Transporting agricultural goods

Simalgarhi Samuha, a farmers’ group based in the village of Chainpur,

in Nepal’s Chitwan district, has 22 members who grow beans, eggplant
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Bharatpur, Pokhara and Kathmandu, but getting their produce to these
markets is not easy. Although an all-weather road connects the village
to the markets, the road can deteriorate quickly, especially in the rainy
season. And because licensed commercial vehicles are in short supply in
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the farmers often rely on informal public transport such as unregistered
minibuses. This solution is far from ideal as the vehicles neither comply with
safety rules nor keep the produce fresh until it reaches the market.

Access to essential transport infrastructure and WUDQVDFWLRQVFRVWVLQDJULFXOWXUH$UHFHQWVWXG\

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obtain essential inputs and get their crops to
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for DevelopmentLQDGHTXDWHWUDQVSRUWLQIUD-
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and exports.2
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TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 59

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nation of the trucking cartel and the restrictions
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logistics costs.
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What transporting agricultural
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1. Licensing requirements to operate a
trucking company. 7KHVH GDWD PHD-
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goods.
2. Pricing and freight allocation. These
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are set and how freight is allocated.
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trucking sector can facilitate trade.8
60 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
3. Axle-load regulation. These data focus
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through weighing stations and associat-
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4. Mutual recognition of standards and for-
eign trucking competition. These data
 focus on bilateral or regional agree-
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well as restrictions on cross-border truck-
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rights.10
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cess (such as the share of the popula-
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haulage (registre spécial de transporteur de
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What the initial pilot results show
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trucking sector around the world. Licensing re-
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The process of obtaining a license or other au-
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where the process includes a hearing that re-
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policies on transport and infrastructure.
License or permit is required to transport
agricultural goods in most pilot countries
Making it easier to obtain licenses for transport
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TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 61
 FIGURE 7.1:7\SHRIOLFHQVHUHTXLUHGWRRSHUDWHDGRPHVWLFWUXFNLQJFRPSDQ\
State concession or franchise Philippines
Ethiopia
Special license or permit
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Morocco
agency or professional association
No special license required Ukraine
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
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such as refrigeration for transporting perishable
agricultural goods.
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allocation
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prices.12
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applications.
62 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
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(food grain) and coffee.13,QRWKHUFRXQWULHV
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and Transport publishes past prices (based on
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prices.
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associations publish reference prices on their
websites or in national newspapers. In nei-
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there are no legal sanctions for not following
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to belong to a trucking association to operate
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associations (box 7.1).
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Axle-load regulations are widespread
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BOX 7.1: What is the role of trucking associations?

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guidelines and training.

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(Federation of Truck Transport Associations of Nepal and Federation of Nepalese National Transport
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guidelines (such as those on pricing).

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UHVWULFWHQWU\LQWKHVHFWRU

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Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.

TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 63

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Axle-load regulations are enforced through
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countries sanction freight carriers for exceeding
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XVHGLQDOOFRXQWULHVLVWKHLPSRVLWLRQRIDÀQH
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countries. Most of the countries also take other
PHDVXUHV VXFK DV WHPSRUDULO\ ZLWKGUDZLQJ
FRVWVE\PLOOLRQD\HDU14
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tons. All countries except for Morocco and Nepal
DOVRKDYHJURVVYHKLFOHPDVVOLPLWVUDQJLQJIURP
SODWHVRUOLFHQVHVDVLQ*XDWHPDODRULPPH-
GLDWHO\UHPRYLQJWKHH[FHVVZHLJKW,Q8NUDLQH
KRZHYHUH[FHVVZHLJKWPXVWEHXQORDGHGRQO\
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International transport agreements are
in place, but limited foreign trucking
 WR  PHWULF WRQV ÀJXUH  0RVW IXUWKHU competition remains
VSHFLI\D[OHORDGDQGJURVVYHKLFOHPDVVOLPLWVIRU
VSHFLÀFW\SHVRIYHKLFOHVDVGHÀQHGE\OHQJWK :KHQ QHLJKERULQJ FRXQWULHV DSSO\ GLIIHUHQW
RUZKHHOVSHUD[OHRUVSHFLÀFW\SHVRIURDGV URDGWUDQVSRUWVWDQGDUGVWKLVPD\UHTXLUHFRVWO\

FIGURE 7.2: Gross vehicle mass and axle-load limits by country

60
56 56
53
50 46 45
41 40 40
40
Tons

30

20
13.5 11.5 11.5
10 10 11 10.2
10 9 8

0
co
da

e
da

ia

l
e

pa
ne

ai
in

al
qu

op

oc
an

an

ra

Sp
m

Ne
pi
bi

hi
Uk

te
ilip

or
Ug

Rw
am

Et
ua

M
Ph
oz

G
M

Gross vehicle mass Maximum weight per axle

Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.

