LAMBUNAO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Lambunao, Iloilo
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
-

Rhizofiltration of River Water using Gabing Uwak (Monochoria vaginalis)

A Research Proposal Paper Presented to the

Faculty of the Science Technology and Engineering Department of

Lambunao National High School,

Lambunao, Iloilo

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Research IV

S.Y. 2021 -2022

Ma. Sophia T. Lenaming

Steph Angelie L. Edral

Ruffa Zyrene L. Labordo

JM Laurence L. Lavilla

Karen Feb D. Loreno

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March 2022
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE

Figures 5

Table 6

I. Introduction

Background and Conceptual Framework of the Study 7

Statement of the Problem 14

Objectives 15

Hypotheses 16

Significance of the Study 16

Definition of Terms 17

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 20

II. Research Design and Methodology

Research Design 22

Procedure 23
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Species Identification

Collection and Preparation of Gabing Uwak (Monochoria Vaginalis) 23

Collection of Water Samples 24

Preparations of Treatments 24

Data Collection 24

Risk and Safety 30

Data Analysis 27

Budget Proposal 28

References 34
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FIGURES PAGE

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study     13

Figure 2. Image of the TDS Meter, TDS & EC Meter and pH Meter 24

Figure 3. Diagram of the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Chart 25

Figure 4. Diagram of the Electrical Conductivity (EC) Chart 25

Figure 5. Diagram of the pH Level Chart 26

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TABLE

Table 1. Budget Proposal 27

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Chapter I: Introduction

This chapter shows the overview of the study. It contains the Background and Conceptual

Framework of the Study which gives some explanations on what our study is all about. Diagram

of the Conceptual Framework that shows the paradigm of the study which presents the

relationship between different variables in this study, Statement of the Problem and Objectives of

the Study that shows the study’s aims and all of the objectives set by the researchers for their

study, Significance of the study which presents the benefits and advantages of the study towards

others, explains why our study is significant. Definition of Terms which includes the important

words and their meanings in the study which explain the usage of the words that were used in the

study and the Scope and Delimitation of the study in which it elucidates the scopes and

limitations of the study.

Background and Conceptual Framework of the Study

In the Philippines, 91% of the country's estimated 100.7 million people have access to at

least basic water services; however, access is highly inequitable across the country, with regional

basic water service access ranging from 62% to 100%. Around 99 percent of the richest one-fifth

of households have access to basic water services, compared to only 80 percent of the poorest

quintile (UNICEF, 2017).

Nearly five million people in the Philippines rely on unsustainable and dangerous water

sources (Water org., 2018). Approximately 9 million people do not have access to improved

sanitation. Despite its rising economy, the Philippines have serious problems with access to
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water and sanitation. Some rapidly expanding cities are also having difficulty providing

appropriate water and sanitation facilities to their additional citizens. The majority of

communities rely on natural bodies of water for water purification and daily consumption

(Ambulkar, n.d.)

According to new research by the World Health Organization and UNICEF (2017), 3 in

10 people, or 2.1 billion people, lack access to clean drinking water at home, and 6 in 10 people,

or 4.4 billion people, lack access to adequately managed sanitation.

In urban Iloilo, there is very little wastewater treatment. Most hotels, hospitals, business

buildings, and government facilities, according to reports, process wastewater on-site. On the

other hand, most residential development relies on septic systems, which are said to be poorly

constructed, neglected, and largely unmaintained (Ray, 2013).

In Iloilo River, the coliform level is well above the standard, which is 200 MPN (most

probable number) per 100 milliliters, according to the latest laboratory test findings from the

Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) Region 6's Ambient Water Monitoring Unit (mL). It

has been persistently high since 2013, according to EMB's five-year Physico-chemical and

bacteriological study (Tayona, 2018).

According to the data of Numbeo, the world’s largest database of user-contributed data

about cities and countries worldwide, pollution in Iloilo regarding water pollution is 81.25% and

the purity and cleanliness in Iloilo regarding water quality is 18.75%. The data was based on the

visitors of the site in the past 3 years. Numbeo was created last 2009. It is a crowd-sourced
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global database of quality of life data, such as housing indices, perceived crime rates, and

healthcare quality, among other things. It provides a tool for viewing, sharing, and comparing

information about the cost of living around the world, as well as a system for conducting

systematic research on the cost of living and property markets, as well as a system for

conducting other systematic economic research on a large dataset with data from around the

world. Numbeo relies on the collective wisdom of the population to gather the most accurate data

possible. 

