GENBIO REVIEWER Histones Prokaryotes

-It is a DNA tightly coiled around -divide into two

proteins.
-process of binary fission
Chromatids
G1 Stage
-Duplicated chromosomes
-maturing cells
-held together by centromere
S Stage
Chromatic
-DNA Replication
-Chromosomes can’t be seen when G2 Stage
aren’t dividing.
-Preparing for Division
Karyotype
-Proteins are synthesized
-arranged in pairs by sized
Spindle
Autosomes
-poles of the cells
-First 22 pairs
Spindle fiber
XX
-Centrioles in animals
-female
-Microtubules in plants
XY
Cell Division
-male
-Derived from pre-existing cells
Collision of 2 different cell
-divides into two or more daughter cells
-reason why it is not identical
Bio synthesis
CELL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL
-production of biomolecules
-Single cell dividing 2 new identical
daughter cells Biomolecules are composed of water
and lipids.
-Example Mitosis and Binary fission.
Prokaryotes
Sexual
-bacteria
-Involves two cell
-lack nucleus and other organelles
-sperm and egg cell to make a new cell
called zygote. Eukaryotes

-Not identical to the original cell. - -Have a nucleus

Example Meiosis
Replication
Late Prophase
-is the reason why genetic material has
same copies. -breaks down
DNA -chromosomes fully condensed
- responsible in holding genetic M-Metaphase
materials
-moves to the center
-must be replicated
Center
Complete set of DNA molecules:
-equator of the cell
A-adenine- protein synthesis
A-Anaphase
G-Guanine- make on of the building
-Pulled apart
block of RNA/DNA
T-Telophase -
C-Cytosine- forming the genetic code
disassemble of spindles
T-Thymine-helps stabilize the nucleic
-nuclear envelope forms around.
U-Uracil- Substitute of thymine
Cytokinesis
-division of cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Centrosome
Polar Fiber
-centrosome attracted inside the cell
-Extend to the center of spindle fiber
Eukaryotic Chromosome
Kinetochore Fiber
-Store genetic information
-travel from condensed chromosomes
-Have 10 to 50 chromosomes in their
to the poles.
body cells.
Human body cell:
CELL MEMBRANES
-have 46 chromosomes
-Other name Fluid Mosaic Model
-23 identical pairs
Cell Transport 2 Main Types
DNA
-Passive Transport
-single
-Active Transport
P-Prophase
Early Prophase
-Begin to form
-condensing chromosomes
Passive Transport
-The Movement of Materials across the
cell membrane without using energy.
3 Types of Diffusion:
-Diffusion
-Facilitated Diffusion
-Osmosis
Diffusion
-The process by which molecules
spread from areas of high
concentration, to areas of low
concentration.
-No energy is required.
Equilibrium
-Molecules are even throughout a
space.
Facilitated Diffusion
-Molecules that cannot directly diffuse
across the membrane pass through
special protein channels.
-No Additional Energy Needed.
-Proteins channels (carries)
Osmotic Solutions
Types:
Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic
Isotonic
-Concentrations of solute and solvent
are equal.
Hypertonic
-higher concentration of solutes
Hypotonic
-lower concentration of solutes
Osmosis
-Osmosis is the diffusion of water
through a selectivity permeable
membrane down its concentration
gradient.
Osmotic Pressure
-Prevent the passage of water
through a semi permeable membrane
from a region of low concentration of
solutes to one of high concentration.
Active Transport
-Movement against concentration
gradient
-Requires Energy(ATP)
-One direction
Types:
-Molecular Transport(Protein Pumps)
-Bulk Transport
Endocytosis
-Process which cells absorb
material(molecules such as protein)
Two types:
-Pinocytosis- Movement of liquid in cell
-Phagocytosis-Movement of solids in
cell
Exocytosis
-Eject Waste
Cell Modification 1. Apical
Modification
-Cell modification found on the apical
surface of the cell
Cilia and Flagella Cilia
-are usually short, hair like
structures that move in waves.
Flagella -are long whiplike
structures -formed from
microtubules.
Villi and Microvilli Villi
- are finger like projections that arise
from epithelial later in some organs.
-The help to increase surface area
allowing for faster and efficient
adsorption.
Microvilli
-are smaller projections that arise from
the cell’s surface are allowing faster
and more efficient absorption.
2. Apical Modification Pseudopods
-Temporary, irregular lobes formed by
amoebas and some other eukaryotic
cells
-Bulge outward to move the cell or
engulf prey.
Basal Modification
-cell modification on the basal surface
of the cell.
Desmosomes/Hemidesmosomes
-Anchoring junction on the basal surface
of the cell
-Rivet-like links between cytoskeleton
and extracellular matrix components
such as the basal lamina that underlie
epithelia
-Primarily composed of keratin, integrins
and cadherins.
3. Lateral Modification
Tight Junction
-Act as barriers that regulate the
movement of water and solutes
between epithelial layers
-Prevent leakage of ECF
Adhering Junction
-Anchoring junction on the lateral
surface of the cell.
-Very similar to the anchoring junction of
the basal surface of the cell.
-fasten cells to one another.