10th Class Selected Questions

MATHEMATICS
S.S.C. STUDY MATERIAL PAPER I
1. REAL NUMBERS
KEY CONCEPTS
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC :
` Every composite number can be expressed (factorised) as a product of primes, and this
factorisation is unique except for the order in which the prime factors occur.
` Every composite number can be uniquely expressed as the product of powers of primes in
ascending or descending order.
` Let a be a positive integer and p be a prime number such that p/a2, then p/a.
` Every positive integer different from 1 can be expressed as a product of non-negative power of
2 and an odd number.
` A positive integer n is prime, if it is not divisible by any prime less than or equal to O.
` If p is a positive prime, then Q is an irrational number for example etc
are irrational numbers.
` Let x be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates. Then, x can be expressed in
Q
the form of , where p, q are co-primes and the prime factorization of q is of the form 2n × 5m,
R
where n, m are non - negative integers.
Q
` Let x =
R be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is of the form 2 × 5
n m
where n, m are non-negative integers. Then x has a terminating decimal expansion which termi-
nates after k places of decimals, where k is the larger of m and n.
Q
` Let x =
R be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is not of the form
2n × 5m, where n, m are non-negative integers. Then, x has non - terminating repeating decimal
expansion.
` Sum, difference, product, and division of any two rational numbers is always rational. (for divi-
sion rational number in denominator should not be zero).
` Sum, difference, product and division of a rational number with an irrational is always results
to an irrational number.
` If a and b are two distinct numbers and their HCF is 'H' and LCM is 'L' then a × b = H × L
Þ a=
) u - or b = ) u -
C B
BuC BuC
or H = or L =
- )
X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER I 211
Q
` A number which cannot be expressed in the form of (where p, q are co-primes) and
R
q ¹ 0 is known as irrational numbers.
` A number which cannot be expressed either terminating form or non-terminating repeating
form then it is known as irrational number.
` Numbers in the form of non-terminating, non-repeating are known as irrational numbers.
Q
` A number which can be expressed in the form of
R (where p, q are co-primes) and q ¹ 0 is
known as rational number.
` If prime factors of denominator has 2S and some other number (other than 5S) then it is non-
terminating repeating decimal expansion.
` If prime factors of denominators ie., q has 5S and some other number other than 2S then also it
can be expressed in the form of non-terminating repeating decimal.
` If prime factors of denominator has both 2S and 5S and some other prime number then also it
will be expressed as non-terminating repeating decimal expansion.

` If a be an irrational number a and
D are also irrational.
` If BC be an irrational number then B C is also irrational.
-$. PG OVNFSBUPST
` LCM of fractions or Rational numbers =
)$' PG %FOPNJOBUPST
` HCF of fractions or Rational numbers =

)$' PG OVNFSBUPST
-$. PG %FOPNJOBUPST
` If HCF (a, b) = 1 then a and b are said to be relatively primes or co-primes.
` If a, b, m are natural numbers, then HCF of am, bm is m times of HCF of a and b or for all a, b, m
Î N, HCF (am , bm) = m HCF (a, b).
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. State the fundamental theorem of Arithmetic.
Sol. Every composite number can be expressed (factorised) as a product of primes, and this
factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factor occur.
2. Express 156 as product of its prime factors.
Sol.

156 = 22 × 3 × 13 156 = 22 × 3 × 13
3. Find the LCM of 12, 15 and 21.
Sol. To find the LCM, we list all prime factors of 12, 15, 21 and their greatest exponents as follows.
12 = 22 × 3
15 = 3 × 5
21 = 3 × 7
Prime factors of 12, 15 and 21 Greatest exponents
2 2
3 1
5 1
7 1
LCM of 12, 15, 21 = 22 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 420
(Product of the greatest power of each prime factors, in the numbers).
4. Find the value of x, y and z in the following factor tree. Can the value of 'y' and 'z' are less
than x ? If yes explain.
Y
Z
[

Sol. The product of primes starts at the bottom of the factor tree and this product goes up to the
top.
z = 2 × 17 = 34
y = 2 × z = 2 × 34 = 68
x = 2 × y = 2 × 68 = 136
5. Find the HCF of the smallest composite number and the smallest prime number.
Sol. The smallest composite number 4
The smallest prime number 2
The HCF of 2 and 4 is 4

6. Find the decimal of .

Sol. = 0.375

7. Write the condition to be satisfied by q. So that a rational number

Q has a terminating
R
decimal expansion.
Sol. Let x be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates. Then x can be expressed in
Q
the form of , where p and q are co - primes and the prime factorization of q is of the form
R
2n 5m, where n, m are non-negative integers.
Q
8. If is a rational number (q ¹ 0) what is condition of q so that the decimal representation of
R
Q
is non-terminating repeating decimal expansion.
R
Q
Sol. Let x = be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is not of the form 2n5m,
R
where n, m are non-negative integers. Then, x has a decimal expansion which is non-terminat-
ing repeating.

9. Without actually performing the long division, find if will have terminating or non

terminating decimal expansion. Give reason for your answer.

Sol. is a terminating decimal. (since q is in the form of 2n × 5m).
u

10. Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.

Sol. 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 = 13[7 × 11 × 1 + 1] = 13[78] = 13 × 13 × 6 = 13 × 13 × 2 × 3
It is the product of more than two prime numbers. Hence it is composite number.
7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 = 5 [7 × 6 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 1] = 5 [1008 +1] = 5 × 1009
It is the product of more than two prime numbers. Hence it is composite number.

11. Write the decimal expansion of the rational number in the form 2n × 5m, where n, m

are non-negative integers. Hence write its decimal expansion without actual division.
u u
Sol.

u u

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Check whether 15n can end with the digit 0 or any natural number n.
Sol. 15n = (3 × 5)n = 3n × 5n
15n can end with the digit 0 since 5 is in the prime factorization of 15n for any n.
2. Show that 5n can not end with the digit 2 for any natural number n.
Sol. 5n = (5)n
For any natural number n, 5n always ends with digit 5 in units place.
3. Can 6n, end with the digit 5 ? Give reasons.
Sol. 6n = (2 × 3)n = 2n × 3n
5 does not occur in the prime factorisation of 6n for any n. So there is no natural number n
for 6n ends with the digit zero.
4. Has following rational numbers terminating or non-terminating recurring decimal repre-
sentation.

i) u ii)

Sol. i) is a non-terminating repeating decimal.
u
Since the denominator is not in the form of 2n × 5m.

ii) is a non -terminating repeating decimal.
u u
Since the denominator is not in the form of 2n × 5m.

5. Check whether 4n can end with the digit 0 for any n Î N.
Sol. 4n = (22)n = 22n
So 2 is the only prime in the factorisation of 4n 5 does not occur in the prime factorisation of
4n for any n.
So there is no natural number n for which 4n ends with the digit 0.
6. Expand log x2y3 z4
Sol. log x2 + log y3 + log z4 [Q log abc = log a + log b + log c]
= 2log x + 3 log y + 4 log z [Q log xm = m log x]
ª º
7. Expand « » .
¬ ¼
Sol. 128 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 27
625 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 54
§ · § ·
log ¨ ¸ = log ¨
¨ ¸¸ = log 27 log 54
© ¹ © ¹
= 7 log 2 4 log 5
8. Find the LCM and HCF of 306 and 657.
Sol. 306 = 2 × 9 × 17
657 = 9 × 73
HCF =9
LCM = 9 × 2 × 17 × 73 = 22338.
9. Express 3825 as a product of its prime factors.
Sol. 3825 = 5 × 765
= 5 × 5 × 153
= 5 × 5 × 3 × 51
= 5 × 5 × 3 × 3 × 17
3825 = 52 × 32 × 17
10. Write the decimal expansion of the following rational numbers without actual division.

i) ii)

u
Sol. i) = 0.7
uu u
u u u u
ii) = 0.84
u u
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Write 2 log 3 + 3 log 5 5 log 2 as a single logarithm.
2. Prove that Q R is an irrational by contradiction method.
3. Prove that is an irrational by contradiction method.
6. Show that is an irrational.
7. Show that is an irrational.

8. Show that 12n cannot end with the digit 0 or 5 for any natural number 'n'.
9. Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
10. Prove: Let p be a prime number, if p divides a2, (where a is positive integer) then p divides a.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. If x = 23 × 3 × 52, y = 22 × 33, then HCF (x, y) is ..............................
2. Given that HCF (2520, 6600) = 120, LCM (2520, 6600) = 252 × k, Then the value of K is .................
3. For the decimal number , the rational number is ...........................
4. A rational number can be expressed as a terminating decimal if the denominator has factors
............................

5. The decimal expansion of will terminate after .................................. decimal places.
u
6. The [HCF × LCM] for the numbers 50 and 20 is ........................

7. If p, q are two co-primes, then HCF (p, q) is ..........................
8. logx x = .........................

9. In the decimal expansion of the block of digits repeating in the quotient is ........................

Q
10. form of 0.375 is .................................................................
R
11. Product of the smallest power of each common prime factors in two given numbers is the
.................................................... of the two numbers.
12. Product of the greatest power of each prime factors in the given numbers is the
...................................................... of the two numbers.
13. 3(log7 log5) as a single logarithm ..............................................................
14. LCM of the numbers 27 × 34 × 7 and 23 × 34 × 11 is ..............................................................
15. HCF of the numbers 37 × 53 × 24 and 32 × 74 × 28 is .............................................................
Q
16. If p, q are co primes and q = 2m . 5n where m > n then the decimal expansion of terminates
R
after ................................................................ places.
17. 0.23567215612 ...... is an ......................................................... number.
18. is ........................................................ number.
19. The LCM and HCF of two rational numbers are equal, then the numbers must be .................
20. The logarithmic form of 64 = 82 is .............................................................
21. Exponential form of log10100 = 2 is ................................................................
22. loga 1 = .................................................................
23. 43.123456789 is ......................................................... real number.
24. LCM of 8, 9, 25 is .........................................................
25. Expand log 15 ......................................................................
ANSWERS

1) 12 2) 550 3) 4) 2 or 5 5) 2

6) 1000 7) 1 8) 1 9) 45 10)

11) HCF 12) LCM 13) log 14) 27 × 34 × 7 × 11 15) 24 × 32
16) m 17) irrational 18) irrational 19) equal 20) log864 = 2

21) 102 =100 22) 0 23) rational 24) 1800 25) log 3 + log 5
h h h h h

2. SETS
KEY CONCEPTS
` Set theory was developed by George Cantoor.
` A set is a well defined collection of objects.
` The objects in a set are called elements or members of the set.
` A set in general, is denoted by a capital letter e.g : A, B, C, .................
` There are, mainly two ways of representing set.
1. Roster or Tabular form
2. Set - Builder form (Rule Method)
` Roster or Tabular form :
In this form the elements of the set are enclosed in brackets { } after separating them by commas.
e.g : N = {1, 2, 3, 4, .........}
The change of order of writing the elements of a set does not change the set.
i.e. {p, q, r} = {q, p, r} = {r, q, p}
The elements of a set are never repeated i.e. an element in the set should be written only once.
e.g : {p, q, p, r, q, p} = {p, q, r}
` Set - Builder form (Rule Method) :
In this form, a rule or a statement in the briefest possible way is given. With the help of this rule
or statement, the elements of the set can be found.
A = {x : x is capital city of India}
The symbol : is read as such that
` Cardinal number of a set :
The number of elements in a set is called its Cardinal number.
Set A = {p, q, r, s} has 4 elements.
So its cardinal number is 4 and write n(A) = 4.
KINDS OF SETS
` Finite set :
A set with finite (limited) number of elements in it is called a finite set.
e.g : Set of the days in a week.
` Infinite set :
A set which is not finite is called an infinite set (that is a set with an unlimited number of
elements in it, is called an infinite set).
e.g : Set of points in a line
N = {1, 2, 3, ...............}
` Empty set or Null set or Void set :
The set, with no elements in it is called the empty set and is denoted by { } or f .
Note : The symbol f which denotes the empty set, is Danish letter and is pronounced as 'oe'.
The sets f, { 0 }, { f } are all different sets.
n(f ) = 0
` Singleton set or Unit set :
A set which contains only one element in it is called a Singleton or Unit set.
e.g : Set of whole numbers between 3 and 5.
SET RELATIONS :
` Joint or Overlapping sets :
Two sets are said to be joint or overlapping sets if they have at least one element in common.
e.g : A = {a, b, c, d, e} ; B = {d, e, f, g} are joint sets.
Since the elements d and e are common in both sets.
` Disjoint sets :
Two sets are said to be disjoint sets if they have no element in common.
e.g : A = {a, b, c} ; B = {d, e, f}
` Equivalent sets :
Two sets are equivalent, if they are equal number of elements ie. if the cardinal number of two
sets are equal, the sets are equivalent.
e.g : A = {1, 2, 3, 4} ; B = {a, b, c, d}
n(A) = n(B) = 5 and we write A « B
` Equal sets :
Two sets are equal, if they have same (identical elements).
Eg : If P = {1, 4}, Q = {x : x2 5x + 4 = 0}, then P = Q.
Note : Equal sets are always equivalent, but equivalent sets are not necessarily equal.
` Sub set :
Set A is said to be a subset of set B if every element of set A is also an element of set A we write
it as A Í B and read it as 'A is subset of B' or "A is contained in B'.
Eg : If A = set of boys under 20 years and
B = set of boys under 15 years, then B is
subset of A i.e. B Í A
Note : 1. Every set is a subset of itself i.e. A Í A
2. Empty set f is subset of every set.
3. If a set has n elements in it, the number of its subsets = 2n.
4. If A Í B and B Í A, then A = B
` Super set :
If set A is a subset of set B then B is called Super set of A.
It is written as B Ê A and read as "B is super set of A".
` Proper subset :
A set A is said to be a proper subset of set B. If every element of A is in B and B has at least one
extra element than set A.
Eg : If A = {a, b, c}, B = {a, b, c, d}, then A is proper subset of B.
Note : 1. No set is proper subset of itself.
2. Empty set is proper subset of every set except itself.
3. If a set has n number of elements in it, the number of its proper subsets 2n 1.
4. If a set has n number of elements in it, the number of its non-empty proper subsets
2n 2.
` Power set :
Power set of a set A is the set of all its subsets. It is denoted by p(A).
Eg : If A = {x, y} then power set p(A) = {{ f }, { x }, { y }, {x, y}}
` Universal set :
It is the set which contains all elements of the sets under consideration i.e. all the sets under
consideration are subsets of the universal set.
Universal set is denoted by m or W (or) z
Note : For the given sets, the choice of Universal set is not unique i.e. there can be more
universal sets for the same sets under consideration.
` Complement set :
The complement of a set A is the set of elements which belong to the universal set and do not
belong set A.
It is denoted by A'
Eg : A' = {x / x Î m and x Ï A}
Note : 1. A and A' are disjoint sets.
2. f' = m, m' = f
` Intersection of Two sets :
The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of elements common to both A and B. It is written
as A Ç B and is read as A intersection B or A cap B
\ A Ç B = {x : x Î A and x Î B]
Note : 1. A Ç B Í A and A Ç B Í B.
2. If A Ç B = f, then A and B are disjoint sets.
3. If A Ç B ¹ f , then A and B are joint sets.
4. Intersection of a set and its compliment is always an empty set. i.e A Ç A' = f.
5. If A Í B, then A Ç B = A and if B Í A, then A Ç B = B
6. If A Í B then B' Ì A'
` Union of two sets :
Union of two sets A and B is the set of elements which belong to A or B
\ A È B = {x : x Î A or x Î B}
Note : 1. A Í A È B and B Í A È B, 2. If A Í A È B and B Í A È B.
` Difference of two sets :
If A and B are two sets, then their difference is A B or B A, where
A B = {x : set of element of A, which do not belong to B ;
A B = {x : x Î B and x Ï A}
Note : 1. (A B) Í A and B A Í B.
2. A B = A Ç B' = B' A'.
3. A B = f Þ A Í B.
4. A B ¹ B A and if A B = B A, then A and B are equal.
5. A B = A Þ A Ç B = f.
6. A B, B A and A Ç B are disjoint sets.
n(A È B) = n(A ) + n(B) n(A Ç B)
If A and B are disjoint sets.
then n(A È B) = n(A ) + n(B)
` Comparability of sets :
Two sets A and B are said to be comparable if either A Ì B and B Ì A or A = B.
If neither A Ì B and B Ì A nor A = B, then A and B are said to be incomparable.
Eg : 1. Sets {1, 2, 3} and {2, 3, 6, 7} are incomparable.
2. Sets {1, 2, 3} and {1, 2} are comparable.
` Cardinal properties of sets :
i) n(A B) + n(A Ç B) = n(A)
ii) n(B A) + n(A Ç B) = n(B)
iii) n(A È B) = n(A B) + n(A Ç B) + n(B A)
iv) n(m) = n(A) + n(A')
v) n(A È B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A Ç B)
vi) n(A È B) = n(A) + n(B) If A and B are disjoint sets.
` Venn diagram :
A Swiss mathematician Euler introduced the pictorial representation of sets in which a set is
represented by the region within a closed curve usually circle or ellipse. The diagram formed
by these sets is called the Venn diagram of that statement.
A set is represented by circles or a closed geometrical figure inside the universal set. The
universal set S is represented by a rectangular region. An element of a set is represented by a
point with in the circle A.
S S
A B A B
AÍB
` Pairwise Disjoint sets :
A family of sets A1, A2, .......... An is said to be pairwise disjoint family of sets. If no two
members of this family of sets have a common element. e.g : A = {1, 2, 3}; B = {10, 11}; C = { 3, 0}
Here the sets A, B, C are pairwise disjoints as
AÇB=f
B Ç C = f and A Ç C = f
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. If A and B are two sets such that A Ì B then what is A È B ?