As of September 2021, Bemar Lebig, Customer Service Assistant D of Aqua Water of

Lambunao stated that the uncleaned and untreated water in the Municipality of Lambunao is 132,

183 cu. m.

Toxic compounds enter water bodies such as lakes, rivers and seas, where they are

dissolved, suspended in the water, or deposited, resulting in water pollution. Water quality

suffers as a result of this. (Hudson, 2020).

Aluminum Sulfate is the most widely used aluminum coagulant. It is available in a

number of solid grades such as block, kibbled or ground and is also available as a solution. The

efficacy of using Aluminum Sulfate for the treatment of a water sample from the cavouco stream

was studied in this study. The researchers also looked at the residual aluminum concentration in

the treated water. It also has an alum demand for hydroxide and alkalinity and only works within

a certain pH range. Aluminum exerts undeniable human health, its content in water treatment

plants should be limited. Even Aluminum Sulfate is fairly non-toxic. However, alum can still
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cause irritation, burns, and respiratory issues. If inhaled it may cause headaches, nausea, and

respiratory irritations (Brandt, 2017).

In this study, researchers will be cleaning the river water samples in Brgy. Legayada from

the municipality of Lambunao using Gabing Uwak (Monochoria vaginalis) with the process of

rhizofiltration. The researchers chose to use the river water as their dependent variable, Gabing

Uwak as independent variable, Aluminum Sulfate as positive control, and rhizofiltration method

as the process of purifying water using the roots of the plant.

River water can be used for a variety of purposes as a surface water source. River water

availability is highly dependent on the needs of the local system. It is particularly abundant in

riparian areas with a consistent flow throughout the year. Water extraction must be managed and

regulated properly to maintain the ecology and avoid user conflict. In underdeveloped countries,

an estimated 90% of all wastewater is dumped untreated into rivers, lakes, and seas. (Stauffer, et,

al. 2019). Even if the water in a stream, river, or lake appears to be clean, it may contain bacteria,

viruses, or parasites that can cause waterborne diseases like cryptosporidiosis or giardiasis. It is

essential that natural water be purified (Frank, 2020).

The researchers will look for the plant heart-shaped false pickerelweed commonly called

Gabing Uwak. This plant can be found at low and medium altitudes. It is typically found in open

wet places, sunny sites in swamps, rice paddies, ponds, marshes, rice fields, and along ditches.

The plant roots in mud, with its upper parts growing above water. Its reproduction is mainly from

seeds. Gabing Uwak is a plant of subaquatic to aquatic conditions and is a native in Asia. In the

Philippines, the flowering of the plant can occur throughout the year. Due to the massive growth
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of Gabing Uwak, a type of weed, it tends to be killed. It is better to use them as a tool to clean

water (CABI, 2021).

The researchers will use rhizofiltration method to purify the river water with Gabing

Uwak. Rhizofiltration, which involves using plants (both terrestrial and aquatic) to absorb,

concentrate, and precipitate contaminants from polluted aqueous sources with low contaminant

concentration in their roots, is used to deal with effluents discharged by industries, agricultural

run-off, and acid mine drainage (Mohd, et al., 2015. Rhizofiltration plants should have fast-

growing roots and the ability to remove pollutants from solutions for a long period (Dhanam,

2017).

This study relates to Sustainable Goals and Development (SDG), Goal 6: “Ensure

availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”. Improve water quality

by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and

materials, having the proportion of untreated wastewater, and substantially increasing recycling

and safe reuse globally. 

Clean Water and Sanitation for all, more than 80% percent of wastewater resulting from

human activities is discharged into rivers or sea without any pollution removal. Over 1.4 billion

people currently live in river basins where the use of water exceeds minimum recharged levels.