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JURVVYHKLFOHPDVVOLPLW

64 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

DGMXVWPHQWVIRUWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVLPSHGLQJ
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transport rights allowing foreign participation
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on the International Transport of Goods under
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landlocked countries.17,Q=DPELDZKLFKSHU-
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ate borders.
6RPHSLORWFRXQWULHVDUHSDUWRIUHJLRQDOHFR-
QRPLFFRPPXQLWLHVZLWKDUHJLRQDOWUDQVSRUW
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6SDLQ5ZDQGDDQG8JDQGDDUHSDUWRIWKH(DVW
$IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\ZKHUHDELOORQKDUPRQL]D-
tion of axle-load regulations (the Vehicle Load
LVODQGFRXQWU\LQWKHJURXSDOORZIRUHLJQFRP-
SDQLHVWRWUDQVSRUWJRRGVLQWRWKHFRXQWU\EXW
RQO\6SDLQDQG8NUDLQHDOORZLQWHUQDOFDERWDJH
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DOORWKHUWUDQVSRUWULJKWVPHDVXUHGE\WKHWUDQV-
SRUWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGVGDWDLPSRUWWUDQVLW
backhauling and triangular rights) (table 7.1).
5HFLSURFLW\LVQRWUHVSHFWHGLQDOOFDVHVZKLOH
Indian trucks can operate in Nepal for 72 hours
ZLWKRXWDVSHFLDOOLFHQVH1HSDOHVHWUXFNVQHHG
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Transport rights that allow trucks to pick up a
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indicators on road quality, but limited
reliable data on road access and density
*RRGTXDOLW\URDGVSURYLGLQJDFFHVVWRPDU-
NHWVDUHIXQGDPHQWDOWRHIIHFWLYHWUDQVSRUWLQ
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TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 65
 TABLE 7.1: Transporting goods from the country’s largest neighboring agricultural
trading partner

Types of transport rights granted to foreign companies

Country Import Backhauling Transit Triangular Cabotage

Ethiopia „ „

Guatemala „ „ „ „

Morocco „ „ „ „

0R]DPELTXH „ „ „

Nepal „ „

Philippines
Rwanda „ „ „ „

Spain „ „ „ „ „

Uganda „ „ „ „

Ukraine „ „ „ „ „
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
1RWH%ODQNV QRVXFKWUDQVSRUWULJKWVDUHJUDQWHG

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DVPHDVXUHGE\WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5RXJKQHVV *RYHUQPHQWLQGLFDWRUVRQURDGDFFHVVGHQVLW\
Index21UHGXFHGWUDQVSRUWFRVWVE\22 DQG TXDOLW\ DUH HVVHQWLDO WR LQIRUP GHFLVLRQV
DERXWWKRVHLQYHVWPHQWVDQGDVVLJQDGHTXDWH
5RDGVDUHSULPDULO\DSXEOLFJRRGDQGJRY- resources (box 7.2).
HUQPHQWV SOD\ D FULWLFDO UROH LQ PDNLQJ WKH

BOX 7.2: Morocco’s national programs for improving rural roads

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RSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGNH\VRFLDOVHUYLFHVE\ODFNRIDFFHVVWRDOOZHDWKHUURDGV%XW0RURFFRKDVEHHQ
ZRUNLQJVWHDGLO\WRLPSURYHUXUDOURDGTXDOLW\DQGDFFHVVWKURXJKDVHULHVRIQDWLRQDOSURJUDPV

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QDPHO\WRLPSURYHDFFHVVWRURDGVIRUPLOOLRQSHRSOHWRUDLVHWKH1DWLRQDO5XUDO5RDG$FFHVVLELOLW\
,QGH[IURPLQWRLQDQGWRUHGXFHWKHKXJHGLVSDULWLHVDPRQJSURYLQFHV7KHLQ-
GH[ZDVGHÀQHGDVWKHVKDUHRIWKHUXUDOSRSXODWLRQOLYLQJZLWKLQNLORPHWHURIDQDOOZHDWKHUURDG
DQGFRYHUVRQO\SHRSOHOLYLQJLQdouarsVPDOOYLOODJHVRIPRUHWKDQKRXVHKROGV%\'HFHPEHU
1355KDGEXLOWNLORPHWHUVRIUXUDOURDGVDQGDQRWKHUNLORPHWHUVZHUHXQGHUFRQ-
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,QGH[KDGEHHQUDLVHGWR,QWKHJRYHUQPHQWODXQFKHG1355