Sol. If A Ì B then A È B = B
2. If V = {a, e, i, o, u} and B = {a, i, k, u}, find V B.
Sol. V B = {a, e, i, o, u} {a, i, k, u} = {e, o}
3. Write the set builder form of A B.
Sol. A B = {x : x Î A and x Ï B}
4. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}; B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}. Find the intersection of A and B.
Sol. A Ç B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Ç {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} = {2, 4, 6}
5. If A = {6, 9, 11} find A È f.
Sol. A = {6, 9, 11} È { } = {6, 9, 11} = A
6. List all the subsets of B = {p, q}
Sol. No.of subsets of B are 2n = 22 = 4
They are { }, { p }, { q }, {p, q}
7. Find No.of subsets of E = {1, 4, 9, 16}
Sol. Here n(E) = 4
No.of subsets of E are 2n = 24 = 16
8. If A = {1, 2, 3} ; B = {a, b, c}, then find n(A) and n(B).
Sol. The set A contains three distinct elements \ n(A) = 3
The set B contains three distinct elements \ n(B) = 3
9. List all the elements in the word "ASSASSINATION"
Sol. {A, S, I, N, T, O}
10. Represent A Í B using Venn diagram.
Sol. m
A B
AÍB
11. Represent A and B, if A Ç B = f using Venn diagram.
P
Sol.
A B
12. Use the adjoining Venn diagram to find A Ç B and A È B.
Sol. A Ç B = {4, 6}
A È B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
13. If n(A) = 3, n(B) = 5, and n(A È B) = 7, then find n(A Ç B).
Sol. n(A Ç B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A È B)
=3+57
=87=1
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. A is a set of three digit numbers whose sum of digits is equal to 28. Find A.
Sol. We know that the largest three digit number is 999. But the sum of its digits is 27.
Hence, there exists no three digit number whose sum of digits is equal to 28.
\ A = { } = f.
2. What is the cardinal number of a set which has 31 subsets excluding itself ?
Sol. We know that, if n(A) = n, the number of subsets = 2n, including the set itself.
Given that the number of subsets excluding itself are 31.
Hence the number of subsets including the set is 31 + 1 = 32.
\ 2n = 32 = 25 Þ n = 5 \ n(A) = 5
3. Is it possible for a set to have 52 subsets ? Give reasons for your answer.
Sol. It is not possible for a set to have 52 subsets.
\ Number of subsets = 2n for a set of 'n' elements and there is no natural number 'n' which
satisfies 2n = 52.
4. Let A has 3 elements and B has 6 elements. What can be the minimum number of elements
in A È B.
Sol. A È B will contain minimum number of elements if A Í B or B Í A.
But n(A) = 3 < 6 = n(B)
\B A \AÌB
Thus A È B = B
\ n(A È B) = n(B) = 6
Thus A È B contains al teast 6 elements.
5. Two finite sets have m and n elements the total number of subsets of the first set is 56 more
than the total number of subsets of the second set. Find the values of m and n.
Sol. Subsets of first set is 2m
Subsets of second set is 2n
Given that 2m 2n = 56
Now 26 = 64 and 23 = 8
26 23 = 64 8 = 56
\ m = 6 and n = 4
6. If x is a finite set, let p(x) denote the set of all subsets of x and n(x) denote the number of
elements in x. If for two finite sets A and B, n[p(A)] = n[p(B)] + 15, find n(A) and n(B).
Sol. Let n(A) = a, and n(B) = b, then n[p(A)] = 2n and n[p(B)] = 2b
2a = 2b + 15
This can have only one solution
a = 4 and b = 0 i.e. 24 = 20 + 15 Þ 16 = 1 + 15
\ n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 0
7. Write the following sets in Roster form
i) B = {x : x is a natural number less than 6}
ii) D = {x : x is a prime number which is a divisor of 60}
iii) E = {the set of all letters in the word BETTER}
iv) F = {F is the set of the colours of the rainbow}
Sol. i) B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
ii) D = {2, 3, 5}
iii) E = {B, E, T, R}
iv) F = {V, I, B, G, Y, O, R)
8. Write the following sets in the set-builder form
i) {3, 6, 9, 12} ii) {2, 4, 8, 16, 32} iii) {5, 25, 125, 625} iv) {1, 4, 9, 25, ..... 100}
Sol. i) {x : y = 3x , x Î N, x £ 4}
ii) {x : y = 2x, x Î N, x £ 5}
iii) {x : y = 5x, x Î N, x £ 4}
iv) {x : y = x2, x Î N, x £ 10}
9. Which of the following sets are empty, singleton, equivalent and equal sets ?
A = {x : x2 = 9 and 2x = 3}
B = {x : x2 5x + 6, 2x = 6}
C = {x : x is a natural number, x < 5 and x < 7}
D = {x : x is a common point to any two parallel lines}

Sol. A = {x : x2 = 9 and 2x = 3} Þ A = {x : (x = 3 or x = 3) and x = }

No x satisfies both the conditions. So there is no x in A.
i.e. A = f i.e. an empty set.
B = {x : (x 3) (x 2) = 0 and x = 3} = {x : (x = 3 or x = 2) and x = 3}
only x = 3 satisfies both the predictes. So x has only one value 3.
\ B = { 3 } i.e. A is higher set.
C={6}
There is no common point to any two parallel lines.
\ D = { } = f.
Thus A is an empty set. B is a singleton set. C is a singleton set. D is an empty set B, C are
equivalent sets.
10. State which of the following sets are finite or infinite.
i) {x : x Î N and (x 1) (x 2) = 0}
ii) {x : x Î N and x2 = 4}
iii) {x : x Î N and x is prime}
iv) {x : x Î N and 2x 2 = 0}
Sol. i) x can take the values 1 or 2. The set is {1,2}. Hence, it is finite.
ii) x2 = 4 Þ x = 2 or 2. But x Î N.
So the set is {2}. Hence, it is finite.
iii) The given set is the set of all prime numbers. There are infinitely many prime numbers.
Hence it is infinite.
iv) In a given set x = 1 and 1 Î N. Hence it is finite.
11. Let A be the set of prime numbers less than 6 and P be the set of prime factors of 30.
Is A = P ?
Sol. The set of prime numbers less than 6. A = {2, 3, 5}
The prime factors of 30 are P = {2, 3, 5}
Since the elements of A are same as the elements of P,
\A=P
12. List all the subsets of the set C = {x, y, z}
Sol. N.of subsets of C are 23 = 8
They are { }, {x}, {y}, {z}, {x, y}, {x, z}, {y, z}, {x, y, z]
13. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} ; B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, then find A È B, A Ç B. What do you notice about the
result ?
Sol. A È B = {1, 2, 3, 4} È {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} = B
A Ç B = {1, 2, 3, 4} Ç {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} = {1, 2, 3, 4} = A
I notice that if A Ì B then A È B = B, A Ç B = A
14. If A = {0, 2, 4} find A Ç f and A Ç A, comment.
Sol. A Ç f = {0, 2, 4} Ç { } = { } = f
A Ç A = {0, 2, 4} Ç {0, 2, 4} = {0, 2, 4} = A
\ AÇf=f
AÇA=A
15. If A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15} find A B, B A
Sol. A B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} {3, 6, 9, 12, 15} = {2, 4, 8, 10}
B A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15} {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} = {3, 9, 12, 15}
I observed that A B ¹ B A
16. If A = {x : x is a natural number}
B = {x : x is an even natural number}
C = {x : x is an odd natural number}
D = {x : x is a prime number}
Find A Ç B, A Ç C, A Ç D, B Ç C
Sol. A Ç B = {1, 2, 3, 4, .....} Ç {2, 4, 6, 8, .....} = {2, 4, 6, 8, .........} = B
A Ç C = {1, 2, 3, 4, .....} Ç {1, 3, 5, .......} = {1, 3, 5, ......} = C
A Ç D = {1, 2, 3, 4, .....} Ç {2, 3, 5, ....} = {2, 3, 5, .....} = D
B Ç C = {2, 4, 6, 8, .....} Ç {1, 3, 5, .......} = f
17. If A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21}; B = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}; C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10 12, 14, 16};
D = {5, 10, 15, 20} find A B, A C, A D, B D.
Sol. A B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21} {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} = {3, 6, 9, 15, 18, 21}
A C = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21} {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16} = {3, 9, 15, 18, 21}
A D = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21} {5, 10, 15, 20} = {3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 21}
B D = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} {5, 10, 15, 20} = {4, 8, 12, 16}
18. Draw the Venn diagrams of A È B, A Ç B, A B, B A.

Sol.
P P P P
AÈB AÇB AB BA
19. If n(A) = 12, n(B) = 20, then find
i) maximum number of elements in (A È B) and (A Ç B)
i) minimum number of elements in (A È B) and (A Ç B)
Sol. A È B will contain minimum number of elements if A Í B or B Í A
But n(A) = 12 < 20 = n(B)
\B A \AÍB
Thus A È B = B \ n(A È B) = n(B) = 20
A Ç B = A \ n(A Ç B) = n(A) = 12
Maximum number of elements in A Ç B = 12
Maximum number of elements in A È B = n(A) + n(B) = 12 + 20 = 32
Minimum number of A Ç B = 0
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. If A, B are disjoint sets then n(A Ç B) = .......................................
2. If A È B = f, then n(A) = .......................................
3. If A Ç B = f , n(A È B) = 23, n(A) = 10, then n(B) = .......................................
4. If n(A B) = 8, n(A) = 21, then n(A Ç B) = .......................................
5. The number of elements in the word 'STATION' .......................................
6. If A Ì B and B Ì C, then .......................................
7. If n(A) = 3, then the number of subsets of set A is .......................................
8. If A = {x : x ¹ x}, then A is a .......................................
9. The number of elements of p(A) if A = f , is .......................................
10. Write the set {x : x Î N, 9 £ x £ 16 } in roster form .......................................
11. Match the roster form with set builder form.
i) Group - A Group - B
i) {P, R, I, N, C, A, L} ( ) A) {x : x is an integer and x2 9 = 0}

ii) {0} ( ) B) {x : x is an odd natural number less
than 10}
iii) {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18} ( ) C) {x : x is a positive integer and is a
divisor of 18}
iv) {3, 3} ( ) D) {x : x is an integer and x + 1 = 1}
v) {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ( ) E) {x : x is a letter of the word PRINCIPAL}
12. Match the roster form with set-builder form.
ii) Group - A Group - B
i) {1, 2, 3, 6} ( ) A) {x : x Î N and x < 100}

ii) {2. 3} ( ) B) {x : x is a natural number and
divisor of 6}
iii) {M, A, T, H, E, I, C, S} ( ) C) {x : x Î N and 2x 2 = 0}
iv) {1, 2, 3, 4, ....., 99} ( ) D) {x : x is a letter of the word
MATHEMATICS}
v) {1} ( ) E) {x : x is a prime number and divisior
of 6}
13. If A Ì B, then A B .......................................
14. If A Ì B, then A È (B A) .......................................
15. The identity element for union of sets is .......................................
16. The identity element for intersection of sets is .......................................
17. If A and B are disjoint sets then A B = .......................................
18. If n(A) = 20, n(B) = 25, n(A Ç B) = 10, then n(A È B) = .......................................
19. The number of all the proper subsets of a set is 15, then the number of elements of the set is
.......................................
20. If A È B = A Ç B, then .......................................
21. A Ç {(A m) È (m A)} is .......................................
22. {x/3 < x < 6, x Î N} its tabular form is .......................................
23. The cardinal number of { 0 } is .......................................
24. If A Ç B = B, then .......................................
25. If A È B = B, then .......................................
ANSWERS
1) 0 2) 0 3) 13 4) 13 5) 6
6) A Ì C 7) 8 8) Null set 9) 1
10) {9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16} 11) E, D, C, A, B 12) C, E, D, A, C 13) f
14) B 15) f 16) m 17) A 18) 35
19) 4 20) A = B 21) f 22) {4, 5} 23) 1
24) B Ì A 25) A Ì B
h h h h h

3. POLYNOMIALS
KEY CONCEPTS
` Let x be a variable, n be a positive integer and a0, a1, a2, ........ an be constants (real numbers),
then p(x) = a0 xn + a1xn 1 + a2 xn 2 + ....... + an 1 x + an is called a polynomial in variable x.
` The exponent of the highest degree term in a polynomial is known as its degree.
` A ploynomial of degree 0 is called constant polynomial.
` A polynomial of degree 1, 2 or 3 is called a linear polynomial, a quadratic polynomial or a cubic
polynomial respectively.
Following are the forms of various degree polynomials
Degree Name of the polynomial Form of the polynomial
0 Constant polynomial p(x) = a, a is a constant
1 Linear polynomial p(x) = ax + b, a ¹ 0
2 Quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ¹ 0
3 Cubic polynomial p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a ¹ 0
4 Biquadratic polynomial p(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e, a ¹ 0
` If p(x) is a polynomial in x and if k is a real number, then the value obtained by replacing x by k
in p(x), is called the value of p(x) at x = k, and is denoted by p(k).
` A real number k is said to be a zero of a polynomial p(x), if p(k) = 0.
` A polynomial of degree n can have at most n real zeros.
` A quadratic polynomial can have at most 2 zeros.
` A quadratic polynomial can have at most 3 zeros.
` Geometrically the zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are the x-coordinates of the points where the
graph y = f(x) intersects X - axis.
` If a and b are the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c (a ¹ 0), then
C $PFGGJDJFOU PG Y
a+b= = $PFGGJDJFOU PG Y
B
D $POTUBOU UFSN
ab =
B $PFGGJDJFOU PG Y
` If a, b, g are the zeroes of a cubic polynomial p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, (a ¹ 0), then
C $PFGGJDJFOU PG Y
a+b+g
B $PFGGJDJFOU PG Y
D $PFGGJDJFOU PG Y
ab + bg + ga =
B $PFGGJDJFOU PG Y
E $POTUBOU UFSN
abg =
B $PFGGJDJFOU PG Y
` The division algorithm states that given any polynomial p(x) and any non-zero polynomial g(x),
there are polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that p(x) = g(x) . q(x) + r(x)
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Define zero of a polynomial.
Sol. A real number k is said to be a zero of a polynomial p(x), if p(k) = 0.
2. If p(t) = t3 1 find the value of p(1) and p( 1).
Sol. p(t) = t3 1
p(1) = 13 1 = 1 1 = 0
p(1) = (1)3 1 = 1 1 = 2
3. State division algorithm for polynomials.
Sol. The division algorithm states that given any polynomial p(x) and any non-zero polynomial g(x),
there are polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that
p(x) = g(x). q(x) + r(x)
4. Write a quadratic polynomial and a cubic polynomial in variable x in the general form
Sol. General form of a quadratic polynomial = ax2 + bx + c , a ¹ 0.
General form of a cubic polynomial = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a ¹ 0.
5. Find the number of zeroes of the polynomial 2x + 1 and also find the values.
Sol. p(x) = 2x + 1 is a linear polynomial. It has only one zero.
Let p(x) = 0
Þ 2x+1= 0

\ x=

6. Write the coefficients of the polynomial p(x) = 5x7 6x5 + 7x 6
Sol. Compare the given polynomial with general form of polynomial of degree 7.
The coefficients of the polynomial p(x) are 5, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 7 and 6.
7. If a, b are the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial such that a + b = 6 and ab = 4, then write
the polynomial.
Sol. a + b = 6
ab = 4
Quadratic polynomial having zeroes a, b is
k(x2 x(a + b) + ab)
= k(x2 x( 6) + ( 4))
= k(x2 + 6x 4)
When k = 1 the quadratic polynomial will be x2 + 6x 4
8. If two zeros of the polynomial p(x) = x3 4x2 3x + 12 are and then find its third
zero.
Sol. Let a = , b = be the given zeros and g be the third zero, then

§ C·
a+b+g= ¨? D E J ¸
© B ¹
Þ +g =4Þg=4
9. If a, b are the zeros of the polynomial 2y2 + 7y + 5, write the values of a + b and ab
C
Sol. a + b =
B
D
ab =
B
10. Find the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = (x + 2) (x + 3)
Sol. If p(x) = 0
Þ (x + 2) (x + 3) = 0
Þ x + 2 = 0 (or) x + 3 = 0
Þ x = 2 (or) x = 3
\ Zeros of the polynomial are 2 and 3.
11. If p(x) = x2 4x + 3 find the value of p(1) and p(2).
Sol. p(x) = x2 4x + 3
p(1) = (1)2 4(1) + 3
=14+3=44=0
p(2) = (2)2 4(2) + 3
=48+3=78=1
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Check whether 2 and 2 are the zeroes of the polynomial x4 16.
Sol. p(x) = x4 16
p(2) = (2)4 16
= 16 16 = 0
p(2) = (2)4 16
= 16 16 = 0
\ 2 and 2 are the zeroes of the polynomial x4 16.
2. Find a quadratic polynomial if the zeroes of it are and respectively.
Sol. Let a = Î and b = Î
a+b=
=0
ab =
=3
\ Quadratic polynomial having zeroes a, b is
k(x2 x(a + b) + ab)
= k(x2 x(0) + 3) = k(x2 3)
When k =1, the quadratic polynomial will be x2 3.
3. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are 3 and 2 respectively.
Sol. a + b = 3
ab = 2
Quadratic polynomial having zeroes a, b is
k(x2 x(a + b) + ab)
= k(x2 x( 3) + 2)
= k(x2 + 3x + 2)
When k = 1 the quadratic polynomial will be x2 + 3x + 2
4. If the sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial p(t) = kt2 + 2t + 3k is equal to their
product, find the value of k.
Sol. p(t) = kt2 + 2t + 3k
C
Sum of the zeroes =
B L
D L
Product of the zeroes = =3
B L
According to the problem

=3
L

Þ k=

5. If the product of zeroes of the quadratic polynomial p(x) = x2 4x + k is 3. Find the value of
k.
Sol. p(x) = x2 4x + k
Product of the zeroes = D L

=k
B
But the product of zeroes = 3
\ k=3
6. If the sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial p(x) = kx2 3x + 5 is 1, write the value
of k.
Sol. p(x) = kx2 3x + 5
C

Sum of the zeores =
B L L
But the sum of zeroes = 1

\ =1
L
Þ k=3
7. For what value of k, 3 is a zero of the polynomial 2x2 + x + k.
Sol. p(x) = 2x2 + x + k
If 3 is a zero of the polynomial then p(3) = 0
Þ 2(3)2 + 3 + k = 0
Þ 18 + 3 + k = 0
Þ 21 + k = 0
Þ k = 21
8. Find the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x2 + 5x + 6.
Sol. Let p(x) = 0
Þ x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
Þ x2 + 3x + 2x + 6 = 0
Þ x(x + 3) + 2(x + 3) = 0
Þ (x + 3) (x + 2) = 0
Þ x + 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
Þ x = 3 or x = 2
\ Zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 3 and 2
9. Find the number of zeroes of the polynomial q(y) = y2 1 and also find their values.
Sol. q(y) = y2 1 is a quadratic polynomial.
It has atmost two zeroes.
To find zeroes,
let q(y) = 0
Þ y2 1 = 0
Þ (y + 1) (y 1) = 0
Þ y = 1 (or) y = 1
\ The zeroes of the polynomial are 1 and 1.
10. Give an example of polynomials p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x) satisfying the division algorithm
where degree r(x) = 0
Sol. r(x) = 5
g(x) = x + 5
q(x) = x2 + 5x + 7
By division algorithm
p(x) = g(x) . q(x) + r(x)
= (x + 5) (x2 + 5x + 7) + 5
= x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 5x2 + 25x + 35 + 5
= x3 + 10x2 + 32 x + 40
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 7x + 10 and verify the relationship between
the zeroes and the coefficients.
2. Verify that 1, 1, and 3 are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial x3 + 3x2 x 3 and check the
relationship between zeroes and the coefficients.

3. Why are and 1 zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 4x2 + 3x 1.

4. If p(x) = x3 3x2 + 5x 3, g(x) = x2 2, then divide p(x) by g(x) and find the quotient and
remainder.
5. Divide p(x) = x4 3x2 + 4x + 5 by g(x) = x2 + 1 x and verify the division algorithm.

6. Obtain all other zeroes of 3x4 + 6x3 2x2 10x 5, if two of its zeroes are BOE .

7. Find all the zeroes of 2x4 3x3 3x2 + 6x 2, if two of its zeroes are BOE .
8. On dividing x3 3x2 + x + 2 by a polynomial g(x) the quotient and remainder were x 2 and
2x + 4 respectively. Find g(x).
9. If p(x) = x2 + 3x + 1, q(x) = 3x4 + 5x3 7x2 + 2x + 2, divide q(x) by p(x) and check p(x) is a factor
of q(x).
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Draw the graph of the polynomial p(x) = x2 6x + 9 and find the zeroes.
2. Draw the graph of the polynomial p(x) = x2 x 12 and find the zeroes.
3. Draw the graph of the polynomial p(x) = x2 4x + 5 and find the zeroes.
4. Draw the graph of the polynomial p(x) = x2 + 3x 4 and find the zeroes.
5. Draw the graph of the polynomial p(x) = x2 1 and find the zeroes.
6. Draw the graph of the cubic polynomial p(x) = x3 4x and find the zeroes.
7. Draw the graph of the quadratic polynomial p(x) = 3 2x x2 and find the zeroes.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. The degree of the polynomial 5x2 4x3 + x 1 is .....................................
2. The degree of quadratic polynomial is .....................................
3. Zero of the linear polynomial ax + b = .....................................
4. If p(x) = x2 5x 6, then p( 2) = .....................................
5. If one zero of the polynomial p(x) = x2 + kx 8 is 4, then k = .....................................

6. If a, b are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x2 + x + 1, then D E = ........................................
7. If one zero of the polynomial p(x) = (k2 + 4) x2 + 13x + 4k is reciprocal of the other, then
k = ...............................
8. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 2x3 3kx2 + 4x 5 is 6, then value of k is
......................................
9. A quadratic polynomial, the sum of whose zeroes is 0 and one zero is 3 is ...............................
10. A quadratic polynomial, the sum of whose zeroes is 3, and product is 10 is ....................................
11. The sum of zeroes of polynomial p(x) = x2 4 is .......................................

12. Quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are and 1 is .......................................

13. Quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are a, b is .......................................
14. If the product of zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = ax3 6x2 + 11x 6 is 4, then a = .........................
15. If the product of two zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 2x3 + 6x2 4x + 9 is 3, then its third zero is
.......................................
16. If two of the zeroes of the cubic polynomial ax3 + bx2 + cx + d are each equal to zero, then the
third zero is .......................................
17. The product of the zeroes of the polynomial x3 + 4x2 + x 6 is .......................................
18. If two zeroes of the polynomial x3 + x2 9x 9 are 3 and 3 then its third zero is ........................
19. If and are two zeroes of the polynomial x3 + 3x2 5x 15, then its third zero is
.......................................
20. The polynomial which when divided by x2 + x 1 gives a quotient x 2 and remainder 3 is
.......................................
21. The shape of the graph of the equation y = ax2 + bx + c = .......................................

22. Quadratic polynomial whose sum of zeroes is and the product of zeroes is 1 is ................

23. The number of zeroes of the polynomial 2x + 1 is .......................................
24. The straight line represented by y = ax + b intersects the X - axis at .......................................
25. The coefficient of x2 in the polynomial p(x) = 3x3 4x2 + 5x + 7 is ..............................................
26. If a > 0 the shape of the parabola of the equation y = ax2 + bx + c is open towards .......................
ANSWERS
C
1) 3 2) 2 3) 4) 8 5) 2
B
6) 1 7) 2 8) 4 9) x2 9 10) x2 3x 10

11) 0 12) 4x2 + 3x 1 13) k[x2 x(a + b) + ab] 14)

C
15) 16) 17) 6 18) 1 19) 3
B
20) x3 + 3x2 3x + 5 21) parabola 22) 2x2 + 3x 2 23) 1
§ C
24) ¨ ·¸ 25) 4 26) upwards
© B ¹
h h h h h

4. PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
KEY CONCEPTS
` In general, an equation of the form ax + by + c = 0, a, b, c Î R are real numbers and where at
least a or b ¹ 0, is called a Linear Equation in two variables x and y.
It is the standard form or general form.
We write this conditions as a2 + b2 ¹ 0 or | a | + | b| ¹ 0
` Two linear equations in the same two variables are called a pair of linear equations in two
variables.
a1 x + b1y + c1 = 0, a12 + b12 ¹ 0, a1, b1 Î R
a2 x + b2y + c2 = 0, a22 + b22 ¹ 0, a2, b2, c2 Î R
` There are four prominent methods to solve a pair of two linear equations in two variables. They
are
Model method In this method, rectangles or portions of rectangles are often used to repre-
sent the unknowns or variables. We use this method rarely.
Graphical method This method is not convenient in cases where the point representing
the solution has no integral co-ordinates.
Substitution method This is useful where one variable can easily be written in terms of the
other variable.
Elimination method
` Consistent pair of linear equations : Two linear equations in two variables which have only one
solution (unique solution) are known as consistent pair of linear equations. They have only one
common point. The two lines may be intersecting at one point.
If the pair of two linear equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are consistent, then
B C B B
z or C z C or a1b2 ¹ a2b1
B C
` Inconsistent pair of linear equations : Two linear equations in two variables which don't have
solution are known as inconsistent pairs of linear equations. These two equations indicate
parallel lines.
If the pair of two linear equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2y + c2 = 0 are inconsistent, then
B C D B B D
z or z or a1b2 = a2b1.
B C D C C D
` Dependent pair of linear equations : Two linear equations in two variables which have infinitely
many solutions are known as dependent pair of linear equations. These two equations are
equivalent.
B C D
If two linear equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are dependent, then B C D .

` If the length and breadth of a rectangle are l, b units respectively, then the perimeter of the
rectangle is 2(l + b) units and the area of the rectangle is lb square units.
` In solving the pair of linear equations in two variables; finding the unknowns, expressing the
unknowns into variables and writing the equations is crucial.
If we can do it easily, then we can solve the pair of linear equations in two variables of the
form a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0. (a12 + b12 ¹ 0, a22 + b22 ¹ 0) in the above said any
method.
The following formula is useful to verify the solution quickly.
C D C D D B D B
x= and y = Algebra is nothing but the generalized Arithmetic.
B C B C B C B C
` The perimeter of rectangular plot is p m. If the length is increased by x m and the breadth is
decreased by y m, the area of the plot remains the same. Find the length and breadth of the
plot.
Y Q Z
Z Y Q
The following formula is useful to solve this problem quickly. l = , b = Y Z
Y Z
` The point which corresponds to how much money you have to earn through sales in order to
equal the money you spent in production is breakeven point.
` xy is a number with two digits, then xy = 10x + y.
` If the sum of two angles is 180° then they are called supplementary angles.
` If the sum of two angles is 90° then they are called complimentary angles.
` Some pairs of equations are not linear as it is. By suitable substitutions we can reduce to pair of
linear equations in two variables.
` Distance = Speed × Time.

` If one man can do finish a work in x days, then the work done by him in one day is .
Y
` A men and B women can together finish a work in P days while C men and D women can to-
gether finish the same work in Q days. Then find the time taken by 1 man alone and 1 woman
alone to finish the work.
The following formula is useful to solve such type of this problem .......
12 "% #$
The time taken by one man alone to finish the work is days.
%2 #1
12 "% #$
The time taken by one man alone to finish the work is days.
"1 $2
` The relative speed of two vehicles travelling in opposite direction = sum of the speeds.
` The relative speed of two vehicles travelling in same direction = difference of the speeds.
` To express minutes in hours, divide with 60.

For example 18 minutes = hours.

` A man travelled a certain distance partly by train and partly by car. If he covers A km by train
and the rest B km by car, it takes him P hours. But if he travels C km by train and the rest D km
by car, it takes him Q hours. Find the speed of the train and the speed of the car.
The formula to solve this problem quickly is .............
"% #$ "% #$
The speed of the train km/h, the speed of the car = "2 1$ km/h.
1% #2
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Define the solution for a pair of linear equations.
Sol. The pair of values of the variables x and y which together satisfy each one of the equations is
called the solution for a pair of linear equations.

2. The teacher told Madhavi that add 1 to . She wrote as . But Mary wrote as + 1.

Which of the above statements is true ?

Sol. and both statements are not equal to each other.

The answer written by Mary is correct.
3. State the situations possible when two lines are drawn in the same plane.
Sol. When two lines are drawn in the same plane, only one of the following situations is possible....
The two lines may intersect at one point.
Two lines may not intersect i.e. they are parallel.
Two lines may be coincident. (Actually both are same)
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. For what value of the p following pair of equations will be consistent (have a unique
solution) ? 2x + py + 5 = 0 and x + y + 6 = 0
B C Q
Sol. Here a1 = 2, b1 = p, a2 = 1, b2 = 1 and
B C
B C
Iff z i.e. z Q they are consistent.
B C
\ p ¹ 2 i.e. p Î R {2}
2. For what value of the k following pair of equations will be inconsistent (parallel) ?
2x ky + 3 = 0 and 4x + 6y 5 = 0
B C L
Sol. Here a1 = 2, b1 = k, a2 = 4, b2 = 6 therefore
B C
B C
The necessary and sufficient condition for inconsistent
B C
L
\ i.e. 2k = 6 \k=3

3. For what value of the p following pair of equations will be dependent ?
px + 3y (p 3) = 0 and 12x + py p = 0
Sol. Here a1 = p, b1 = 3, c1 = (p 3), a2 = 12, b2 = p, c2 = p
B Q C D Q
Q

B C Q D Q Q
B C D Q
Iff they are dependent i.e. i.e. p2 = 36
B C D Q
\ p=±6
4. Write the equation 1) which is consistent, 2) which is inconsistent and 3) which is depen-
dent to the equation 2x + 3y 8 = 0
Sol. 2x + 3y 8 = 0 is in the form of a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
\ a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1 = 8
B C
If z the equations are consistent.
B C
B C
For example a2 = 3, b2 = 2 then they are inequal.
B C
Therefore 3x + 2y 8 = 0 is consistent to the given equation.
B C
If the equations are inconsistent.
B C
For example a2 = 2, b2 = 3 and constant should be changed.
Therefore 2x 3y 5 = 0 is inconsistent to the given equation.
B C D
If they are dependent.
B C D
a1, b1, c1 should be increased or decreased in proportion.

For example if we takes as a2 = 4, b2 = 6, c2 = 16
4x + 6y 16 = 0 will be the dependent equation to the given equation.
5. Solve : (a b)x + (a + b)y = a2 2ab b2 and (a + b) (x + y) = a2 + b2
Sol. (a b)x + (a + b)y = a2 2ab + b2 (1)
(a + b)x + (a + b)y = a + b
2 2
(2)

(a b a b)x = 2ab 2b2
2bx = 2ab 2b2
Þ 2bx = 2b(a + b)
C B C
Þ x =
C
Þ x =a+b

From (1)
(a b) (a + b) + (a + b)y = a2 2ab b2
Þ a2 b2 + (a + b) y = a2 2ab b2
Þ (a + b)y = a2 2ab b2 a2 + b2
Þ (a + b)y = 2ab
BC
\ y= BC
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
(Solve all the problems in different methods for practice).
1. Neha went to a 'sale' to purchase some pants and skirts. When her friend asked her how
many of each she had bought, she answered "The number of skirts are two less than twice
the number of pants purchased. Also the number of skirts is four less than four times the
number of pants purchased".
Help her friend to find how many pants and skirts Neha bought.
2. In X class, if three students sit on each bench, one student will be left. If four students sit on
each bench, one bench will be left. Find the number of students and the number of benches
in the class.
3. In a Competitive exam, 3 marks to be awarded for every correct answer and for every
wrong answer, 1 mark will be deducted. Madhu scored 40 marks in this exam. Had 4 marks
been awarded for each correct answer and 2 marks deducted for each incorrect answer,
Madhu would have scored 50 marks. How many questions were there in the test ? (Madhu
attempted all the questions).
4. Mary told her daughter, "Seven years ago, I was seven times as you were then. Also, three
years from now, I shall be three times as you will be". Find the present age of Mary and her
daughter.
5. Places A and B are 100 km apart on a highway. One car starts from A another from B at the
same time at different speeds. If cars travel in the same direction, they meet in 5 hours. If
they travel towards each other, they meet in 1 hour. What are the speeds of the two cars ?
6. Solve the pair of equations by reducing them to a pair of linear equation.

Y Z Y Z
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Check whether the given pair of equations represents intersecting, parallel or coincident
lines. Find the solutions if the equations are consistent. (Graphical representation)
2x + y 5 = 0, 3x 2y 4 = 0
2. In a garden there are some bees and flowers. If one bee sits on each flower then one bee will
be left. If two bees sit on each flowers, one flower will be left. Find the number of bees and
number of flowers. (Graphical representation).
3. The perimeter of a rectangle is 32m. If the length is increased by 2m and the breadth is
decreased by 1m, the area of the plot remains the same. Find the length and breadth of the
plot. (Graphical representation)
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
I. Write the capital letters showing the answer in the brackets provided against each question.
1. Which of the following is not a linear equation ? ( )
A) 5 + 4x = y + 3 B) x + 2y = y x C) 3 x = y2 + 4 D) x + y = 0
2. Which of the following is a linear equation in one variable ? ( )
A) 2x + 1 = y 3 B) 2t 1 = 2t + 5 C) 2x 1 = x2 D) x2 x + 1 = 0
3. Which of the following is the solution to linear 2(x + 3) = 18 equation ? ( )

A) B) 6 C) 33 D)

4. The equation x 4y = 5 has ............. ( )
A) no solution B) unique solution C) two solutions D) infinite
5. The point on the line represented by the equation 3x + 2y = 80 ............. ( )
A) (0, 0) B) (30, 20) C) (4, 4) D) (16, 16)
6. If kx 2y 4 = 0 and 2x + 4y 5 = 0 are not intersecting lines, then k is ( )
A) 1 B) 2 C) 2 D) 1
7. Rama can finish a work in 15 days. Uma can finish the same work in 10 days. If they work
together, Then they can finish the same work in ................. ( )
A) 25 days B) 5 days C) 6 days D) they can't complete
II. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. "The cost of 3 note books and 2 pens is Rs. 80". The cost of a note book and the cost of a pen are
examples for ...................
2. When we have two variables, we need at least .................... independent equations to get a unique
solution.
3. If we have only one equation but two unknowns (variables), we can find ............... solutions.
4. In solving a pair of linear equations in two variables, to make one of the equations equal, we
have to increase or decrease the quantities in ...............
5. The graph of a linear equation in two variables is a ......................
III. Matching :
Group - A Group - B
B C
1) z ( ) A) Break even point
B C
B C D
2) z ( ) B) Co-inside
B C D
B C D
3) ( ) C) Supplimentary
B C D
4) Expenditure = income ( ) D) Intersecting lines

5) Sum of two angles = 180° ( ) E) Complimentary
F) Equilibrium
G) Parallel
H) Cartesian plane
ANSWERS
I. 1) C 2) B 3) B 4) D 5) D
6) A 7) C
II. 1) Unknown quantities 2) two 3) many 4) proportion
5) straight line
III. 1) D 2) G 3) B 4) A 5) C
h h h h h

5. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Among the three methods to solve a quadratic equation. Which method would you like to
use ? Why ?
Sol. i) Factorisation method
ii) Completing the square method
iii) By using quadratic formula.
Among them quadratic formula' method is easy to solve.

2. The sum of a number and its reciprocal is write it in quadratic equation form.

Sol. Let the number = x

Its reciprocal =
Y
By problem x +
Y
Y
Y
8x2 + 1 = 65x
8x2 65x + 8 = 0

3. Write a quadratic equation whose roots are 3 and .

Sol. Let a and b are two roots of a given quadratic equation

a = 3, b =

Sum of the roots a + b = 3 + =

§ ·
Products of the roots ab =
¨ ¸
© ¹
Required quadratic equation x2 (a + b) x + ab = 0

x2 Y =0

\ 2x2 7x + 3 = 0
4. Find the value of k, if the quadratic equation 9x2 kx + 4 = 0 has equal roots ?
Sol. Compare the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 9, b = k, c = 4
If the equation has two equal roots b2 4ac = 0
(k)2 4(9) (4) = 0
k2 = 4 × 9 × 4
k = ± (4 × 3)
= ± 12
5. Solve x2 7x + 12 = 0
Sol. x2 7x + 12 = 0
x2 3x 4x + 12 = 0 1 × 12 = 12
x(x 3) 4(x 3) = 0 12 = 3 × 4
(x 3) (x 4) = 0
(x 3) = 0 (or) (x 4) = 0
x = 3 or x = 4
\ 3 and 4 are roots of the given equation.
6. Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation 2x2 4x + 3 = 0 and hence find the nature of
its roots ?
Sol. Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 2, b = 4 c = 3
Discriminant D = b2 4ac
= ( 4)2 4(2) (3)
= 16 24
=8<0
So, the given equation has no real roots.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Check whether the equation x2 2x = ( 2) (3 x) is a quadratic equation or not.
Sol. x2 2x = 2(3 x)
Þ x2 2x = 6 + 2x
Þ x2 2x + 6 2x = 0
Þ x2 4x + 6 = 0
\ The equation is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
So, the given equation is a quadratic equation.
2. The length of a rectangular plot is one meter more than the twice its breadth. The area of
the plot is 528 sq.m. Then find its length and breadth.
Sol. Let the breadth of the rectangular plot = x
Then length of the rectangular plot = 2x + 1
Its area = (2x + 1) x = 528m2
Þ 2x2 + x 528 = 0
r

r r
\ x= =
u

x= = 32

OR

x= = 33

\ Breadth of the rectangular plot = 32 m
Length of the rectangular plot = 2 × 32 + 1 = 64 + 1 = 65 m.
3. Find the roots of the following quadratic equation if they exist by the method of completing
the square.
2x2 + x 4 = 0
Sol. 2x2 + x 4 = 0
Y
Þ x2 + 2=0

Y
Þ x2 + =2

Y
Þ x2 + =2+

§ ·
Þ ¨Y
© ¸¹

Þ Y r

Þ x= and x =

Þ x= and x =

4. Find the roots of the following quadratic equation, if they exist.
Sol. 2x2 2 Y + 1 = 0
Here, a = 2, b = 2 , c = 1
Discriminant D = b2 4ac = 8 8 = 0
\ Roots are real and equal.
r
\ x= = r

\ are the roots.

5. Find the value of k for the quadratic equations.

kx(x 2) + 6 = 0, so that they have two equal roots.
Sol. kx(x 2) + 6 = 0
kx2 2kx + 6 = 0
Given that, the given equation has two equal roots.
Discriminant b2 4ac = 0
a = k ; b = 2k; c = 6
Þ b2 = 4ac
Þ (2k)2 = 4(k) (6)
Þ 4k2 = 24k
Þ k=6
6. Is it possible to design a rectangular mango grove whose length is twice its breadth, and the
area is 800 m2. If so, find its length and breadth.
Sol. Let breadth of the rectangle = x
Length of the rectangle = 2x
Area of the rectangle = 2x (x) = 800
2x2 = 800
x2 = 400
x =
x = 20
\ Breadth of the rectangular = 20 m
Length of the rectangular = 2 × 20 = 40 m.
7. Write the discriminant and nature of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Sol. Discriminant D = b2 4ac
A quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
i) two distinct real roots, if b2 4ac > 0
ii) two equal real roots ; if b2 4ac = 0
iii) no real roots ; if b2 4ac < 0
8. Find the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + 5 = 6x, if they exist using the quadratic
formula.
Sol. x2 + 5 = 6x
Þ x2 + 6x + 5 = 0
Compare the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
a=1; b=6; c=5
C r C BD
x =
B
r

=
u
r
=

r
=

r
=

x= and x =

x= and x =

x = 1 and x = 5
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. A train travels a distance of 480 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 8km/h less,
then it would have taken 3 hours more to cover the same distance. We need to find the
speed of the train.
2. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations by factorisation.
i) 2
x + 7x + 5 = 0
ii) 3(x 4)2 5(x 4) = 12
3. Find two consecutive positive integers, sum of whose square is 613.
4. Find the dimensions of a rectangle whose perimeter is 28 meters and whose area is 40
square meters.
5. A motor boat heads up stream a distance of 24 km on a river whose current is running at
3 km/h. The trip up and back takes 6 hours. Assuming that the motor boat maintained a
constant speed, what was its speed ?
6. Find two consecutive odd positive integers, sum of whose squares is 290.
7. Find the roots of the following equations

i) x = 3, x ¹ 0
Y

ii)
Y Y , x ¹ 4, 7
8. A motor boat whose speed is 18km/h in still water. It takes 1 hour more to go 24km upstream
than to return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the stream.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. If a, b, c Î R, a ¹ 0 the standard form of a quadratic equation in variable x is ..............
2. The discriminant of ax2 (a + b) x + b = 0 is ...........
3. If ax2 + bx + c = 0 is a quadratic equation, then b2 4ac is called ...........
4. If a quadratic equation has roots and a graph is drawn, then it cuts .......... axis.
5. If the roots of quadratic equation x2 + kx + 1 = 0 are equal, then k = ..................
6. f = ................

O O
7. If = 55, then n = .............