90% of the global population of 6.8 billion people used at least a basic service. Basic service is

an improved drinking water source within 30 minutes to collect water within a round trip.
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The research is also related to the Harmonized National Research and Development

Agenda (HNRDA), underWater Security, water quality, accessibility, and availability, which

includes the pollutants and contamination whether surface or groundwater, including analysis of

historical flows, sediment, and toxicity loads of lakes and rivers, weather modification for

increasing water supplies and special localize areas (HNRDA, 2017-2020).

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Figure 1

Conceptual Framework of the Study

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Note: The conceptual framework shows the experimental group (Gabing Uwak)

with the control groups (Aluminum Sulfate as positive control and No treatment as

negative control) as treatment will be used to the water samples. The results on the

independent variables will be determined by the physical parameters (temperature, total

dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity) and chemical parameter (pH level).
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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to answer the following research questions:

1. What are the physical parameters (temperature, total dissolved solids, and electrical

conductivity) of the river water samples after the treatment of: A.) Gabing Uwak plant, B.)

450 mg Aluminum Sulfate (positive control) and C.) No treatment (negative control)?

2. What is the chemical parameter (pH level) of the river water after the treatment of: A.) Gabing

Uwak plant, B.) 450 mg Aluminum Sulfate (positive control) and C.) No treatment (negative

control)?

3. Is there a significant difference in the physical parameters of the river water after the treatment

of: A.) 3 pieces of Gabing Uwak plant, B.) 450 mg Aluminum Sulfate (positive control) and

C.) No treatment (negative control)?

4. Is there a significant difference in the chemical parameter of the river water after the treatment

of: A.) 3 pieces of Gabing Uwak plant, B.) 450 mg Aluminum Sulfate (positive control) and

C.) No treatment (negative control)?

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Objectives

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Gabing Uwak (Monochoria vaginalis)

as Rhizofiltration for Purifying River Water. Specifically, it seeks to meet the following:

1. Examine the physical parameters (temperature, total dissolved solids, and electrical

conductivity) of the river water after the treatment of: A.) 3 pieces of Gabing Uwak plant, B.)

450 mg Aluminum Sulfate (positive control) and C.) No treatment (negative control).

2. Examine the chemical parameter (pH level) of the river water after the treatment of: A.) 3

pieces of Gabing Uwak plant, B.) 450 mg Aluminum Sulfate (positive control) and C.) No

treatment (negative control).

3. Determine if there is a significant difference in the physical parameters of the river water after

the treatment of: A.) 3 pieces of Gabing Uwak plant, B.) 450 mg Aluminum Sulfate (positive

control) and C.) No treatment (negative control).

4. Determine if there is a significant difference in the chemical parameter of the river water after

the treatment of: A.) 3 pieces of Gabing Uwak plant, B.) 450 mg Aluminum Sulfate (positive

control) and C.) No treatment (negative control).

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Hypotheses

In this study, the researchers hypothesize that:

1. There is no significant difference in the physical parameters of the river water samples using

the three treatments.

2. There is no significant difference in the chemical parameter of the river water samples using

three treatments.

Significance of the Study

The researchers proposed this study to benefit the following sectors:

Community - This study can improve quality and produce clean water. Ensure safe water for

daily necessities.

DAI- This study helps the organization to improve and discover more sanitation techniques.

Household – This study could help them to learn more alternatives to provide clean water and

methods used by water treatment.

Students - In this study, the students could benefit with the basic concept of rhizofiltration that

they may acquire, they can also enhance their learnings and abilities in the said field.
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Future researchers - For those who would like to adopt the study regarding rhizofiltration as the

basis for them to innovate and create new versions they could use the study as a guide for them

to conduct.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined according to their function in this study:

Aluminum Sulfate (n.) – is a white or off-white crystal, powder that is used for water

purification to remove impurities (“Aluminum Sulfate”, n.d.).

In this study, aluminum sulfate is used as the positive control of the study because it is

commonly used to purify water.

Filtration (n.) – removes particle suspension and impurities in water, it eliminates risk and

prevents contamination of other things (Filtersafe, 2021).

In this study, filtration is the process that researchers will use to filter the particles

suspension and impurities on the river water samples in pre-treatment.