Continued next page

66 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

BOX 7.2: (Continued)

%HVLGHVWKHSURJUDPV·GLUHFWHIIHFWVRQURDGGHQVLW\TXDOLW\DQGDFFHVVWKHJRYHUQPHQWDOVRPRQ-
LWRUVWKHLUVRFLRHFRQRPLFLPSDFW$FFRUGLQJWRLWVVWDWLVWLFVWKHFRVWIRUIUHLJKWWUDQVSRUWDQGSXEOLF
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ KDV EHHQ UHGXFHG E\ PRUH WKDQ  WKH VFKRRO DWWHQGDQFH UDWH LQFUHDVHG IURP
WRZRPHQ·VYLVLWVWRPHGLFDOFHQWHUVLQFUHDVHGE\PRQWKO\KRXVHKROGLQFRPHURVHE\
DQGWKHSULFHIRUVWDSOHIRRGVIHOOE\a

Data on rural population and travel time to the nearest city

5HVHDUFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQLVKLJKO\FRUUHODWHGZLWKSUR[LPLW\WRXUEDQPDUNHWVDV
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IRXUKRXUVRIWUDYHOWLPHWRDQXUEDQPDUNHWbZKLOHLQ3HUXDVWXG\IRXQGWKDWIDUPODERUSURGXFWLYLW\
DQGUXUDOLQFRPHLQFUHDVHGZKHQMRXUQH\WLPHVWRWKHQHDUHVWFLW\GURSSHGWRMXVWXQGHUIRXUKRXUVc

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SURJUDPVRQWKHLUUXUDOURDGVLQYHVWPHQW

MAP B7.2.1: Rural population and travel time to the nearest city over 250,000
inhabitants in Morocco
Rural populaƟon
within 1 hour
within 2 hours
within 3 hours
within 4 hours
over 4 hours (30%)

0 100 200 300 400

Kilometers

Source::UREOHZVNLDQG'DYLHV

Continued next page

TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 67

 BOX 7.2: (Continued)

FIGURE B7.2.1: Access of rural population to cities of over 100,000 and 250,000
inhabitants in Morocco
100
93
90
Percent of rural population beyond

80 86
73
70
specific travel time

60

56 49
50

40
30
30 33
18
20
20
10
11
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Travel time in hours
Travel time to cities with over 250,000 inhabitants Travel time to cities with over 100,000 inhabitants

Source::UREOHZVNLDQG'DYLHV
a. World Bank 2006; African Development Bank 2013; Ministry of Equipment, Transport and Logistics (Ministère de l’Equipement,
du Transport et de la Logistique)
E'RURVKHWDO6WLIHODQG0LQWHQ
c. Webb 2013.

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XVHGDQGWKHWLPHVHULHVGLIIHUFRQVLGHUDEO\ ,QGH[ZKLFKWUDFNVWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIWUXQN
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68 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

Next steps
This chapter presents the initial results for a
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constraints in trucking that can affect the
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data. Another group of indicators would
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69
 Notes
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Osborne and Virginia Tanase. )HEUXDU\DWDWDVNIRUFHPHHWLQJ
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3 Kunaka et al. 2013. /DZµ(DVW$IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\KWWSZZZ
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7 World Bank 2012d. 17 Nathan Associates 2012.
8 World Bank 2010.  5DEDOODQG.XQDNDDQG*LHUVLQJ
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 7KHVHULJKWVUHIHUWRIRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHV· 2UJDQL]DWLRQ·V*HQHUDO$JUHHPHQWRQ7UDGHLQ
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WKHFRXQWU\FDERWDJHEDFNIURPWKHFRXQWU\ 21 The International Roughness Index is a standard scale
EDFNKDXOLQJDQGIURPWKHFRXQWU\LQWRDWKLUG WKDWTXDQWLÀHVWKHURXJKQHVVRIURDGVDQGPHDVXUHV
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11 World Bank 2010. VLPXODWHGUHVSRQVHRIDJHQHULFPRWRUYHKLFOHWRWKH
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