8. If the roots of 4x2 2x + (x 4) = 0 are reciprocal to each other then x = ................

9. If x + = 3, x ¹ 0, then x = ...........
Y
10. If a + c = b then roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is ............
11. Degree of a quadratic polynomial .........
12. The discriminant of the quadratic equation 6x2 3 11x = 0 is .............
13. The discriminant of ax2 ax + b = 0 is ................
14. The roots of 2x2 5x + 3 = 0 are ...........
15. One root of x2 2x 1 = 0 is ..........
16. If the discriminant of a quadratic polynomial is negative then the roots are .............
17. Equation of a quadratic polynomial ( )

A) ax2 + bx B) ax + b C) ax2 + bx + c D) ax2 + bx + c = 0
18. The roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are ............. ( )
C r C BD C r C BD C r C BD C r C BD

A) B) C) D)
B B B B
19. The sum of the roots of the quadratic equation Y Y = 0 is ...............
20. The product of the roots of the quadratic equation 9x2 1 = 0 is ........
21. The quadratic equation px2 + qx + r = 0 has two distinct real roots if ...........
22. The quadratic equation px2 + qx + r = 0 has imaginary roots if .............
23. The quadratic equation px2 + qx + r = 0 has two real equal roots if ............
24. The quadratic equation with roots and is ...............
25. If the quadratic equation x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + bx + a = 0 have a common root, then ...............
26. The value of l for which x2 + 10x + l is a perfect square is ............
27. If a and b are the roots of x2 + 7x 60 = 0 then the value of a + b + ab = ..................
28. If a and b are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 5x + 3 = 0, then 2( a + b) = .............
29. The quadratic equation with roots 3 and 3 is ..............
30. The value of 'k' in the quadratic equation kx2 5x + 3 = 0 with '1' as one of its roots is ..............
II. Matching :
1) ax2 + bx + c = 0 ( ) A) x2 6x + 8 = 0
2) (x 2)2 + 1 = 2x 3 in ( ) B) cubic polynomial
standard form
3) The sum of a number and its ( ) C) 2x2 5x + 2 = 0

reciprocal is then the

quadratic equation
4) p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d ( ) D) Quadratic equation
5) It is not a quadratic equation ( ) E) x(x 3) = x2 + 5
ii) Group - A Group - B
1) Discriminant of 2x2 4x 3 = 0 ( ) A) 3
2) If the roots of 4x2 + 4 Y + l = 0 ( ) B) 8
are equal then l =

3) If p and q are roots of ( ) C) 40
x2 6x + 8 = 0 then p.q =

4) If the one root of x =2 ( ) D) 1
Y
is 2 then the other root is

5) The product of the roots of ( ) E)

3x2 Y + 2 = 0 is
iii) Group - A Group - B
1) x2 x 6 = 0 ( ) A) 2, 3
2) x2 3x + 2 = 0 ( ) B) 1, 2
3) x2 + x 6 = 0 ( ) C) 1, 2
4) x2 x 2 = 0 ( ) D) 3, 2
5) x2 + x 2 = 0 ( ) E) 1, 2
iv) Group - A Group - B
1) If D > 0 ( ) A) 0
2) If D = 0 ( ) B) The curve of the quadratic polynomial
cuts the X - axis.
3) If D < 0 ( ) C) The curve of the quadratic polynomial
touches X - axis at one point.
4) D of 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 is ( ) D) The curve of the quadratic polynomial
does not touch X - axis at all.
5) D of x2 2x + 1 = 0 is ( ) E) 1
v) The standard form of quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0 ; a ¹ 0
Group - A Group - B
1) Quadratic term ( ) A) bx
2) linear term ( ) B) c
D
3) constant term ( ) C)
B
4) sum of the roots ( ) D) ax2
C
5) product of the roots ( ) E)
B
ANSWERS
I. 1) ax2 + bx + c = 0 2) (a b)2 3) Discriminant 4) X - axis
r
5) ± 2 6) 2 and 1 7) 10 8) 8 9)

§ D·
10) ¨ 11) 2 12) 193 13) a2 4ab 14) 1 and
© B ¸¹
15) + 1 16) complex numbers 17) D 18) C

19) 20) 21) q2 > 4pr 22) q2 < 4pr 23) q2 = 4pr

24) x2 4x + 1 = 0 25) a + b = 1 26) 25 27) 67
28) 5 29) x2 9 = 0 30) 2
II. i) 1) D 2) A 3) C 4) B 5) E
ii) 1) C 2) A 3) B 4) D 5) E
iii) 1) D 2) B 3) A 4) C 5) E
iv) 1) B 2) C 3) D 4) E 5) A
v) 1) D 2) A 3) B 4) E 5) C
h h h h h
6. PROGRESSIONS
KEY CONCEPTS
` An Arithmetic Progression (AP) is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding
a fixed number to the preceding term, except the first term. The fixed number is called the
common difference. It can be either positive or negative or zero.
Ex : i) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ....
ii) 5, 8, 11, 14, ..........
` If 'a' is the first term and 'd' is the common difference then the terms of AP are a, a + d, a + 2d,
........ a + (n 1) d.
` If a1, a2, a3, ......., an are 'n' terms of an AP
common difference 'd' = a2 a1 = a3 a2 = a4 a3 = ........ = an an 1.
` If the number of terms of an AP is finite, then the series is called a finite Arithmetic Progression.
(The finite AP has a last term).
Ex : 25, 20, 15, 10, 5.
` If the number of terms of an AP is infinite, then the series is called an infinite Arithmetic Pro-
gression (Such AP do not have a last term).
Ex : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, .....
` If 'a' is the first term and 'd' is the common difference then the nth term (or) general term of AP
is given by
an = a + (n 1) d
` The sum of the first n-terms of an AP is given by
O
4O < B O
E>

` If 'a' is the first term and 'l' is the last term of finite AP are given and the common difference is
not given then
O
4O <B M>

Ex : Find the sum of first 100 natural numbers.
Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + ......... + 100

= [1 + 100] = 5050

` an = Sn Sn 1
` A Geometric Progression (GP) is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by multiply-
ing the preceding term with a fixed number, except the first term. This fixed number is called
common ratio.
Ex : i) 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, .....
ii) 64, 32, 16, 8, .....
` If 'a' is the first term and 'r' is the common ratio then the general form of G.P is a, ar, ar2,
ar3, .......
` If a1, a2, a3, .... an are 'n' terms of a GP
B B B BO
common ratio 'r' = .
B B B BO
` If the first term and common ratio of a GP are 'a', 'r' respectively then nth term (or) general term
of GP is given by
an = a.rn 1
1 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Find the common ratio of the GP 25, 5, 1,

B
Sol. In a GP common ratio 'r' =
B
2. Find x so that x, x + 2, x + 6 are consecutive terms of a GP.

B B
Sol. In a GP common ratio 'r' =
B B
Y Y
Þ
Y Y
Þ x2 + 6x = x2 + 4x + 4
Þ x=2
3. The taxi fare after each km when the fare is ` 20 for the first km and rises by ` 8 for each
additional km. In this situation does the list of numbers involved make an AP and why ?
Sol. The taxi fares would be 20, 28, 36, 44, ......
The above list form an AP
Since each term in the list starting from the second can be obtained by adding '8' to its
preceding term.
4. The cost of digging a well, after every metre of digging, when it costs ` 150 for the first
metre and rises by ` 50 for each subsequent metre. Does the numbers involved in this
situation make an AP and why ?
Sol. From the given data the fares would be 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, ....
Here common difference 'd' = a2 a1 = a3 a2 = .... = 50
\ The given situation represents an AP,
why because the difference between any two consecutive terms is equal.

5. Find the 7th term of the AP , ..........

Sol. In an AP. an = a + (n 1) d

7th term a7 = + (7 1) 1

\ a7 =

6. Write the first term and the common difference of AP.
Sol. First term of AP, a1 =
Common difference 'd' = a2 a1 = = =
\d=
7. Write the formula to find sum of 'n' terms of AP if last term is given and common difference
is not given and explain the each letter in the formula.
O
Sol. Sum of 'n' terms in an AP is Sn = [a + l]

n = number of terms
a = first term
l = last term
8. Write the formula to find the nth term of GP and explain the each letter of the formula.
Sol. 'nth' term of GP is an = a. rn 1
a = first term
r = common ratio
n = number of terms
9. Write one example for each, finite AP and infinite AP ?
Sol. Finite AP Ex : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Infinite AP Ex : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..........
10. Find the sum of the first 'n' natural numbers.
Sol. Here given 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ....., n.
a = 1, last term l = n and
number of terms = n
O O
\ Sum of the first 'n' natural number Sn = [a + l] = [1 + n]

O O
\ Sn =

11. Find the nth term of GP 64, 32, 16, .....
Sol. Here a = 64
B
r= B

O
§·
We have n term of GP an = ar
th n 1
= 64 ¨ ¸
©¹

Y Y
12. Find the 10th term of AP x, 2x, .....

Sol. Here a = x
Y Y
d = a2 a 1 = x=

10th term of AP
a10 = a + 9d

Y·
= x + §¨ ¸
©¹
= x + 3x = 4x
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Which term of the AP : 21, 18, 15, ..... is 81 ?
Sol. Here a = 21, d = a2 a1 = 18 21 = 3 and if an = 81
We have to find n
As an = a + (n 1) d
81 = 21 + (n 1) ( 3)
81 = 21 3n + 3
81 = 24 3n
105 = 3n
\ n = 35
\ 35th term of the AP is 81.
2. Determine the AP whose 3rd term is 5 and the 7th term is 9.
Sol. We have
a3 = a + (3 1)d = a+ 2d = 5 (1)
a7 = a + (7 1)d = a + 6d = 9 (2)
From (1) and (2) we get a = 3, d = 1
Hence the required AP is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ......
3. How many two digit numbers are divisible by 3 ?
Sol. The list of two digit numbers divisible by 3 is 12, 15, 18, ..... 99
The above list of numbers are in AP
Here a = 12, d = a2 a1 = 15 12 ; d = 3
an = 99
As an = a + (n 1) d
We have 99 = 12 + (n 1) (3)
87 = (n 1) 3

n1= = 29

n = 29 + 1
\ n = 30
So there are 30 two digit numbers divisible by 3.
4. Find the 11th term from the last of the AP series 10, 7, 4, . . ., 62.
Sol. Here, a = 10, d = 7 10 = 3, l = an = 62,
where, l = a + (n l) d = 62
62 = 10 + (n 1) (3)
72 = (n 1) (3)

(n 1) =

n 1 = 24
n = 25
So, there are 25 terms in the given A. P.
th th
\ The 11 term from the last will be the 15 term of the series.
So, a15 = a + (15 1) d
= 10 + 14 (3)
= 10 42
a15 = 32
i.e., the 11th term from the end is 32
5. If the 3rd and the 9th terms of an A.P are 4 and 8 respectively, which term of this A.P is
zero?
Sol. Given : An A.P whose
3rd term a3 = a + 2d = 4 ....... (1)
9th term a9 = a + 8d = 8 ....... (2)
+
Subtract 6d = 12
E

Substituting d = 2 in equtaion (1) we get
a + 2 × ( 2) = 4
Þa=8
Let nth term of the given AP be equal to zero.
\ an = a + (n 1) d = 0
Þ 8 + (n 1)( 2) = 0
Þ 10 2n = 0
Þ 2n = 10
\ n=5
th
\ The 5 term of the given A.P is zero.
6. The 17th term of an A.P exceeds its 10th term by 7. Find the common difference.
Sol. Given an A.P in which a17 = a10 + 7
Þ a17 a10 = 7
We have an = a + (n 1) d
\ (a + (17 1)d) (a + (10 1) d) = 7
a + 16d a 9d = 7
7d = 7
d=1
\ common difference = 1
7. How many multiples of 4 lie between 10 and 250?
Sol. Multiples of 4 lie between 10 and 250 are
12, 16, 20, 24, ......., 248
a = 12 ; d = a2 a1 = 16 12 = 4
let an = 248
We have an = a + (n 1) d = 248
Þ 12 + (n 1) 4 = 248

n1=

n1= = 59

n = 59 + 1 = 60
\ There are 60 number of multiples of 4 in between 10 and 250.
8. Subba Rao started work in 1995 at an annual salary of ` 5000 and received an increment of
` 200 each year. In which year did his income reach ` 7000 ?
Sol. Salary of Subba Rao in 1995 = ` 5000
Annual increment = ` 200
Annual salaries of Subbarao are 5000, 5200, 5400, 5600, .......
The above series is A.P
a = 5000, d = a2 a1 = 5200 5000 = 200.
Now suppose that his salary reaches ` 7000 after 'n' years
i.e., an = ` 7000
a + (n 1) d = 7000
5000 + (n 1) 200 = 7000

(n 1) =

n 1 = 10
n = 11
th
\ In 11 year his salary reached ` 7000.
9. If the sum of the first 14 terms of an AP is 1050 and its first term is 10, find the 20th term.
Sol. Here, a = 10, n = 14 and Sn = 1050
O
We have Sn = [2a + (n 1) d]

1050 = [2(10) + (14 1) d]

1050 = 7[20 + 13d]
1050 = 140 + 91d
91d = 910
d = 10
\ a20 = 10 + (20 1) 10 = 200
th
\ 20 term is 200
10. In an AP a = 2, d = 8, Sn = 90, find 'n' and an.
Sol. Given : a = 2; d = 8 and Sn = 90
O
We have 4 O ªB O E º
¬ ¼
Oª

O º¼
¬
180 = n[4 + 8n 8]
180 = 8n2 4n
45 = 2n2 n
\ 2n2 n 45 = 0
Þ (n 5) (2n + 9) = 0
Þ n 5 = 0 or 2n + 9 = 0
ªh O h J T O PPG UFS NT PG "1 º

Þ n = 5 or n = « »
¬4P JU NVTU CF W F J O UF H FS
¼
\ n=5
Now an = a5 = a + 4d = 2 + 4(8)
\ an = 34
11. In an AP a = 7, a13 = 35, find 'd' and S13.
Sol. Given : a = 7 l = a13 = 35
a13 = a + 12d = 35
Þ 7 + 12d = 35
Þ 12d = 28

\ d=

Now, 4 O O
>B M @

4 > @ = u

\ S13 = 273
12. Given l = 28 and Sn = 144 and there are total 9 terms in the AP, find a.
Sol. Given l = a9 = 28
\ a + 8d = 28 and S9 = 144
We have 4 O O
>B M @

\ S9 = [a + 28]

144 = [a + 28]

u
= a + 28

a + 28 = 32
\a=4
13. Which term of the GP : 2, , 4, .......... is 128 ?

Sol. Here a = 2, r =

Let 128 be the nth term of the GP
Then an = arn 1 = 128

O = 128
O

= 64
O
= 26
O
Þ =6

\ n = 13
Hence 128 is the 13th term of the GP.
14. In a GP the 3rd term is 24 and 6th term is 192. Find the 10th term.
Sol. Here 3rd term a3 = ar2 = 24 (1)
6th term a6 = ar5 = 192 (2)
BS
Dividing (2) by (1) we get
BS
Þ r3 = 8 = 23
\r=2
Substituting r = 2 in (1) we get a = 6
\ 10th term of GP = ar9 = 6(2)9 = 3072
15. Find the 12th term of a GP, whose 8th term is 192 and the common ratio is 2
Sol. Here 8th a8 = ar7 = 192 and r = 2
ar7 = 192
a(2)7 = 26 × 3
u
a=

\a=

\ 12th term of GP = ar11

= × 211

= 3 × 210
= 3 × 1024
= 3072
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. In a flower bed there are 23 rose plants in the first row, 21 in the second, 19 in the third, and
so on. There are 5 rose plants in the last row. How many rows are there in the flower bed.
2. Two APs have the same common difference. The difference between their 100th terms is
100, what is the difference between their 1000th terms ?
3. Find the 31st term of an AP whose 11th term is 38 and 16th term is 73.
4. For what value of n, are the nth terms of two APs 63, 65, 67, .... and 3, 10, 17, ..... equal ?
5. Determine the AP whose third term is 16 and the 7th term exceeds the 5th term by 12.
6. Find the 20th term from the end of the AP : 3, 8, 13, ...., 253.
7. The sum of the 4th and 8th terms of an AP is 24 and the sum of the 6th and 10th term is 44. Find
the first three terms of the AP.
8. Find the sum of
i) the first 1000 positive integers.
ii) the first n positive integers.
9. Find the sum of first 24 terms of the list of numbers whose nth term is given by an = 3 + 2n.
10. The first and the last terms of an AP are 17 and 350 respectively. If the common difference
is 9. How many terms are there and what is their sum ?
11. If the sum of first 7 terms of an AP is 49 and that of 17 terms in 289, find the sum of first
n terms.
12. A sum of ` 700 is to be used to give seven cash prizes students of a school for their overall
academic performance. If each prize is ` 20 less than its preceding prize, find the value of
each of the prizes.
13. 200 logs are stocked in the following manner. 20 logs in the bottom row, 19 in the next row,
18 in the row next to it and so on. In how many rows are the 200 logs placed and how many
logs are in the top row ?
14. Number of bricks needed to make each step, if the stair case has total 30 steps. Bottom step
needs 100 bricks and each successive step needs 2 bricks less than the previous step.

15. If the geometric progressions 162, 54, 18, ..... and .... have their nth term equal.

Find the value of n.
16. The number of bacteria in a certain culture triples every hour. If there were 30 bacteria
present in the culture originally. Then, what would be number of bacteria in fourth hour ?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. If 15, x, 25 are in AP then x = .................................
2. x 5, x + 2, 3x 3 are in AP then x = .................................
3. 10th term of the AP x 3, x 1, x + 1, .......... is .................................
4. If a, b, c are in AP then b = .................................
5. The sum of first 50 even numbers is .................................
6. The number of two digit numbers which are divisible by '5' is .................................
7. Number of terms of the AP ( 2) + ( 4) + ( 6) + ..... + ( 200) is .................................
8. The 5th term from the end of the AP 2, 6, 10, 14, ....... , 42 is .................................
9. If 3, 6, 9, 12, ....... are in AP then a15 a10 = .................................
10. ............ term of the AP 30, 25, 20, ................................. is 30.
11. If nth term of an AP is 2n + 5 then common difference 'd' = .................................
12. In an AP if 3 times to 3rd term is equal to 7 times to 7th term then ................................. term is zero.
13. If x, y, z are in AP then 2y = .................................
14. ................................. term of the AP 100, 90, 80, ................................. is zero.
15. If nth term of AP is (2n2 + 2n + 3) then 2nd term is .................................
16. ................................. term of the AP 24, 21, 18, ................................. is the first negative.
17. If a28 a23 = 15, then the common difference of AP is .................................
18. The sum of the first 40 positive integers divisible by 6 is .................................
19. The next term of the AP , ................................. is .................................
20. The sum of first 30 odd numbers is .................................
21. The common difference of AP , ........................... is .................................
22. The sum of first 20 natural numbers is .....................................
23. If the 15th term of an AP exceeds its 6th term by 9 then the common difference is ..............................
24. If the sum of the first 'n' terms of an AP is (4n n2) then common difference is .............................
25. If two AP's have the same common difference, the difference between their 50th terms is 50 then
the difference between their 100th terms is .............................
26. Number of three digit numbers which are divisible by '4' is .............................
27. If sum of the first 10 terms of an AP is 550 and its first term is 10 then 20th term is .............................
Y Y
28. The 12th term of AP x, 2x, ............................. is

29. a, x1, x2, x3, x4 ........, xn b are in AP then common difference 'd' = .............................
30. Sum of the multiples of 3 in between 1 and 100 is .............................
31. If the 1st and last terms of AP are 2 and 28 then S10 = .............................
32. If sum of the first 'n' natural numbers is 66 then n = .............................
33. If a, b, c are in GP then b = .............................
34. The common ratio of the GP ...... so on is .............................
35. 20th term of GP 5, 5, 5, 5, ......... so on is .............................
36. If 5, x, 125 are in GP then x = .............................
37. If x 3, x, x + 6 are three consecutive term of GP then x = .............................
38. ............................. term of the GP 3, , 9, ............................. is 243.
39. In a GP, an = 5(0.4)n 1 then its common ratio is .............................
40. If ka, kb, kc are in GP then a, b, c are in ............................. series.