Gabing Uwak (n.) - the heart-shaped fake pickerelweed, also known as oval-leaved pondweed,

a blooming plant of the water hyacinth family. Its young leaves are

tasty and sometimes grown as a vegetable (Brum f. n.d).

In this study, Gabing Uwak will be used as water treatment for river water samples.

pH Level (n.) - is a measure of how acidic/basic water is (Water Science School, 2019).
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In this study, pH level is a chemical parameter that will help the researcher to determine

the water quality of the river water samples and the effectiveness of the Gabing Uwak.

pH Meter (n.) - an electronic instrument used to determine the amount of hydrogen-ion activity

(acidity or alkalinity) in a solution (Gregersen, n.d).

In this study, the pH meter will help the researcher to determine the effectiveness of

Gabing Uwak as a potential water purifier, also to read the comparison of the result of a sample

solution to a reference solution with defined pH, such as buffers.

Post-Treatment (n.) - it is the treatment carried out after some earlier action or process has been

completed (Lexico, n.d.).

In this study, post-treatment refers to the final results of the water samples which will be

purified by the three treatments.

Pre-Treatment (n.) - it is the preliminary or preparatory treatment (“Merriam-Webster”, n.d.).

In this study, pre-treatment refers to the result of the water samples before conducting

which is without treatment.

River (n.) - a big natural stream of fresh water that flows along a defined route, generally

into the sea, and is nourished by tributary streams (Dictionary, 2022).

In this study, the river water will receive treatment from Gabing Uwak.
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Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) & Electrical Conductivity (EC) Meter (n.) - it allows you to test a

variety of water sources fast and accurately at home, school, the office, or

anywhere else you need to evaluate water quality (WQ1923, July 2019).

In this study, the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) & Electrical Conductivity (EC) Meter is

one of the devices that shows how well certain materials can carry electricity. By determining the

level of EC, the researcher can also see how polluted water is.

Total Dissolved Solids (n.) - the number of dissolved compounds in the liquid as measured by

the TDS meter (WQ1923, July 2019).

In this study, Total Dissolved Solids is one of the physical parameters that will be used to

determine the amount of dissolved particles in the water, usually in parts-per-million or ppm. 

Rhizofiltration (n.) - is the adsorption or precipitation of dissolved substances onto plant roots, or

the absorption of dissolved compounds into the roots (M.S. Abdullahi,2015).

In this study, Rhizofiltration is used as a process to determine the effectiveness of Gabing

Uwak to clean the water.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

Our study will focus on rhizofiltration of river water using Gabing Uwak plant.

Aluminum Sulfate will be used as the positive control and river water without Gabing Uwak as

the negative control.

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The 45 pieces of Gabing Uwak (Monochoria vaginalis) plant will be collected from Ms.

Sophia Lenaming’s residence at Brgy. Sibaguan, Lambunao, Iloilo. Meanwhile, the river water

samples between 7:00 - 8:00 in the morning at Brgy. Legayada, Lambunao, Iloilo.

Three set-ups of river water samples will be prepared with fifteen replicates each. Every

fifteen containers will contain 3 pieces of Gabing Uwak plant, 450 mg Aluminum Sulfate, and

river water with no treatment.

The experimental period will last for 2 weeks. It will be conducted at Ma. Sophia

Lenaming’s residence at. Pob. Ilawod Lambunao, Iloilo.

This study is only limited in determining the effect of Gabing Uwak (Monochoria

vaginalis) used as water treatment on the physical parameters (temperature, total dissolved

solids, and electrical conductivity) and chemical parameter (pH Level).

This study does not cover the area outside the process of determining the effectiveness of

Gabing Uwak (Monochoria vaginalis) to the river water.

The researchers will make sure that the environment where the setups will be located is

free from pollution and other factors in the environment that can affect the effectiveness of

plants. Under the guidance of Mr. Lacupa, the researchers will conduct rhizofiltration of river

water utilizing Gabing Uwak (Monochoria vaginalis) with the purpose of safeguarding the

Gabing Uwak from hazardous pests.

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Statistical tools that will be used in this study are Mean for determining the average of the

data collected from each setup and One-way ANOVA to compare the averages of the data from

the different set-ups with each other.

