3,4, 3} (4, p. 163).
All of these elementary polyhedra were listed by Zalgaller (13, pp. 7-8).
manner the snub square antiprism s S4, whose faces consist of 24 triangles and
2 squares. (Since S 3 = {3,4} = < >,sS 3 = s< > = {3, 5}.)
Snub disphenoid
FIGURE 2
Four other convex polyhedra all of whose faces are {3}'s and {4}'s are the
sphenocorona V2 N2, the sphenomegacorona V2M2, the hebesphenornegacorona
U2 M 2 , and the disphenocingulum V22G2. If we define a lune as a complex
consisting of two triangles attached to opposite sides of a square, the prefix
spheno- refers to a wedgelike complex formed by two adjacent lines. The
prefix dispheno- denotes two such complexes, while hebespheno- indicates a
blunter complex of two lunes separated by a third lune. The suffix -corona
refers to a crownlike complex of 8 triangles, and -megacorona, to a larger such
complex of 12 triangles. The suffix -cingulum indicates a belt of 12 triangles.
Two polyhedra whose faces include pentagons are the bilunabirotunda
L22R22 and the triangular hebesphenorotunda U 3 R3. The former is regarded
as being composed of two lunes and two rotundas—a rotunda here being the
complex of faces surrounding a vertex of type (3-5-3-5). The latter is the
union of a complex consisting of three lunes separated by a hexagon with
Sphenocorona
Sphenomegacorona
Hebesphenomegacorona
Disphenocingulum
FIGURE 3
triangles attached to its alternate sides and a complex of three triangles and
three pentagons surrounding another triangle.
Top and bottom, or front and back, views of each of the polyhedra
sS 2 , sS 4 , V2N2, V2M2, U2M2, V22G2, L22R22, U3 R3
are shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4. These solids are all elementary, bringing
the number of such non-uniform regular-faced polyhedra up to seventeen. In
addition, a non-elementary solid, the augmented sphenocorona Y 4 V 2 N 2 , can
be formed by placing a pyramid on one of the square faces of V 2 N 2 .
Bilunabirotunda
Triangular hebesphenorotunda
FIGURE 4
5. Symmetry groups. Coxeter and Moser (6, pp. 33-40, 135) have given
abstract definitions for each of the finite groups of isometries in Ez. The follow-
ing is a description of the individual groups, especially as they relate to
polyhedra.
The bilateral group [ ], of order 2, is generated by a single reflection R,
satisfying the relation
R2 = E.
[2] S [ ] X [ ].
For n > 3, [w]+ is the rotation group of a right regular w-gonal pyramid
(other than a regular tetrahedron), and [n] is the complete symmetry group
(including reflections).
For integers m and n, 2 < m < w, (w — 2)(w — 2) < 4, the group [w, w],
of order
[2+, 2w] S [2+, 2+] X [n] S [2+, 2+] X [2, »]+ (w odd).
+ +
The groups [2 , 2w] and [2, 2n ] have a common subgroup of index 2, a
subgroup of index 4 in [2, 2n], generated by the rotatory reflection
T = S12R3 = RiS2z = Ri R2 R%,
satisfying the relation
TABLE I
F I N I T E GROUPS OF ÏSOMETRIES IN E3
/ [] S)i 2
[]+ Si 1
2
+ §2
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2w
W, +
n>2 £n w [2 + ,W2»+] @2n 2w
[ [2, K+] 2)1 X <E» 2n
+
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[2, »]+, n > 2 £>n 2w
I [2, n] 2)1 X S)n 4w
/ [3,3] ©4 24
[3, 3]+ «4 12
I [3 + , 4] e 2 X 2Ï4 24
[3, 4]+ ©4 24 [3,4] S2 X ©4 48
[3, 5]+ 2Ï5 60 [3,5] (Ê2 X 2Ï5 120
Every rotation, other than the identity, that transforms a solid into itself
leaves invariant a unique line, called an axis of symmetry of the solid. If the
greatest period of any rotation about a given axis is n, the axis is said to be
an n-fold one. A solid whose rotation group is the identity has no axes. Other-
wise, the number of axes of symmetry for each finite rotation group is as follows :
[n]+: 1 w-fold;
[2, n]+: n twofold, 1 n-fold;
[3, 3]+: 3 twofold, 4 threefold;
[3, 4]+: 6 twofold, 4 threefold, 3 fourfold;
[3, 5]+: 15 twofold, 10 threefold, 6 fivefold.
Since these are the only finite rotation groups, it follows that a polyhedron
that has more than one threefold, fourfold, or fivefold axis must have tetra-
hedral, octahedral, or icosahedral symmetry and that no polyhedron can
have more than one w-fold axis for n > 6.
Of the convex polyhedra with regular faces, the only ones that have tetra-
hedral, octahedral, or icosahedral symmetry are the Platonic and Archimedean
solids. The only ones having an axis other than twofold, threefold, fourfold,
or fivefold are the n-gonal prisms and antiprisms (n > 6). Thus the rotation
group of a non-uniform regular-faced polyhedron is either the identity group
or one of the groups [n]+ or [2, n]+ (n = 2, 3, 4, 5).
If any of the symmetry operations of a solid are reflections or rotatory
reflections, then exactly half of them are, and the rotation group of the solid
is a subgroup of index 2 in its complete symmetry group. If not, the rotation
group is the whole group, and the solid occurs in two enantiomorphous forms,
mirror images of each other. There are seven regular-faced polyhedra of this
kind: the Archimedean snub cuboctahedron and snub icosidodecahedron and
the non-uniform figures
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REFERENCES