41. , ......... are in GP. If an = then value of 'n' = .............................

42. The nth term of the GP , ...... is .............................

43. If two GP's have the same common ratio, the ratio between their 5th term is 16 then the ratio
between their 10th term is .............................

44. Y are three consecutive terms in a GP then x = .............................

45. If a, x1, x2, x3, ...., xn b are in GP then common ratio 'r' = .............................
46. In a GP if the 1st and 4th terms are 50 and 1350 then 5th term is .............................
47. If 5th, 8th and 11th terms of a GP are p, q, and S then q2 = .............................
48. If 8th term of GP is 192 and common ratio is '2' then 12th term is .............................
B
49. If B of a GP is 64, then common ratio is .............................

50. If two GP's 162, 54, 18, .... and , ..... are having equal nth terms then value of 'n' is

..........................................................
II. Matching :
1) If sum of the first 'n' natural ( ) A) 2

numbers is 66 then n = ..........
2) If a, x1, x2, x3, x4, ..... xn, b are ( ) B) 6
in GP then common ratio r = ........
3) The common difference of the ( ) C) 4
AP , .... is ...........
CB
4) If x 3, x, x + 6 are three ( ) D) O
consecutive terms of GP then
x = .................

B § C ·O
5) If B of a GP is 64 then ( ) E) ¨ ¸
©B¹
common ratio is ............ F) 11
G)
ANSWERS
BD
I. 1) 20 2) 6 3) x + 15 4) 5) 2550

6) 18 7) 100 8) 26 9) 15 10) 13
11) 2 12) 10 th
13) x + z 14) 11 th
15) 15
16) a10 17) 3 18) 5040 19) 20) 900
21) 22) 210 23) 1 24) 1 25) 50
Y CB
26) 225 27) 200 28) 29) O 30) 1683

31) 150 32) 11 33) BD 34) 35) 5
36) 25 37) 6 38) 9th 39) 0.4 40) AP

§ C ·O
41) 7 42) O 43) 16 44) ± 1 45) ¨ ¸
©B¹
46) 4050 47) PS 48) 3072 49 ) 2 50) 5
II. 1) C 2) A 3) B 4) D 5) E
h h h h h

7. CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
KEY CONCEPTS
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` 2 TFDPOERVBESBOU
2 GJSTURVBESBOU
o

Y Z Y Z

9BYJT 9BYJT
o o o ä
o
2 UIJSERVBESBOU
2 GPVSUIRVBESBOU
o
Y Z o Y Z
o o
o
:BYJT
` Equation of X - axis is, y = 0.

` Equation of Y - axis is, x = 0.
` Equation of parallel line to X-axis with k units distance is y = k.
` Equation of parallel line to Y-axis with k units distance is x = k.
` Distance between any two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) = Y Y Z Z .
` Distance between point (x, y) and origin = Y Z
` Distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) on the line parallel to Y-axis = |y2 y1|
` Distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) on the line parallel to X-axis = |x2 x1|
` General form of a point on X-axis = (a, 0)
` General form of a point on Y-axis = (0, b)
` Square : Four sides are equal and diagonals are equal.
` Rhombus : Four sides are equal and diagonals are equal.
` Rectangle : Opposite sides are equal and diagonals are equal.
` Parallelogram : Opposite sides are equal and diagonals are nead not be equal.
` The co-ordinates at the point P(x, y) which divides the line segment joining the points (x 1, y1)
and (x2, y2) internally in the ratio m : n =

§ NY OY NZ OZ ·¸
¨
© NO NO ¹
` Trisecting points : Two points divides a line segment into three equal points are called trisect-
ing points. The points divides line segment internally in the ratio 1 : 2 and 2 : 1.
§ Y Y Z Z ·
` Co-ordinates of mid point of line segment joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) = ¨
© ¸¹
` Centroid : The point of intersection of medians of a triangle is called centroid of triangle.
Centroid is denoted by 'G'. G divides each median in the ratio 2 : 1
` Co-ordinates of centroid of a triangle whose vertices are
§ Y Y Y Z Z Z ·
(x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) = ¨ ¸
© ¹
` The co-ordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides line segment joining the points (x1, y1) and
§ NY OY NZ OZ ·¸
(x2, y2) externally in the ratio m : n = ¨
© NO NO ¹
` Area of triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3)

D= |x (y y ) + x2(y3 y1) + x3(y1 y2)|
1 2 3
` Area of triangle whose vertices are (0, 0), (a, 0) and (0, b)

D= |ab|

D
` Area of triangle formed with straight line ax + by + c = 0 with co-ordinal axes =
BC
` Area of triangle formed with straight line subtends to co-ordinate axes. If x - intercept = a, y -
intercept = b

D= |ab|

` If points A, B, C are collinear then, Area of triangle having A, B, C as vertices = 0.
` Heron's Formula : Given lengths of sides of triangle are a, b, c
Area of triangle = 4 4 B
4 C
4 D
BCD
here S =

` Slope : If q is an angle made by the line with X-axis in positive direction, then slope = m = tanq
Z Z
` Slope of a straight line passing through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) =
Y Y
` In straight line y = mx + c
slope = m, c = y - intercept. This line divides Y - axis at (0, c)
` Equation of straight line is ax + by + c = 0, then
B Y DP PSEJOBUF
a) Slope =
C Z DP PSEJOBUF
D DPOTUBOU UFSN
b) x - intercept =
B Y DP PSEJOBUF
D DPOTUBOU UFSN
c) y - intercept = C Z DP PSEJOBUF
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Find the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are (2, 3), (4, 3) and (6, 6) ?
Sol. Given points = (2, 3), (4, 3), (6, 6)
§ Y Y Y Z Z Z · § ·
Centroid = ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ = (4, 4)
© ¹ © ¹
2. Find the co-ordinates of mid point of line segment formed by joining two points (2, 3) and (6, 7)
Sol. Given points = (2, 3), (6, 7)
§ Y Y Z Z · § ·
Mid point = ¨ ¸ ¨ = (4, 5)
© ¹ © ¸¹
3. (0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 3) are vertices of a triangle, then find it's area ?

Sol. Area of triangle with vertices (0, 0), (a, 0), (0, b) = |ab|

Given vertices = (0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 3)

Area of triangle = |ab| = |2 × 3| = 3 sq.units.

4. Distance between two points (x, 7) and (1, 15) is 10 units. Find the value of x.
Sol. Given points = (x, 7), (1, 15)
Distance between two points = Y Y

Z Z
= 10,
(1 x)2 + (15 7)2 = 102
(1 x)2 = 100 64 = 36
1 x = ± = ± 6
x=1±6
\ x = 7 or 5
5. A straight line make 150° angle with X-axis in positive direction, find the slope of straight
line.
Sol. Given that q = 150°
Slope = m = tan q = tan 150 = tan (90 + 60)
= cot 60°

=
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Find the point on X-axis which is equidistant from (2, 5) and (2, 9).
Sol. Let P(a, 0) be the equidistant point from A(2, 5) and ( 2, 9) on X-axis.
AP = BP
Distance between two points (x1, y1), (x2, y2) = Y Y
Z Z

AP2 = BP2
(a 2)2 + (0 + 5)2 = (a + 2)2 + (0 9)2
(a 2)2 (a + 2)2 = 81 25
a2 4a + 4 (a2 + 4a + 4) = 56
B B B B = 56
-8a = 56

a =
=7
\ P(a, 0) = P( 7, 0)
2. Find the point on Y - axis which is equidistant from (2, 4) and ( 6, 3).
Sol. Let P(0, b) be the equidistant point from A(2, 4) and B( 6, 3) on Y-axis.
AP = BP
Distance between two points (x1, y1), (x2, y2) = Y Y

Z Z

AP2 = BP2
(0 2)2 + (b 4)2 = (0 + 6)2 + (b 3)2
(b 4)2 (b 3)2 = 36 4
b2 8b + 16 (b2 6b + 9) = 32
C C C C = 32
2b + 7 = 32
2b = 32 7

b = = 12.5

\ P(0, b) = P(0, 12.5)
3. If the distance between two points (x, 7) and (1, 15) is 10, find the value of x.
Sol. Given points A(x, 7), B(1, 15)
AB = Y Y
Z Z
= 10
Y

= 10
Squaring on both sides.

(1 x)2 + 82 = 102
(1 x)2 = 100 64 = 36
1 x = ± = ± 6
x=1±6
\ x = 7 or 5
4. Find the radius of circle whose centre is (3, 2) and passes through ( 5, 6).
Sol. Point on circle = A( 5, 6)
Centre of circle = C(3, 2)
Radius of circle = AC = Y Y
Z Z

=

= units.
5. Find the relation between x and y such that the point (x, y) is equidistant from the points
( 2, 8) and ( 3, 5)
Sol. Let P(x, y) is a point equidistant from A( 2, 8), B( 3, 5)
AP = BP
Distance between two points = Y Y
Z Z

AP2 = BP2
(x + 2)2 + (y 8)2 = (x + 3)2 + (y + 5)2
x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 16y + 64 = x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 + 10y + 25
Y + 4x + Z 16y + 68 Y 6x Z 10y 34 = 0
2x 26y + 34 = 0
2(x + 13y 17) = 0
x + 13y 17 = 0
\ x + 13y = 17
6. Find the co-ordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining (4, 1) and
( 2, 3).

" #
Sol.
1 2
P, Q are the points which divides the line segment "# , in 1 : 2 and 2 : 1 ratio. These points are
called points of trisection of the line segment.
A(4, 1), B( 2, 3), m : n = 1 : 2
Co-ordinates of P =
§ NY OY NZ OZ ·¸
¨
© NO NO ¹
§ u u u u ·
=¨ ¸
© ¹
§ · § ·
= ¨ ¨ ¸
© ¸¹ © ¹
§ ·
= ¨ ¸
© ¹

A(4, 1), B( 2, 3), m : n = 2 : 1
Co-ordinates of Q =
§ NY OY NZ OZ ·¸
¨
© NO NO ¹
§ u u u u ·
=¨ ¸
© ¹
§ · § ·
= ¨ ¨ ¸
© ¸¹ © ¹
§ · § ·
\ Points of trisection of line segment = ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ .
© ¹ © ¹
7. Find the co-ordinates of a point A, where AB is the diameter of a circle whose centre is
(2, 3) and B is (1, 4).
$
" #
Y Z
Sol.
One edge of diameter = B = (1, 4)

Let second edge of diameter = A = (x, y)
Mid point of diameter = Centre of circle
§ Y Y Z Z ·
¨ = (2, 3)
© ¸¹
§ Y Z·
¨ = (2, 3)
© ¸¹
Y
=2Þ1+x=4Þx=41=3

Z
= 3 Þ 4 + y = 6 Þ y = 6 4 = 10.

\ Second edge of circle = A = (3, 10)
8. Find the co-ordinates of the points which divides the line segment joining the points (a + b,
a b) and (a b, a + b) in the ratio 3 : 2 internally.
Y Z Y Z
Sol. Given points : B C B C
B C B C
m:n=3:2
Co-ordinates at point which divides the line segment in the ratio 3 : 2 internally
=
§ NY OY NZ OZ ·¸
¨
© NO NO ¹
§ B C
B C
B C
B C
·
= ¨ ¸
© ¹
§ B C B C B C B C ·
=¨ ¸
© ¹
§ B C B C ·
=¨
© ¸¹
9. Verify whether the points (1, 1), (4, 1), ( 2, 3) are collinear.
Sol. If the given points are collinear, then Area of triangle formed with the points as vertices = 0.

D = |x (y y ) + x2(y3 y1) + x3(y1 y2)|
1 2 3

= |1(1 ( 3)) + 4( 3 ( 1)) + ( 2) ( 1 1)|

= |1 × 4 + 4 × ( 2) 2 × ( 2)|

= |4 8 + 4| = × 0 = 0

\ Given points are collinear.
10. Find the area of triangle whose vertices are (2, 3), ( 1, 0) and (2, 4).
Y Z Y Z Y Z
Sol. Given points =

D = |x (y y ) + x2(y3 y1) + x3(y1 y2)|
1 2 3

= |2(0 + 4)) 1( 4 3) + 2(3 0)|

= |2 × 4 1 × ( 7) + 2 × 3|

= |8 + 7 + 6| = × |2|

= 10.5 sq.units.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Find the ratio in which the Y-axis divides the line segment joining the points (5, 6) and
(1, 4). Also find the point of intersection.
2. If (1, 2), (4, y), (x, 6) and (3, 5) are the vertices of a parallelogram take in order. Find x and y.
3. If A and B are ( 2, 2) and (2, 4) respectively. Find the co-ordinates of P such that

AP = AB and P lies on the segment AB.

4. Find the value of K for which the point (7, 2), (5, 1) and (3, K) are collinear.
5. Find the area of quadrilateral whose vertices, taken in order are ( 4, 2), ( 3, 5), (3, 2)
and (2, 3).
6. Find the area of the triangle formed by the given points by using the Herons formula.
i) (1, 1), (1, 4), (5, 1)
ii) (2, 3), (1, 3), (2, 1)
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. The line y = mx passes through ..........................................
2. The slope of a line y = 2x + 7 is ..........................................
3. A line y = mx + c cuts the Y - axis at ..........................................
4. The slope of a line parallel to Y - axis ..........................................
5. The slope of a line parallel to X - axis ..........................................
6. The line y = 2 is parallel to ..........................................
7. The line x = 7 is parallel to ..........................................
8. The point (6, 10) lies on .......................................... quadrant.
9. The point ( 2, 3) lies on .......................................... quadrant.
10. The point ( 3, 0) lies on ..........................................
11. Slope of a line making an angle q with the positive direction of X-axis is ..........................................
12. If the mid point of the line joining ( 2, a) and ( 8, 5) is ( 1, 5) then a = ..........................................
13. Distance between two points (0, 4) and (3, 0) is ..........................................
14. Distance between two points (0, 3) and (0, 10) is ..........................................
15. Area of triangle having vertices (0, 0), (4, 0), (0, 6) is ..........................................
16. The triangle having vertices (0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 3) is .......................................... triangle.
17. Distance between the points (2, 2), and (5, 6) is ..........................................
18. The radius of the circle with centre (2, 3) and passing through (4, 1) is ..........................................
19. The mid point of line segment joining the points (2, 7) and ( 2, 5) is ..........................................
20. The centroid divides each median of a triangle in the ratio ..........................................
21. ( 1, 2), ( 1, 5) and (2, 6) are vertices of a triangle then it's centroid is .........................................
22. The diagonals of a parallelogram are ..........................................
"
23. 0 #
Area of DAOB is ..........................................

24. Area of DPQR whose sides are p, q, r is ..........................................
25. Slope of a straight line passing through points (2, 5) and (3, 7) is ..........................................
26. The ratio in which the line segment joining. A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is divided by X - axis is
..........................................
27. The ratio in which the line segment joining A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is divided by Y - axis is
..........................................
28. The coordinates of the point dividing the line segment joining the points A(1, 3) and B(4, 6) in
the ratio 2 : 1 are ..........................................
29. The distance of a point (a, b) from origin ..........................................
30. The distance of a point ( 2, 5) from the Y - axis is ..........................................
31. The distance of a point (2, 7) from the X - axis is ..........................................
32. Slope of a line 2x 3y + 7 = 0 is ..........................................
33. 5x 7y 18 = 0 is a straight line its x - intercept is ................ and y - intercept is ..................
ANSWERS
I. 1) origin 2) 2 3) (0, c) 4) undefined 5) 0
6) X - axis 7) Y - axis 8) first 9) third 10) X-axis
11) tan q 12) 5 13) 5 14) 13 15) 12 sq.units
16) Right angled 17) 5 18) 19) (0, 6) 20) 2 : 1
21) (0, 1.5) 22) unequal 23) 5 sq.units
§ QR S·
24) ¨ 4 4 Q
4 R
4 S
IFSF 4 25) 2 26) ( y1 : y2)
© ¸¹
27) ( x1 : x2) 28) (3, 5) 29) B C 30) 2 31) 7
§ ·
32) 33) ¨
© ¸¹
h h h h h

MATHEMATICS
PAPER II
8. SIMILAR TRIANGLES
KEY CONCEPTS
` Similar figures : The figures which have same shape are called similar figures.
` Similar polygons : Two polygons with same number of sides are said to be similar iff.
i) all the corresponding angles are equal, and
ii) all the corresponding sides are in the same ratio (in proportion).
Note : All regular polygons with same number of sides are always similar.
` Similar triangles : Two triangles are said to be similar iff their
i) corresponding angles are equal, or
ii) corresponding sides are in the same ratio (in proportion).
` Basic proportionality theorem [Thale's theorem] : "If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a
triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, then the other two sides are divided
in the same ratio".
` Converse of Basic proportionality theorem : "If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the
same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side".
` A.A.A. similarity criterion : "In two triangles, if the angles are equal then the sides opposite to
the equal angles are in the same ratio (or proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar".
` A.A.similarity criterion : "If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to the two angles
of another triangle, then the two triangles are similar".
` S.S.S. similarity criterion : "If in two triangles, the sides of one triangle are proportional to the
sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the triangles
are similar".
` S.A.S similarity criterion : "If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle
and the sides including these angles are proportional, then the two triangles are similar".
` The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the squares of the ratio of their corre-
sponding sides.
Notes : i) In two similar triangles,
ratio of corresponding sides = ratio of corresponding altitudes.
= ratio of corresponding medians.
= ratio of perimeters
= a : b, then
2 2
ratio of their areas = a : b
ii) If the ratio of areas of two similar triangles is A : A , then the ratio of their corre-
1 2
sponding sides (or) altitudes (or) medians (or) perimeters = " " .
X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER II 272

` If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle to the hypot-
enuse, then the triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle
and to each other.
` Pythagoras Theorem : "In a right triangle, the square of hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides".
` Converse of Pythagoras Theorem : "In a triangle, if square of one side is equal to the sum of the
squares of other two sides, then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle and the
triangle is a right angled triangle".
` If DABC ~ DDEF
%& &' %'

"# #$ "$
i) Scale factor =
ii) Scale factor < 1 [reduced or diminished figure]
= 1 [congruent figure]
> 1 [enlarged figure]
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Write 'Basic Proportionality Theorem'.
Sol. See Key Concepts.
2. Write 'the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem'.

3. Write the conditions for the similarity of two polygons.

4. Write the conditions for the similarity of two triangles.

5. Define A.A. similarity criterion for two triangles.

6. State S.S.S. similarity criterion for two triangles.

7. Give any two examples for similar figures.

Sol. i) all equilateral triangles ii) all squares iii) all circles.
8. 'All squares are similar'. why ?

Sol. All squares are similar because they are regular polygons.
9. Can you give any two examples from daily life where scale factor used ?
Sol. i) Blue prints of constructions ii) to print different size photographs. iii) to make geographical
maps.
10. Write 'Pythagoras Theorem'.


11. State 'Converse of Pythagoras Theorem'.
12. In DPQR, E, F are points on 12 and 13 respectively. Is &' & 23 ? If PE = 4cm, QE = 4.5 cm,
PF = 8 cm, RF = 9 cm.
Sol. Given, in DPQR, E, F are points on 12 13 respectively.
1
and PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8 cm, RF = 9 cm.
DN DN

1& 1' & '
2& 3' DN DN
2 3
So &' & 23 [by converse of basic proportionality theorem].
13. Prove that a line joining the mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to third side.
Sol. Let D, E are the mid points of "# "$ respectively in DABC.
"% "
Þ
%#
Then, AD = DB = 1
&
"& %
and AE = EC Þ = 1
&$
# $
So,
"% "&
%# &$
Þ %& & #$ [ by converse of basic proportionality theorem]
Hence proved.
14. DABC ~ DDEF, BC = 3 cm, EF = 4 cm and ar[DABC] = 54 cm2. Find ar[DDEF].