Chapter II: Research Design and Methodology

This chapter includes the Research Design which shows the framework of the research

methods and techniques, the Procedure which presents the step–by–step process that the

researchers will perform to obtain the results, Risk and Safety which indicates the potential risks

to the researchers and the environment, and the safety precautions that can be done to prevent or

control them, Data Analysis which presents the statistical tools to be used to analyzed the results,

and Budget Proposal which shows the list of possible expenses and their estimated costs.
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Research Design

Quantitative research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical

data that can be transformed into usable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions,

behaviors, other defined variables, and general results from a larger sample population.

Quantitative research uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research.

(Dovetail, 2017). The researchers pursued this type of research because they wanted to

statistically find out the effectiveness of Gabing Uwak (Monochoria vaginalis), and the positive

& negative control to the river water samples.

Experimental research, often known as experimentation, is a study conducted with two or

more variables using a scientific approach. The first variable is a constant that you may change

to see how the second variable is affected (“Experimental Research”, n.d.). The researchers used

this kind of quantitative research because they wanted to find out if there's any difference in the

effectiveness of the three treatments to the river water samples.

Procedure

Species Identification of Gabing Uwak (Monochoria vaginalis)

For the researchers to identify the plant species in a different method, they will download

the app "Picture This" to identify the plant species to be used. The researchers will next use the
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app to photograph the Gabing Uwak plant in order to determine its scientific name. For double-

checking of the plant, it will also be verified by Mr. Renio Lacupa, a DENR employee, and Jeaza

Mae Lego, a Department of Agriculture employee.

Collection and Preparation of Gabing Uwak (Monochoria vaginalis)

The researchers will collect the Gabing Uwak (Monochoria vaginalis) at Brgy. Sibaguan,

Lambunao, Iloilo. They will use a shovel to gather the plants and place it in the bucket. The

plants will be carefully washed and placed in a safe area. The plant will be weighed by the

researchers using a digital weighing scale with the average weight of 365 - 380 grams.

Collection of Water Samples

The researchers will collect the river water samples between 7:00 - 8:00 in the morning at

Brgy. Legayada, Lambunao, Iloilo. They will use a bucket to gather the water samples in the

river. The river water samples will be put in a safe or secured place and will be covered by a

cling wrap to prevent external factors.

Preparation of Treatments

The study consists of three treatments namely: a.) 3 pieces of Gabing Uwak plant, b.) 450

mg Aluminum Sulfate (positive control), and c.) No treatment (negative control). Then,

researchers will prepare 45 containers for the three treatments. Next, river water samples will be

put on three treatments with fifteen replicates in an equal measurement of 3L. Lastly, the

researchers will observe the river water samples for two weeks after they added the three

treatments.
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Data Collection

River water samples will be distributed to 5-10 Liter containers namely; Treatment A.) 3

pieces of Gabing Uwak plant, B.) 450 mg Aluminum Sulfate (positive control) and C.) No

treatment (negative control). Treatment A will undergo rhizofiltration using 3 pieces of Gabing

Uwak plant while treatment B will receive 450 mg aluminum sulfate and treatment C will be set

aside.

In two weeks of observation, river water samples will be tested every week using the

devices such as pH meter for acidity and alkalinity, TDS and EC meter for total dissolved solids,

electrical conductivity, and temperature. Water quality parameters will be listed namely: 1.)

Physical Parameters: temperature, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity, and 2.)

Chemical Parameter: pH level.

Figure 2  

Image of the TDS Meter, TDS & EC Meter, and pH Meter.

Filtration
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The river water samples will undergo filtration before receiving the different treatments

using cotton linen fabric to remove the particles and impurities of the water that settled at the

bottom. Researchers will place the cotton linen fabric at the top of an empty big blue tub and

pour the river water samples through it. After that, it will be filtered for the second time from the

tub to the containers of where the treatments will be added later on. Filtration will remove solid

particles, it permits fluid to pass through but retains solid (“Filtration”, n.d.).

Temperature Test

The temperature of water samples would be determined every week by conducting the

treatments using the TDS & EC meter device to check whether it is safe for human consumption

and usage (for bathing, cleaning, and washing of things such as clothes and dishes). Then, the

difference in the water treatments every week testing will be recorded by the researchers. The

normal temperature of the water is 25 °C.