Sol. Given, DABC ~ DDEF
BC = 3 cm, EF = 4 cm, ar[ DABC] = 54 cm2.
BS <'%&'> &'
We know, [by theorem]
BS <'"#$> #$
BS <'%&'>

\ ar[DDEF] = u = 96 cm
2.

15. D ABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at C. Prove that AB2 = 2AC2.
Sol. Given DABC is a right angled isosceles triangle and ÐC = 90°
"
So, AC = BC
2 2 2
and AB = AC + BC
2
= AC + AC
2
[Q AC = BC]
2
= 2 AC
$ #
\ AB2 = 2AC2
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. In D ABC, %& & #$ and

"% , AC = 5.6 cm. Find AE.
%#
Sol. Given, in D ABC, %& & #$ , AC = 5.6 cm
"% "%
%# "#
and
"
"& "%
Q %& & #$ "$ "# , [by basic proportionality theorem]
% &
"&
# $

\ AE = 3 × 0.7 = 2.1 cm.

2. Prove that a line drawn through the mid-points of one side of a triangle parallel to another
side bisects the third side.
"%
Sol. D ABC, 'D' is the mid-point of "# Þ AD = DB and
Let, in
%# = 1
And %& drawn parallel to #$ "

Then,
"& "% % &

Þ
&$ %# [by basic proportionality theorem]
# $
Þ
"&
&$ = 1
§
¨' "%
%#
·¸
© ¹
Þ AE = EC
Þ E is mid-point of "$ .
Þ %& bisects the third side "$ .
Hence proved.
3. A flag pole 4m tall casts 6 m shadow. At the same time, a nearby building casts a shadow of
24m. How tall is the building ?
Sol. Given, Height of the flag pole, h = 4 m
Length of shadow of flag pole, l = 6 m
Length of shadow of building = L = 24 m
Height of the building, H = ?
We know
) - [by theorem]
I M
)

H = 4 × 4 = 16 m

4. Diagonals "$ and #% of a trapezium ABCD with "# & %$ intersect each other at the point
'O'. Using the criterion of similarity for two triangles, show that
0" 0# .
0$ 0%
Sol. Given, in trapezium ABCD, "# & %$
and "$ #% intersecting at 'O'.
$
%
From D AOB and D COD,
0
"0# $0% [ Q vertically opposite angles]
0"# 0$% [ Q alternate interior angles]

\ D AOB ~ D COD [Q A.A. similarity criterion] " #
0" 0#
Q C.P.S.T.]
So,
0$ 0% [
5. Show that the ratio of the medians of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of their
corresponding sides.
Sol. Let D ABC ~ D DEF then
i) " % # & $ '
"# #$ "$ " %
%& &' %'
ii)
and P, Q are the mid-points of #$ and &' respectively,
# 1
$ & '
then BP = PC = BC, 2

EQ = QF = EF

From D ABP and D DEQ,
# & [ \ from (i)]

#$
#1 #$
&2
=
&' [Q P, Q are mid-points of #$ &' ]
&'

#1 "#
\ Q from (ii)]
&2 %& [
So, D ABP ~ D DEQ [by S.A.S. similarity criterion]

"1 "# #$ "$
\ \ from (ii)]
%2 %& &' %' [
Hence proved.
6. Diagonals of a trapezium ABCD with "# & %$ intersect each other at the point 'O'. If AB = 2
CD then find the ratio of areas of D AOB and D COD.
Sol. Given, in trapezium ABCD, "# & %$
"$ #% intersecting at 'O'.
and AB = 2 CD
% $
From D AOB and D COD,
0
"0# $0% Q vertically opposite angles]
[
0"# 0$% Q alternate interior angles]

[
\ D AOB ~ D COD [Q A.A. similarity criterion] " #
BS <'"0#> "#
Then, [by theorem]
BS <'$0%> $%

$%
=
\ AB = 2 CD]
[
$%
$%
= = 4 : 1
$%
7. A ladder 25 m long reaches a window of building 20 m. above the ground. Determine the
distance of the foot of the ladder from the building.
Sol. Let, in D ABC,
AB = length of the ladder = 25 m
AC = height of the window from the ground = 20 m
\ C = 90°, BC = "# "$ [by Pythagoras Theorem]
"

=

N
N
=
= = 15 m # $
\ Distance of the foot of the ladder from the building = 15 m
8. In the given figure, if "% A #$ then prove that AB2 + CD2 = AC2 + BD2.
$
Sol. From the figure, in Þ DABC, "% A #$
From D ABD, "%# = 90° Þ AB
2
= AD
2
+ BD
2
%
2 2 2
\ AD = AB BD (1)
From D ACD, "%$ = 90° Þ AC

2
= AD
2
+ CD
2
2 2 2 # "
\ AD = AC CD (2)
2 2 2 2
From (1) and (2), AB BD = AC CD
2 2 2 2
Þ AB + CD = AC + BD

9. PQR is a triangle, right angled at 'P' and 'M' is a point on 23 such that 1. A 23 . Show that
PM2 = QM. MR. 3
Sol. Given, in D PQR, 1 = 90° and 1. A 23
D PMQ ~ D RMP [\ Theorem]
So,
.
1.
2.
Þ
.3 1. [C.P.S.T.]
\ PM
2
= QM. MR
1 2
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. State and prove 'Basic Proportionality Theorem'.
2. State and prove 'converse of basic proportionality theorem'.
3. State and prove 'Pythagoras Theorem'.
4. State and prove 'Converse of Pythagoras Theorem'.
5. $. and 3/ are respectively the medians of two similar triangles D ABC and D PQR. Prove
$. "#
that i) D AMC ~ D PNR ii)
3/ 12 .
6. Prove that if the areas of two similar triangles are equal, then they are congruent.
7. D, E, F are the mid-points of sides #$ $" "# of DABC. Find the ratio of areas of D DEF and
D ABC.
8. Equilateral triangles are drawn on the three sides of a right angled triangle. Show that the
area of the triangle on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of triangles on the
other two sides.
9. Prove that the area of the equilateral triangle described on the side of a square is half the
area of the equilateral triangle described on its diagonal.
10. Prove that the sum of the squares of the sides of a rhombus is equal to the sum of the
squares of its diagonals.
11. If 'O' is any point inside a rectangle ABCD, then prove that OB2 + OD2 = OA2 + OC2.
12. ABC is a right triangle right angled at C. Let BC = a, CA = b, AB = c and 'P' be the length of

perpendicular from 'C' on 'AB'. Prove that i) PC = ab ii)
.
1 B C
13. Two poles of heights 6 m and 11 m stand on a plane ground. If the distance between the feet
of the poles is 12 m. Find the distance between their tops.

14. In an equilateral triangle ABC, 'D' is a point on side #$ such that BD = BC Prove that

9 AD2 = 7 AB2.
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Construct a triangle of sides 4 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm. Then, construct a triangle similar to it

whose sides are of the corresponding sides of the first triangle.

2. Construct an isosceles triangle whose base is 8 cm and altitude is 4 cm. Then, draw another

triangle whose sides are time the corresponding sides of the isosceles triangle.

3. Construct a triangle shadow similar to the given D ABC with its sides equal to of the

corresponding sides of the triangle ABC.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. If a line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, then it divides other two sides in .......................
2. If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is ............. to the third side.
3. In D ABC, if 'D' and 'E' are the mid-points of "# and "$ respectively, then AD : DB = ................
4. In D PQR, if 9: & 23 , then PX : PQ = ..........................................

5. In D ABC, if AD : DB = AE : EC, then ..............................................
6. If in D XYZ, 12 & :; and XP : XY = 3 : 5 and XQ = 6 cm, then QZ = .......................................
7. Symbol for similarity is .......................................
8. The relation 'similarity' is ....................................... relation.
9. The polygons in which all sides and angles are equal then they are .......................................
10. The regular polygons with same number of sides are always .......................................
11. All equilateral triangles are always similar because .......................................
12. All isosceles triangles are .......................................
13. Reduced or enlarged photographs of an object are .......................................
14. Two polygons with the same number of sides are ......................................., if their corresponding
angles are equal and corresponding sides are equal.
15. The ratio of the corresponding sides of similar triangles is called .......................................
16. If the scale factor is equal to one, then the similar figure is .............................. to the given figure.
17. In D ABC, if %& & #$ then D ADE and D ABC are .......................................
18. If D ABC ~ D DEF, " = 50°, ' = 70°, then # = .......................................

19. If D ABC ~ D DEF, scale factor and DE = 9 cm then AB = .......................................

20. If the scale factor is greater than one, then similar figure is ....................................... comparing
with the given figure.
"0 $0
21. In a quadrilateral ABCD, if the diagonals are intersecting at 'O' such that
#0 %0 , then ABCD
is a .......................................
22. A person 1.65 m tall casts 1.8 m shadow, at the same instance, a lamp-post casts a shadow of
5.4m then height of lamp-post is .......................................

23. If D ABC ~ D PQR and $. and 3/ are medians respectively then CM : AB = .......................................
24. "9 and %: are altitudes of two similar triangles D ABC and D DEF then AX : AB = ..............................
25. If the ratio of the corresponding sides of two similar triangles is 3 : 2 then the ratio of their
perimeters is .......................................
26. If the ratio of the corresponding sides of two similar triangles is 1 : 2 then the ratio of their
corresponding altitudes is .......................................
27. If the areas of two similar triangles are equal then they are .......................................
28. If the areas of two similar triangles is 1 : 2 then the ratio of their corresponding sides is ...............
29. If the ratio of the corresponding altitudes of two similar triangles is 2 : 3 then the ratio of their
areas is .......................................
30. In D ABC, if %& & #$ and AD : DB = 2 : 3 then Ar[ D ADE] : Ar[D ABC] = .......................................
31. In D ABC, if %& & #$ then D ADE ~ D ABC'. Here the criterion is .......................................
32. If the perimeters of two similar triangles D ABC, D PQR are in the ratio 3 : 4 and Ar[D ABC] =
36 cm
2
then Ar[ D PQR] = .......................................
33. If the areas of two similar triangles are equal then their corresponding sides are in the ratio
.......................................
34. If the corresponding sides of two similar triangles are equal, and the area of one triangle is
2
64 cm , then the area of other triangle is .......................................
35. If D, E, F are the mid-points of #$ $" "# of D ABC respectively then the ar[D DEF] : ar[D ABC]
= .......................................
36. The ratio of the areas of equilateral triangles described on a side and diagonal of a square is
.......................................
37. Diagonals of trapezium ABCD with "# & %$ intersecting at 'O'. If AB = 3 CD then ar[ D COD] :
ar[ D AOB] = .......................................
38. In a right triangle ABC, # = 90° and #% A "$ then D ADB ~ .......................................
39. In D ABC, # = 90° then AB

2 2 2
+ BC = AC . This is .......................................
40. In D PQR, PQ2 + QR2 = PR2 then

i) D PQR is .......................................
ii) hypotenuse is .......................................
iii) right angled vertex is .......................................
iv) 2 = .......................................
41. Pythagoras theorem was earlier stated by the Indian mathematecian is .......................................
42. For a right triangle with integer sides, at least one of its measurements must be ............ number.
2 2
43. In a square ABCD, AB : AC = .......................................
2 2
44. In a rhombus ABCD, AC + BD = .......................................

45. In D ABC, # = 90° and #% A "$ then BD2 = .......................................
46. In D PQR, 1 = 90° and 1. A 23 then PQ
2
= .......................................
47. In D XYZ, : = 90° and :1 A 9; then YZ

2
= .......................................
48. D ABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at 'C' then AC : AB = .......................................

2 2
49. If 'O' is any point in the interior of rectangle ABCD then OA + OC = .......................................
50. In an obtuse angled triangle ABC, obtuse angle at A and "% A #$ then
2 2
i) AB AC = .......................................
2 2
ii) AB BD = .......................................
2 2
iii) AB + CD = .......................................
51. In D ABC, # = 90°, #% A "$ , AD = 4 cm and AC = 13 cm then BD = .......................................
ANSWERS
I. 1) same ratio 2) parallel 3) 1 : 1 4) PY : PR 5) %& & #$

6) 4 cm 7) ~ 8) equivalent 9) regular polygons
10) similar to each other 11) they are regular polygons
12) not similar to each other 13) similar 14) congruent 15) scale factor
16) congruent 17) similar to each other 18) 60° 19) 13.5 cm
20) enlarged 21) trapezium 22) 4.95 m 23) RN : PQ 24) DY : DE
25) 3 : 2 26) 1 : 2 27) congruent 28) 29) 4 : 9
30) 4 : 25
31) A.A.A. similarity criterion (or) S.A.S. similarity criterion (or) S.S.S. similarity criterion)
2 2
32) 48 cm 33) 1 : 1 34) 64 cm 35) 1 : 4 36) 1 : 2
37) 1 : 9 38) D ABC or D BDC 39) Pythagoras theorem
40) i) right triangle ii) 13 iii) Q iv) 90°
41) Boudhayan 42) even 43) 1 : 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
44) AB + BC + CD + DA (or) 4AB (or) 4BC (or) 4CD (or) 4 DA 45) AD. DC
46) QM. QR 47) XZ . ZP 48) 49) OB

2
+ OD
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
50) i) BD CD ii) AC CD iii) AC + BD 51) 6 cm
h h h h h

9. TANGENTS AND SECANTS TO A CIRCLE
KEY CONCEPTS
` The locus of points in a plane equidistant from a fixed point is called circle. The fixed point is
called centre of the circle and fixed distance is called radius of the circle.
` According to Salman, who is a Bengali-American mathematician, there can be 3 possible ways
of presenting a circle and a line given on a plane.
i) If the line and circle have no-common point, then the line is called non-intersecting line.
ii) If the line intersects the circle at two points then the line is called secant of the circle.
iii) If the line intersects the circle at only one point then the line is called tangent to the circle.
1 2 2
1
1 2
12 JT4FDBOU
12 OPOJOUFSTFDUJOHMJOF 12 JT5BOHFOU
` The word tangent is taken from the Latin word 'tangree' which means ' to touch'. It was
introduced by Danish Mathematician Thomas Fineke in 1583.

` The common point of the tangent and circle is called point of contact.
` The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
` The line containing the radius through the point of contact is also called normal to the centre
at the point.
1 " 2
` O is the centre of circle of radius OA. AP is a tangent drawn from an external point P. The length
of tangent AP = 01 0"

2
0 1

` The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
"
0 1
#
1"1#
` The centre of the circle lies on the bisector of the angle between two tangents drawn from a
point outside it.
` The line segment joining any two points on a circle is called chord. The largest chord passing
through the centre of circle is called diameter.
` In two concentric circles, the chord of bigger circle, that touches the smaller circle is bisected
at the point of contact with the smaller circle.
" 1 #
` If two tangents AP and BP are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point P then
"1# 0"# 0#"

"
0 1
#
` If the circle touches all the sides of a quadrilateral internally the sum of two pairs of opposite
sides are equal AB + CD = BC + DA.
1 $
%
+ 4
" , #
` A chord divides the circle into two parts.
i) Major segment ii) Minor segment.
.BKPS
4FHNFOU
" #
.JOPS
4FHNFOU
2
` Diameter of circle divides it into two semicircles.
Yq
` The area of sector which makes an angle x° at the centre of circle is × pr2, where r is radius

of circle.
0
S Y¡ S
" #
` Area of segment of circle = The area of sector formed with the segment
The area of triangular part of sector.
" #
1
` Area of segment APB = Area of sector OAPB Area of D OAB.
` The radius of circumscribing circle of a regular hexagon is equal to the length of its side.
` The radius of a circle is r. The length of the tangent drawn from an external point at a distance
'd' is l. Then d2 = l2 + r2 (or) l2 = d2 r2 (or) r2 = d2 l2

` Area of Major segment = Area of circle Area of Minor segment.
` To find the quantities r, l and d, when any two of them are given, the following pythagoras
triplets are useful to say the answer directly.
a) 3, 4, 5 b) 5, 12, 13 c) 6, 8, 10 d) 7, 24, 25 e) 8, 15, 17
f) 9, 12, 15 g) 12, 35, 37 h) 15, 20, 25 i) 16, 30, 34 j) 20, 21, 29 etc.
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. PA, PB are two tangents drawn from an external point of a circle with centre O. What is the
value of 1"0 1#0 ?
Sol. 180°
2. Radius of a circle is 5 cm. The angle between the tangents drawn from an external point is
60°. Find the distance between the centre of circle and intersection point of tangents ?
"0 "
Sol. From D AOP, sin 30° =
10
¡
0 ¡ 1

Þ PO = 10 cm
10 #
3. The length of tangent from a point to a circle of radius 3 cm is 4 cm. What is the distance
between centre of that point ?
Sol. r = 3 cm, l = 4 cm
"

0 1

d = M S = 5cm
4. From a point Q, the length of tangent is 24 cm, and the distance of Q from the centre is
25 cm. What is the radius of circle ?
Sol. l = 24 cm, d = 25 cm, r = E S = 7 cm
5. If AP, AQ are two tangents to a circle with centre O such that 102 = 110°. Find 1"2 ?
1
Sol. 0 1 " 2 = 360°
" = 360 0 1 2
0 ¡ "
= 360 290 = 70°
2
6. PA, PB are two tangents and angle between them is 80°. Find 10" 10# ?

Sol. "10 = 40°, 0"1 = 90°

"
0 ¡ 1
#
\ 10" 10# = 180 (90 + 40) = 50°
7. PA, PB are two tangents with angle at their point of intersection is 70°. What is the value of
"10 and #10 ?
Sol. 35°
8. Two concentric circles of radii 5 cm and 3 cm are drawn. Find the length of the chord of
larger circle which touches the smaller circle ?
Sol. a = 5 cm, b = 3 cm
Length of chord = B C = 8 cm
9. What is the angle in major segment ?

Sol. acute angle

10. What is the angle in minor segment ?
Sol. obtuse angle
11. The perimeter of a circle is 440 cm. Find the side of square inscribed in the circle ?
Sol. pd = 440

d = 440 × = 140 cm

Diagonal of square = 140 °

Side = u = cm

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Draw a circle and two lines parallel to a given line such that one is a tangent and the other
is a secant to the circle ?
2. Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal ?
3. The length of minute hand of a clock is 14 cm. Find the area swept by the minute hand in 10
minutes ?
4. A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm, subtends a right angle at the centre. Find the area of
minor segment and major segment ?
5. If a chord subtends an angle 120° at the centre of circle of radius 12 cm. Find the area of
corresponding minor arc ?
6. Find the area of shaded region in the fig, if ABCD is a square of side 7 cm, and APD, BPC are
semicircles.
% DN $
" #
7. AB, CD are respectively area of two concentric circles of radii 21 cm, and 7 cm with centre
O. If "0# = 30°. Find the area of shaded region.
0
$ %
" #
8. Construct a tangent to a circle at a given point when the centre of the circle is known.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. In the adjacent figure radius of circle is 21 cm and "0# = 120°. Find the area of segment AYB ?
"
: 0
#
2. Draw a circle of radius 6 cm. From a point 10 cm away from its centre, construct pair of
tangents and measure their lengths. Verify by using pythagoras theorem.
3. Prove that parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
4. Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on the concentric circle of radius
6 cm and measure its length. Verify by actual calculation.
5. Draw a circle with the help of a bangle. Take a point outside the circle and construct a pair
of tangents from this point to the circle. Measure them and conclude it.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. The no.of tangents drawn through any point of a circle is ..................................................
2. A tangent to a circle intersects it in .................................................. point.
3. A line intersecting a circle in two points is called a ...................................................
4. The no.of tangents can be drawn to a circle is ..................................................
5. The common point of a tangent to a circle and the circle is called ..................................................
6. If the line drawn through the end point of radius of circle is perpendicular to the radius then it
is called .................................................. to the circle.
7. The tangents drawn on either sides of diameter of circle are .................................................. to
each other.
8. The maximum no.of parallel tangents drawn to a circle ..................................................
9. The no.of tangents can be drawn from an interior point to a circle is ..................................................
10. The no.of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is ..................................................
11. It a circle touches all sides of a quadrilateral ABCD, internally then AB + CD = ......................................
12. The parallelogram circumscribing a circle is ..................................................

13. The angle between the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is always ............................
14. The angle between the tangent to a circle and radius at the point of contact is ...........................
15. Radius of circle is 6 cm. The length of tangent drawn to the circle through a point 10 cm from
the centre is ..................................................
16. The radius of circle is 7 cm. The area of sector making an angle 60° with centre of circle is
..................................................
17. The length of tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm is 3 cm. The distance from the centre of circle to
the intersection point of tangent and external point is ..................................................
18. Two concentric circles of radii a and b (a > b) are given. The chord AB of larger circle touches
the smaller circle at C. The length of AB is ..................................................
¡ Y¡ 0
19. In the adjacent figure value of x = ..................................................
20. The length of tangent drawn from an external point of a circle at a distance of 6 cm to a circle of
radius 3 cm is ..................................................
21. The no.of tangents can be drawn parallel to a secant of circle is ..................................................
ANSWERS
I. 1) 1 2) 1 3) secant of circle 4) infinite
5) point of contact 6) tangent 7) parallel 8) 2
9) 0 10) 2 11) BC + AD 12) Rhombus 13) acute angle
14) 90° 15) 8 cm 16) 25.66 cm

2
17) 5 cm 18) B C
19) 120° 20) DN 21) 2
h h h h h

10. MENSURATION
KEY CONCEPTS
` Cube : a) Lateral surface area = 4a
2
(a = side)
2
b) Total surface area = 6a
3
c) Volume = a
d) Diagonal = B
` Cuboid : l = length, b = breadth, h = height

a) Lateral surface area = 2h(l + b)
b) Total surface area = 2(lb + bh + hl)
c) Volume = lbh

d) Diagonal = M C I
` Cylinder : r = Radius of the base, h = height

S

a) Area of base = pr2
b) Perimeter of base = 2 r p
c) Lateral surface area = 2 rh p
d) Total surface area = 2 pr(r + h)
e) Volume = pr2h
` Cone : r = Radius of the base, h = height, l = slant height

a) l= S I
b) Lateral surface area = prl
c) Total surface area = pr(l +r)
2
d) Volume = pr h

` Sphere : r = Radius of the sphere

a) Total surface area / curved surface area = 4 pr2
3
b) Volume = pr

` Hemisphere : a) Lateral surface area = 2 r p 2
b) Total surface area = 3 r p 2
3
c) Volume = pr

` Volume of Embankment of ring = p(R2 r2) h.

1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Find the volume of a sphere of radius 2.1 cm
2. Find the total surface area of a cuboid with measurements 5 cm × 4 cm × 3 cm.
3. A right circular cylinder has base radius 14 cm and height 21 cm. Find it's curved surface
area.
4. Find the volume of hemisphere of radius 3.5 cms.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Find the volume and the total surface area of a hemisphere of radius 3.5 cms.
Sol. Radius of hemisphere = r = 3.5 cms.
Total surface area of hemisphere = curved surface area + area of circle.
= 2 pr2 + pr2 = 3pr2

2
= 3 × × 3.5 × 3.5 = 111.5 cm

3 3
Volume of hemisphere = pr = u × 3.5 × 3.5 × 3.5 = 89.8 cm

2. An oil drum is in the shape of a cylinder having the following dimensions. Diameter is 2m.
and height is 7 m. If the painter charges ` 3 per m3, to paint the drum, find the charge to be
paid to the painter.
Sol. Radius of cylinder = r = 2m
Height of cylinder = h = 7 m.
Lateral surface area of cylinder = 2 prh

= 2 × × 2 × 7
N
= 88 m
2
Charges per 1 m
2 for painting = `3
Charges for 88 m
2 for painting = 3 × 88 = ` 264. N
Amount to be paid to painter = ` 264

3. A jokers cap is in the form of right circular cone whose base radius is 7 cm and height is
24 cm. Find the area of the sheet required to make 10 such caps.
Sol. Radius of the cap r = 7 cm
Height of the cap h = 24 cm

VÊ
\ Slant height of the cap (l) = S I
{
Ó

ÇÊV
=
= = = 25 cm.

Lateral surface area of cone = prl = × 7 × 25 = 550 sq.cm.

Sheet required to make 10 caps = 10 × lateral surface area of cone
= 10 × 550
= 5500 sq.cms.
4. A sports company was ordered to prepare 100 paper cylinders for shuttle cocks. The
required dimensions of the cylinder are 35 cm length / height and its radius is 7 cm. Find
the required area of thin paper sheet needed to make 100 cylinders.
Sol. Radius of cylinder = r = 7 cm
Height of cylinder = h = 35 cm
Total surface area of cylinder = 2 pr(r + h)

DN

= 2 × × 7 × (7 + 35)

DN
= 44 × 42 = 1848 sq.cms
\ Area of thin paper sheet needed to make 100 cylinders = 100 × 1848 = 184800 sq.cms.
5. A self help group wants to manufacture jokers caps (conical caps) of 3 cm radius and 4 cm
height. If the available colour paper sheet is 1000 cm2, then how many caps can be manufac-
tured from that paper sheet ?
Sol. Radius of cone = r = 3 cm
Height of cone = h = 4 cm

Slant height of cone = l = S I
=
VÊ
{
= = 5 cm
ÎÊV

Lateral surface area of cone = prl = × 3 × 5 = sq.cm.

Area of colour paper = 1000 sq.cms.
"SFB PG DPMPVS TIFFU

-BUFSBM TVSGBDF BSFB PG DPOF
Number of caps can be manufactured from the given colour sheet =

= = 21 caps

6. A solid iron rod has a cylindrical shape. Its height is 11 cm and base diameter is 7 cm. Then
find the total volume of 50 rods.
Sol. Diameter of cylinder = d = 7 cm
E

Radius of cylinder = r = cm

Height of cylinder = h = 11 cm
Volume of the cylinder = pr2h
V
= u u × 11 = cm
3 Ê£
£
ÇÊV
3
Volume of 50 rods = 50 × = 21,175 cm

7. A medicine capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemispheres stuck to each of its
ends. The length of the capsule is 14 mm. and the width is 5 mm. Find its surface area.
£{Ê

Sol.
Êx
Diameter of both cylinder and hemispheres = d = 5mm
E
radius = r = mm

Length of the capsule = h = 14 mm.
Total surface area of capsule = Lateral surface area of cylinder + 2 × curved surface area of
hemisphere
2
= 2 prh + 2 × 2pr
§ ·
= 2 pr(h + 2r) = u u ¨ u ¸
© ¹

= u u u

= 298.57 sq.mm
8. Two cubes each of volume 64 cm3 are joined end to end together. Find the surface area of
the resulting cuboid.
Sol. Volume of cube = a
3 = 64 cm
3 = 4
3 cm
3

Side of cube = a = = 4 cm.
By joining two cubes end to end resulting cuboid measurements are l = 8 cm, b = 4 cm,
h = 4 cm
nÊV
V
Ê{
V
{ÊV ³ {ÊV {Ê

Lateral surface area of cuboid = 2h (l + b)
= 2 × 4 (8 + 4) = 96 cm
2
Total surface area of cuboid = 2 (lb + bh + lh)
= 2(8 × 4 + 4 × 4 + 8 × 4)
= 2 × 80 = 160 cm
2
9. Find the volume of the largest right circular cone that can be cut out of a cube whose edge
is 7 cm.
Sol. Diameter of largest right circular cone that can be cut out of a cube having edge
7 cm = d = 7 cms
Ç
radius = r = cm
Ó
height = h = 7 cms
2 DN
Volume of the cone = pr h

DN
= u u u u

= 89.83 cm .
3
10. A metallic sphere of radius 4.2 cm. is melted and recast into the shape of a cylinder of radius
6 cm. Find the height of the cylinder.
Sol. Radius of metallic sphere = r
1 = 4.2 cms
Radius of cylinder = r = 6 cms

2
Volume of sphere = Volume of cylinder

pr 3 = pr22h
1

S S u u u
Height of cylinder = h = = 2.74 cm
S S uu
11. A 20 m deep well with diameter 7 m. is dug and the earth from digging is evenly spread out
to form a platform 22 m. by 14 m. Find the height of the platform.
Sol. Deep (height) of dug (cylinder) = h = 20 m
Diameter = d = 7m,
N
E

radius = r = m.
Volume of the sand from dug = pr2h N

= u u u = 770 m3

Cuboid length = l = 22m, cuboid breadth = b = 14m. I N
Volume of sand = volume of cuboid
770 m
3 = lbh
N
22 × 14 × h = 770

Height of platform = h = = 2.5 m.
u
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. A toy is in the form of a cone mounted on a hemisphere the diameter of the base and the
height of the cone are 6 cm and 4 cm respectively. Determine the surface area of the toy ?
2. A storage tank consists of a circular cylinder with a hemisphere stuck on either end. If the
external diameter of the cylinder be 1.4 m. and its length be 8 m. Find the cost of painting it
on the outside at rate of ` 20 per m2.
3. A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere from each end of a solid cylinder,
as shown in the figure. If the height of the cylinder is 10 cm and its base radius is of 3.5 cm,
find the total surface area of the article.
4. An iron pillar consists of a cylindrical portion of 2.8 m height and 20 cm. in diameter and a
cone of 42 cm. height surmounting it. Find the weight of the pillar if 1 cm3 of iron weighs
7.5 g.
5. A toy is made in the form of hemisphere surmounted by a right cone whose circular base is
joined with the plane surface of the hemisphere. The radius of the base of the cone is 7 cm.

and its volume is of the hemisphere. Calculate the height of the cone and the surface area

of the toy correct to 2 places of decimal.
6. A cylindrical tub of radius 5 cm and length 9.8 cm is full of water. A solid in the form of right
circular cone mounted on a hemisphere is immersed into the tub. The radius of the hemi-
sphere is 3.5 cm and height of cone outside the hemisphere is 5 cm. Find the volume of
water left in the tub.
7. Spherical marbles of diameter 1.4 cm are dropped into a cylindrical beaker of diameter
7 cm., which contains some water. Find the number of marbles that should be dropped into
the beaker, so that water level rises by 5.6 cm.
8. Metallic spheres of radius 6 cm., 8 cm. and 10 cm. respectively are melted to form a single
solid sphere. Find the radius of the resulting sphere.
9. A well of diameter 14 m. is dug 15 m. deep. The earth taken out of it has been spread evenly
all around it in the shape of a circular ring of width 7 m to form an embankment. Find the
height of the embankment.
10. How many silver coins, 1.75 cm in diameter and thickness 2 mm., need to be melted to form
a cuboid of dimensions 5.5 cm × 10 cm × 3.5 cm ?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Ratio of volume of cone and cylinder with same radius and height is ............................................
2. The lateral surface area of cylinder is equal to the curved surface area of cone. If the radius be
same find the ratio of the height of the cylinder and slant height of cone.
A. Lateral surface area of cylinder = curved surface area of cone.
SS I SS M
I
M
\ h : l = 1 :2
3. Find the volume of right circular cone with radius 6 cm and height 7 cm.
A. r = 6 cm, h = 7 cm
2
Volume of right circular cone = pr h = u u uu = 264 sq.cm.

4. The radii of two cones are in the ratio 2 : 1 and their volumes are equal. Then the ratio of their
heights is ............................................
5. If d is the diameter of a sphere, then it's volume is ............................................
6. The horizontal cross section of a cylinder is ............................................
7. The vertical cross section of a cylinder is ............................................
8. The vertical cross section of right circular cone is ............................................
9. The diagonal of the cuboid with dimensions 9 cm × 12 cm × 20 cm is ............................................
10. The maximum volume of a cone that can be curved out of a solid hemisphere of radius 'r' is
............................................
11. The ratio of the volume of a cube to that of a sphere which will exactly fit inside the cube is
............................................
12. The volume of a ball of radius 1 cm is ............................................
13. If the volume of hemisphere is 18 p cm3, then the radius of the hemisphere is ......................................
14. The surface area of a sphere 4 cm in diameter is ............................................
15. The slant height of a conical vessel of radius 6 cm and height 8 cm is ............................................
2
16. If the total surface area of a hemisphere is 115.5 cm , then it's radius is ............................................
17. The volume of a cone with radius of the base 7 cm and height 24 cm is ...........................................
18. The curved surface area of a cone with radius 3 cm and height 4 cm is ............................................
19. The curved surface area of cylinder with radius 7 cm and height 10 cm is ..........................................
20. The volume of a cylinder with radius of the base 3.5 cm and height 12 cm is ........................................

21. The volume of earth dug from 10 m deep well with a diameter 7 m is ............................................
22. The volume of metallic sphere having diameter 6 cm is ............................................
23. If the slant height and height of a cone are 25 cm and 20 cm then radius is ............................................
24. If the radius and height of a cone are 9 cm and 40 cm respectively, then its slant height is
............................................
25. A sector of radius 7 cm and central angle 45° is folded into a cone along its radius. Then the
slant height of the cone so forms is ........... and its curved surface area is ............................................
ANSWERS

I. 1) 1 : 3 2) 1 : 2 3) 264 sq.cm 4) 1 : 4 5) SE

6) circle 7) rectangle 8) isosceles triangle 9) 25 cm

10) SS 11) 6 : p 12) cm
3 3
= 4.19 cm 13) 3 cm

14) 16 p cm2 15) 10 cm 16) cm = 3.5 cm 17) 1232 cm
3

2 2 2 3 3
18) cm = 47.14 cm 19) 440 cm 20) 132 cm 21) 1540 m

22) 288 p cm3 23) 15 cm 24) 41 cm 25) 7cm, cm
2
= 19.25 cm
2

h h h h h

11. TRIGONOMETRY
KEY CONCEPTS
` The word 'Trigonometry' is derived from the Greek roots 'tri' means three ; 'gonia' means 'an
angle' and 'metron' means 'measure'. Thus 'Trigonometry' means three angle measure.
` Hipparchus (140 B.C.), a Greek mathematician established the relationship between the sides
and angles of a triangle.
` Trigonometrical ratios : Let us consider D ABC in which # = 90°, let #"$ = q, #$" = 90 q
oT
T
# "
q=
0QQPTJUF TJEF UP T #$
i) sin
)ZQPUFOVTF "$
"EKBDFOU TJEF UP T "#
q=
)ZQPUFOVTF "$
ii) cos
q=
iii) tan

q=
iv) cot
q=
)ZQPUFOVTF "$
v) cosec
q=
)ZQPUFOVTF "$
vi) sec
Relation between the trigonometrical ratios : cosec q, sec q and cot q are respectively recipro-
cals of sin q, cos q and tan q.
TJO T
i) tan q=
DPT T DPU T

ii) sec q=
DPT T

iii) cosec q=
TJO T
` Trigonometric ratios from 0° to 90°
SD SD SD SD
q 0c

0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin q 0 1

cos q 1 0

tan q 0 1 ¥

cosec q ¥ 2 1

sec q 1 2 ¥

cot q ¥ 1 0

` Trigonometric Identities :
a) sin
2
q + cos2 q = 1
Þ i) sin
2
q = 1 cos2 q (or) sin q = DPT T
ii) cos
2
q = 1 sin2 q (or) cos q = TJO T .
b) sec
2
q tan2 q = 1 for 0° £ q < 90°
Þ i) sec
2
q = 1 + tan2 q (or) sec q = UBO T
ii) tan
2
q = sec2 q 1 (or) tan q = TFD T
c) cosec
2
q cot2 q = 1 for 0° < A £ 90°
Þ i) cosec
2
q = 1 + cot2 q (or) cosec q = DPU T
ii) cot
2
q = cosec2 q 1 (or) cot q = DPTFD T
` Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles :

Two angles are said to be complementary angles if their sum equals to 90°
sin (90 q) = cos q

cos (90 q) = sin q
tan (90 q) = cot q
cosec (90 q) = sec q
sec (90 q) = cosec q
cot (90 q) = tan q
` The maximum and minimum values of sin q & cos q are 1 and 1
` The maximum and minimum values of tan q are + ¥, ¥
1 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Is sin x = does exist for some value of angle x ?

Sol. The value of sin x always lies between 1, and 1.

Here sin x = which is greater than 1.

So it does not exist.
2. Is tan A is product of tan and A ? Think and write.

Sol. The symbol tan A is used as an abbreviation for 'the tangent of the angle a'.
tan A is not the product of 'Tan' and A.
'tan' seperated from 'A' has no meaning.

3. What can you say about cosec 0° = ? Is it defined ? Why ?
TJO q
Sol. Sin 0° = 0

cosec 0 = = not defined.
TJO q
Reason : Division by 0 is not allowed.

Hence is indeterminate.

4. sec 0° = 1, Why ?

Sol. sec 0° = = 1
DPT q
5. Is it right to say that sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B ? Justify your answer.

Sol. Let A = 30° and B = 60°
LHS sin (A + B) = sin (30 + 60) = sin 90° = 1

RHS : sin 30° + sin 60° =

Hence LHS ¹ RHS.
So it is not right to say that sin(A + B) = sin A + sin B.

TFD ¡
6. Evaluate .
DPTFD ¡
Sol. cosec A = sec (90° A)
Þ cosec 55° = sec (90 55°) = sec 35°
TFD ¡ TFD q

\ = 1
DPTFD ¡ TFD q
7. If sin A = cos B then prove that A + B = 90°

Sol. Given that sin A = cos B (1)
We know cos B = sin (90 B)
we can write (1) as sin A = sin(90 B)
If A, B are acute angles, then A = 90 B
Þ A + B = 90°
8. Express sin 81° + tan 81° interms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° and 45°
Sol. We can write
sin 81° = cos (90 81°) = cos 9°
tan 81° = tan (90 9) = cot 9°
Then sin 81° + tan 81° = cos 9° + cot 9°
9. If sec q + tan q = p then what is the value of sec q tan q ?

Sol. Given that sec q + tan q = p
We know that sec
2
q tan2 q = 1
Þ (sec q + tan q) (sec q tan q) = 1

Þ sec q tan q = .
TFD T UBO T Q
10. Evaluate (sec2 q 1) (cosec2 q 1)
ª ' TFD T UBO T º
Sol. 2
q 1) (cosec q 1)
2 2
q × cot q
2 « »
DPTFD DPU T »¼
(sec = tan
«
¬ T
º
' DPU T
ª
UBO Tu
«
=
UBO

T ¬ UBO T »¼
= 1

11. If sin C = , then find cos A.
$
Sol. From the Adjacent figure
In D ABC, # = 90°
"# 0QQPTJUF TJEF UP $

sin C =
"$ )ZQPUFOVTF
"# "EKBDFOU TJEF UP " # "
"$ )ZQPUFOVTF
Now cos A =

12. If tan x = , find sec x.

Sol. Given tan x =

Now sec x = UBO Y

§ ·
= ¨ ¸
© ¹

=

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. If tan A = , then find the other trigonometric ratios of angle A.