Total Dissolved Solids Test

Total dissolved solids of water samples will be observed every week by conducting the

treatments using the TDS meter device to check whether the Gabing Uwak (Monochoria

vaginalis) is effective in purifying the river water samples. River water samples with the normal

level of total dissolved solids are 600 ppm - less than 300 ppm shows a good quality of water.

Figure 3  
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Diagram of the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Chart

Electrical Conductivity Test

Water samples will be tested using the TDS & EC meter device every week by

conducting the treatments to distinguish their electrical conductivity that could tell whether the

river water samples are clean or not. River water samples with 100 - 500 μS/cm shows a good

quality of water.

Figure 4
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Diagram of the Electrical Conductivity (EC) Chart

pH Level Test

The water samples will be tested every week by conducting the treatments using the pH

test paper and pH meter device. The pH test paper will be half-dipped in the river water samples

to check if it is very acidic, very alkaline, or neutral by basing the color it shows on the pH level

chart after a few seconds. The pH meter will be slightly dipped in river water samples for 5

seconds with three different kinds of buffer solutions namely; pH 4.00, pH 6.86 (tap once), pH

9.18 (tap twice). The neutral pH is 7 which is indicated by the green color.
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Figure 5

Diagram of the pH Level Chart

Risk and Safety

There may be hidden debris or underwater hazards which can cause injury, including

weeds and plants which can entangle people under the water. If it's polluted it could make you
 29

ill. it can be very difficult to get out (especially steep slimy banks) there are no lifeguards on

duty (“Nidirect”, 2021).

To reduce the danger of injury from collecting Gabing Uwak (Monochoria vaginalis) and

river water, researchers must wash their hands and feet after gathering the materials needed for

the experiment. In addition, adequate safety in using equipment such as face masks to protect

themselves from the spreading virus known as Covid-19.

To avoid another risk that the researchers may face with the use of chemicals like

aluminum sulfate which is dangerous, researchers will be extra careful and will use protective

gears such as proper protective equipment (PPE), mask, gloves, etc.

If aluminum sulfate is combined with water, it forms sulfuric acid which causes skin and

eye irritation. It irritates the lungs and throat, produces coughing and shortness of breath when

inhaled, while creating red rash, itching, and burning if contact with the skin. Aluminum sulfate

causes a severe effect on the intestinal walls and stomach when consumed causing a person to

vomit, nausea, and diarrhea (“Aluminum Sulfate”, n,d).

To avoid further dangers after conducting the treatments, the researchers will be

responsible for the tools used, especially the sharp ones, they will be cleaned and will be put in a

safe place. The PPE used will be disposed of properly.

Data Analysis
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The researchers will use two statistical tools namely: Mean and One-Way ANOVA to

assess the data that will be gathered after the experimentation has concluded.

Mean

The Mean is the average you’re used to, where the numbers are all added up and then

divided by the number of numbers (“Mean, Median, Mode …”,2021)

In this study, Mean will be used to measure the average of the parameters of the river

water samples in the study namely: 1.) Physical parameters (temperature, total dissolved solids,

and electrical conductivity), and 2.) Chemical Parameter (pH level).

One-Way ANOVA

The One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there are

any statistical differences between the means of three or more independent groups (“One-Way

ANOVA”,2018).

In this study, One-Way ANOVA will be used to determine the average result of the

following three treatments: 1.) If there are significant differences in the physical parameters of

the river water samples among the three treatments, and 2.) If there are significant differences in

the chemical parameter of the river water samples among the three treatments.
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Table 1

Budget Proposal

Items/Materials Price Per Unit (in Quantity Amount (in Php)

Php)

pH meter,TDS & TEMP 1 613.04

Meter,TDS & EC Meter (3in1)

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Set of Buffer Solutions 2 130.00

Cling Wrap 2 76.00

Aluminum Sulfate 1 245.00

pH Strips 2 166.00

1230.04
TOTAL

Note: The budget proposal for this study shows the list of items/materials and services

needed with their corresponding prices. The total cost of conducting this study is

estimated to be Php 843.04.

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