Sol. Given tan A =

0QQPTJUFTJEF
Hence tan A =
"EKBDFOUTJEF

Î
{
For angle A, opposite side = BC = 3k (where k is any positive integer)
Adjacent side = AB = 4k (where k is any positive integer)
\ In D ABC by Pythagoras theorem

AC
2 = AB
2 + BC
2 = (3k)
2 + (4k)
2 = 9k
2 + 16k
2 = 25 k
2
Þ AC = L = 5k = Hypotenuse
#$ L
\ sin A =
"$ L
$# L
cos A =
"$ L

cosec A =
TJO "

sec A =
DPT "

cot A =
UBO "
2. If ÐA and ÐP are acute angles such that sin A = sin P, then prove that ÐA = ÐP.
Sol. Given sin A = sin P
#$ 23
Þ
"$ 12 (from the adjacent figure)
* ,
#$ 23
\ Let = k ......... (1)
"$ 12
By using Pythagoras theorem
AB
2 = AC
2 BC
2 ; PR
2 = PQ
2 QR
2
"# "$ #$ "$ L "$

12 L 12
= = (From (1))
13 12 23
"$ L
"$
=
12 L
12
Hence,
"$ "# #$
12 13 23
then D ABC ~ D PQR
\ ÐA = ÐP
3. In a right angle triangle ABC, right angle is at B, if tan A = , then find the value of
sin A cos C + cos A sin C
Sol.
0QQPTJUFTJEF UP " #$
Given, tan A =
"EKBDFOUTJEF UP " "#

Þ BC = k (where k is any +ve integer)
AB = 1k (where k is any +ve integer)
Now in D ABC, By Pythagoras theorem

AC
2 = AB
2 + BC
2= (k)
2 + 3k
2 = 4k
2

AC = L = 2k, Hypotenuse.
0QQPTJUF TJEF UP " #$

)ZQPUFOVTF "$
sin A =
cos A =
"EKBDFOU TJEF UP " "#
)ZQPUFOVTF "$
0QQPTJUF TJEF UP $ "#
sin C =
)ZQPUFOVTF "$
"EKBDFOU TJEF UP $ #$
cos C =
)ZQPUFOVTF "$

\ sin A cos C + cos A sin C = u u = = 1

4. Evaluate :
i) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° sin2 60°

TFD ¡ UBO ¡
ii)
TJO ¡ DPT ¡
Sol. i) 2 tan
2 45° + cos
2 30° sin
2 60°

2
§ · § ·
= 2(1) + ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ = 2
© ¹ © ¹
TFD q UBO q

TJO q DPT q
ii)

=

§· § ·
¨ ¸ ¨© ¸¹
©¹

= = 1

5. If sin (A B) = , cos (A + B) = , 0° < A + B £ 90°, A > B, find A and B.

Sol. Since sin (A B) = sin = 30°

Þ A B = 30° (1)

cos (A + B) = = cos 60°

Þ A + B = 60° (2)

From (1) & (2) A + B = 60°
A B = 30°
2A = 90°
q
q
ÞA= = 45°

Now A + B = 60°
45° + B = 60° Þ B = 60° 45° = 15°.

6. Evaluate : sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60° What is the value of sin(60° + 30°). What can you
conclude ?
Sol. Sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°

= u u

= = = 1

and sin(60° + 30°) = sin 90° = 1
From the above we have sin(60° + 30°) = sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°
If A = 60°, B = 30° then sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.
7. If cos 7A = sin(A 6°) where 7A is an acute angle, find the value of A.

Sol. Given cos 7A = sin(A 6°)
Þ sin(90° 7A) = sin (A 6°) Q cos q = sin 90 q)

(
Since (90 7A) & (A 6°) are both acute angles,
\ 90° 7A = A 6°
Þ 7A + A = 90 + 6
Þ 8A = 96°

A = = 12°

8. If A, B and C are interior angles of triangle ABC, then show that TJO
#$ "
DPT .

Sol. In a D ABC, ÐA + ÐB + ÐC = 180°
On dividing by 2 we get
" #$

= 90°
#$ "
Þ
= 90

Taking sin ratio on both sides
§# $·
¨ ¸ " ·¸
§
¨
¹
sin = sin
© ¹ ©
Þ
§# $· DPT "
sin ¨
© ¹
¸ =

9. Show that tan 48° tan 16° tan 42° tan 74° = 1.
Sol. tan 48° = tan(90 42°) = cot 42° [Q tan (90 q) = cot q]
tan 16° = tan (90 74°) = cot 74°
LHS = tan 48° tan 16° tan 42° tan 74°
= cot 42° . cot 74° . tan 42° . tan 74°

= UBO q UBO q
UBO q UBO q
= 1
10. Show that cot q + tan q = sec q . cosec q.

Sol. LHS = cot q + tan q
DPT T TJO T
=
TJO T DPT T
DPT T TJO T
= Q sin2 q + cos2 q = 1]
[
TJO T DPT T

=
TJO T DPT T

=
TJO T DPT T
= cosec q. sec q
11. In D PQR with right angle at Q, the value of ÐP is x. PQ = 7 cm and QR = 24 cm. Find sin x and
cos x.
Sol. In D PQR, ÐQ =90° 1
PR
2 = PQ
2 + QR
2 = 7
2 + 24
2 = 49 + 576 = 625
Y
PR = = 25 cm
DN
23
13
i) sin x =
2 3
12 DN
ii) cos x =
13
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
TJO T
TJO T
1. Given cot q = . then evaluate .

DPT T
DPT T
DPT T
2. Prove that = cosec q + cot q.
DPT T
TJO T
3. Prove that TJO T = sec q + tan q.
4. Evaluate (1 + tan q + sec q) (1 + cot q cosec q).
5. Evaluate (sin q + cos q)2 + (sin q cos q)2.
DPT T
6. Show that (cosec q cot q)2 = .
DPT T
7. Simplify sec A(1 sin A) (sec A + tan A).
8. Prove that (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A.
L
9. If cosec q + cot q = k. then prove that cos q = .
L
10. If sec q + tan q = p then find the value of sin q in terms of p.
DPT T DPT T
11. For which value of acute angle = 4 is true ? For which value of
TJO T TJO T
0° £ q £ 90° above equation is not defined ?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. The maximum value of sin q is ................................................
2. If A = 30° then sin 2A = ................................................
3. If cos 2 q = sin 4q, here 2q and 4q are acute angles then the value of q is ................................................
4. tan 135° = ................................................
5. TJO " TJO " = ................................................

$
T

6. In D ABC, ÐB = 90°, ÐC = q from the figure tan q = .................................................
" #

2 2
7. 3 sin 45° + 2 cos 60° = ................................................

8. sin(A B) = , cos(A + B) = , then ÐA = ................................................

9. sec A. TJO " = ................................................
TJO q
10. = ................................................
DPT q
11. cos 0° + sin 90° + cosec 60° = ................................................
B D
12. sin q= , cos q = , then cot q = ................................................
C E
13. The value of tan 1° . tan 2° . tan 3° , ............ tan 89° = ................................................

UBO
14. = ................................................
UBO
UBO q
15. = ................................................ "
UBO q
%

16. In the figure the value of cos f is ................................................
¡
I T #
&

2 2
17. 9 sec A 9 tan A = ................................................
18. If sin q = cos q, then the value of q = ................................................

19. If tan q= , then the value of cos 2 q = ................................................

2 2
20. tan 60 + 2 sin 45° = ................................................
ANSWERS

I. 1) 1 2) 3) 15° 4) 1 5) cos A

6) 7) 2 8) 45° 9) 1 10) 1

D
11) 4 12) 13) 1 14) 15) 0
B

16) 17) 9 18) 45° 19) 20) 4

h h h h h

12. APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY
KEY CONCEPTS
` Line of sight : It is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the object viewed.
` Angle of elevation : It is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal, when the
object viewed is above the horizontal level. In this case, we have to raise our head to look at the
object.
U
TJHI O
G JP
FP WBU
-J
O MF
PGF
F
HM
"O
PCTFSWFSTFZF
)PSJ[POUBMMFWFM
` Angle of depression : It is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal, when the
object viewed is below the horizontal level. In this case, we have to lower our head to look at
the object.
)PSJ[POUBMMFWFM
0CTFSWFSTFZF
"OH
MFP
GEF
QSF
TTJP
HO MJ
O O
JE F
P
MJ G
T
V# JH
I
U
0CKFDU
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. A ladder of length x metre is leaning against a wall making angle q with the ground. Which
trigonometric ratio would you like to consider to find the height of the point on the wall at
which the ladder is touching ?
2. Length of the shadow of a 15 metre high pole is metres at 7 Oclock in the morning.
Then, what is the angle of elevation of the Sun rays with the ground at the time ?
3. A boat has to cross a river. It crosses the river by making an angle of 60° with the bank of
the river due to the stream of the river and travels a distance of 600 m to reach the another
side of the river. What is the width of the river ?
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. A statue stands on the top of a 2 m tall pedestal. From a point on the ground, the angle of
elevation of the top of the statue is 60° and from the same point, the angle of elevation of the
top of the pedestal is 45°. Find the height of the statue.
2. From the top of a building, the angle of elevation of the top of a cell tower is 60° and the
angle of depression to its foot is 45°. If distance of the building from the tower is 7 m, then
find the height of the tower.
3. A wire of length 18 m had been tied with electric pole at an angle of elevation 30° with the
ground. Because it was covering a long distance, it was cut and tied at an angle of elevation
60° with the ground. How much length of the wire was cut ?
4. Two poles of equal heights are standing opposite to each other on either side of the road,
which is 120 feet wide. From a point between them on the road, the angle of elevation of the
top of the poles are 60° and 30° respectively. Find the height of the poles and the distances
of the point from the poles.
5. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from two points at a distance of 4 m and 9 m,
find the height of the tower from the base of the tower and in the same straight line with it
are complementary.
6. The angle of elevation of a jet plane from a point A on the ground is 60°. After a flight of 15
seconds, the angle of elevation changes to 30°. If the jet plane is flying at a constant height of
metre, find the speed of the jet plane.
7. A straight highway leads to the foot of a tower. Ramaiah standing at the top of the tower
observes a car at an angle of depression 30°. The car is approaching the foot of the tower
with a uniform speed. Six seconds later, the angle of depression of the car is found to be
60°. Find the time taken by the car to reach the foot of the tower from this point.
8. Two men on either side of a temple of 30 metre height observe its top at the angles of
elevation 30° and 60° respectively. Find the distance between the two men.
9. A tree breaks due to storm and the broken part bends so that the top of the tree touches the
ground by making 30° angle with the ground. The distance between the foot of the tree and
the top of the tree on the ground is 6 m. Find the height of the tree before falling down.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. The ratio of the length of a rod and its shadow is 1 : . Then the angle of elevation of sun is
..............................................

2. If the angle of elevation of a tower from a distance of 100 mts from its foot is 60°, then the height
of the tower is ..............................................
"
3. In D ABC, ÐB = 90°, if AB = 12m, ÐC = 30° then, BC = .................................. N
¡
$ #
#
4. In D ABC, ÐA = 90°, if AB = m, AC = 100m then q = .........................
T
$ "

5. The length of the shadow of a tower is equal to its height. Then the angle of elevation of the sun
is ..............................................
ANSWERS

I. 1) 30° 2) N 3) 4) 60° 5) 45°

h h h h h

13. PROBABILITY
KEY CONCEPTS
` Probability : The theoretical probability of an event E, written as P(E) is defined as
/VNCFS PG PVUDPNFT GBWPVSBCMF UP &

/VNCFS PG BMM QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT PG UIF FYQFSJNFOU
P(E) =
Where we assume that the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely.
` Mutually Exclusive Events : Two or more events of an experiment, where occurance of an
event prevents all other events are called Mutually Exclusive Events.
` Sample space : The set of all possible outcomes in an experiment is called Sample space.
Ex : Sample space for the throw of a dice
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
` The probability of a sure event (certain event) is one.
` The probability of an impossible event is zero.
` The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that 0 £ P(E) £ 1.

` Elementary events : An event having only one outcome is called an Elementary event. The
sum of the probability of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.
` For any event E, P(E) + 1 &

= 1, where & stands for not E
E and & are called complementary events.
E and & are also disjoint sets.
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. If P(E) = 0.05 what is the probability of 'not E' ?
Sol. Given P(E) = 0.05
Probability of not E' denoted by &

\ 1 &
= 1 P(E) [ Q P(E) + 1 &
= 1]
= 1 0.05 = 0.95.
2. What is the probability of drawing out a red king from a deck of cards?
Sol. Total no.of deck of cards = 52
Let E be the event of drawing out a red king
n(E) = 2
\ P(E) =
/PPG PVUDPNFT GBWPVSBCMF UP &
5PUBM OPPG BMM QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT

=


3. Can be the probability of an event ? Explain.

Sol. can't be the probability of any event.

Since, the probability of any event (E) should lie between 0 and 1 i.e 0 £ P(E) £ 1
4. Define mutually exclusive events with example.

Sol. Two events are mutually exclusive if the occurrence of one event prevents the occurence of
another event.
Ex : When a coin is tossed getting a head and getting a tail are mutually exclusive.
5. Sangeeta and Reshma, play a tennis match. It is known that the probability of Sangeetha
winning the match is 0.62. What is the probability of Reshma winning the match ?
Sol. Let S and R are the events of winning the match of Sangeetha and Reshma.
Given P(S) = 0.62
The probability of Reshma's winning
P(R) = 1 P(S)
= 1 0.62
= 0.38
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Find the probability that number selected at random from the numbers 3, 4, 5, 6, ...... 25. is
prime.
Sol. Prime numbers between 3 and 25
are E = {3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23}
n(E) = 8
n(S) = 23
O &

P(E) =
O 4

2. A bag contains 40 balls out of which some are red, some are green and remaining are black.

If the probability of drawing a red ball is and that of green ball is then what is the

number of black balls ?
Sol. Let R, G, B are the events of drawing Red balls, Green balls, Black balls respectively.

Given P(R) =

P(G) =

§ ·
P(B) = 1 ¨ ¸
© ¹
§ ·
= 1 ¨ ¸
© ¹

= 1

=

O #
P(B) =
O 4

O #

= Þ n(B) = u = 10

(OR)

P(R) = u

P(G) = u

No.of Red and Green balls = 22 + 8 = 30
No.of black balls = 40 30 = 10
3. The probability of getting bad egg in a lot of 400 is 0.035, then find the number of bad eggs
in the lot ?
Sol. Let E be the event of getting bad egg.
O &
P(E) =
O 4
O &

0.035 =
Þ n(E) = 400 × 0.035
= 14
4. Two dice are thrown at the same time. Find the probability that the sum of two numbers
appearing on the top of the dice is more than 9 ?
Sol. Let E be the event of getting the sum of two numbers appearing on the top of the dice more
than 9.
\ E = {(6, 6), (6, 5), (6, 4), (5, 6), (5, 5), (4, 6)}
n(E) = 6
n(S) = 6 × 6 = 36
O &

P(E) =
O 4

5. What is the probability that a non-leap year selected at random will contain 53 Sundays ?
Sol. Non-leap year contains 365 days.
i.e. 52 weaks and one day left.
That day may be either Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday
\ n(S) = 7
\ n(E) = 1
O &

\ P(E) =
O 4

Let E be the event of getting 53
rd Sundays out of Seven days.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken
out of the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be (i) red?
(ii) white ? (iii) not green?
2. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting (i) a
king of red colour (ii) a face card (iii) a red face card (iv) the jack of hearts.
3. A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that (i) 5 will not come up either time ?
(ii) 5 will come up at- least once?
4. A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. What
is the probability that this bulb is defective? Suppose the bulb drawn in previous case is not
defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is drawn at random from the rest. What is the
probability that this bulb is not defective?
5. Three unbiased coins are tossed together. Find the probability of getting i) all heads ii) two
heads iii) one head iv) at least two heads.
6. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and these are equally likely outcomes. What is the probability
that it will point at (i) 8 ? (ii) an odd number ? (iii) a number greater than 2 ?
(iv) a number less than 9?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
I. Fill in the blanks
1. The definition of probability was given by ...................................................
2. The probability of an event that cannot happen is ...................... such an event is called ...................
3. The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is ...........................
4. A coin is tossed 1000 times. Head occurs 625 times. The probability of getting a tail is ...................

5. The probability of getting the letter M in the word "MATHEMATICS" ...................................................
6. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting exactly one head ............................
7. The probability that a non-leap year should have 52 Mondays is ...................................................

8. P(E) =

then 1 &
= ...................................................

9. A and B are mutually exclusive events with P(A) = P(B), then P(A) = ...............................................

10. A mathematical Textbook contains 250 pages. A page is selected at random. The probability of
selecting the page number is a perfect square is ...................................................
11. Estimating the probability of an event without conducting an experiment is called .......................
12. In a foot ball match Ronaldo makes 4 goals from 10 penalty kicks. Then the probability of
converting a penalty kick into goal is ...................................................
ANSWERS
I. 1) Pierre Simon Laplace in 1795 2) 0, impossible event 3) one

4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

9) 10) 11) Theoretical probability (or) Classical probability

12)

h h h h h

14. STATISTICS
KEY CONCEPTS
` Father of statistics was Sir Ronald.A.Fisher.
Arithematic mean (or) mean (or) Average : Mean is obtained, when sum of the values of all the
observations is divided by number of observations.
4VN PG WBMVFT PG BMM PCTFSWBUJPOT

Arithematic mean Y
/VNCFS PG PCTFSWBUJPOT
6Y
Y J
O
Mean of grouped data is calculated by :
6G Y J J
a) The direct method : Y
6G J
6G E
b) The assumed mean method : Y B J J
6G J
§ 6GJ VJ ·
c) The step deviation method : Y B ¨ ¸uI
© 6GJ ¹
` Mode : The value among the observations which occurs most frequently is called Mode.
Modal Class : In a group of frequency distribution a class with maximum frequency is called
Modal Class.
§ G G ·
Mode (z) = M ¨ ¸uI
© G G G ¹
l = lower boundary of modal class
h = size of the modal class interval
f = frequency of modal class

1
f = frequency of class preceding the modal class

0
f = frequency of class succeding the modal class

2
` Median : Mid value of given observations is called Median.

Calculation of Median of ungrouped data : First arrange the observations in ascending order.
If number of observations n is odd.
§ O ·
UI
Median = ¨ ¸ observation.
© ¹
§ O· § O ·
UI UI
If n is even, median is average of ¨ ¸ and ¨ ¸ observations.

©¹ © ¹
Formula of Median of grouped data :
§ O ·
¨ DG ¸
Median M = M ¨ ¸uI
© G ¹
l = lower boundary of median class
n = number of observations
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class.
f = frequency of median class
h = size of median class
` Cumulative frequency curve (or) (ogive curve) : First prepare cumulative frequency table,
then draw a graph by taking cumulative frequency on Y-axis and upper (or) lower limits of
corresponding class intervals on X - axis. Join the points by a free hand smooth curve. Then
cumulative frequency curve or ogive curve is obtained.
Ogives are two types :

Less than ogive : A graph is drawn by taking upper limits of class interval on X-axis and less
than cumulative frequency on Y-axis and join the points by a free hand smooth curve than less
than ogive is obtained.
Upper than ogive : A graph is drawn by taking lower limits of class interval along the X-axis and
greater than cumulative frequency on Y-axis and join the points by free hand smooth curve,
then more than ogive is obtained.
O
Calculation of median from cumulative frequency curve : First locate value on the Y-axis.

From this point draw a line parallel to the X-axis cutting the curve at a point. From this point
draw a perpendicular to X-axis. Foot of this perpendicular determines median of the data.
DZO
FV
RF
S'
F
WUJ
BM
V
N
V
$
.FEJBO
6QQFSMJNJUT
Calculation of median from less than ogive & more than ogive : Draw both less than ogive
and greater than ogive curves on the same axis. The two ogives will intersect each other at a
point. From this point, if we draw a perpendicular to the X-axis, the x-coordinate of the point at
which it cuts X-axis gives us the median.
ZD
FOV
R
FS
'F
WJ
UB
MV
N
V
$
-JNJUT .FEJBO

1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Find Mode of observations 5, 6, 9, 6, 12, 3, 6, 11, 6, 7.
Sol. By arranging given observation in ascending order
3, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12.
Most frequent term is 6
\ Mode = 6
2. A doctor observed that the pulse rate of 4 students is 72, 3 students is 78, 2 students is 80.
Find the mean of pulse rate of above students.
Sol. Total pulse rate of 9 students = 4 × 72 + 3 × 78 × 2 × 80
= 228 + 234 + 160
= 682

Mean of pulse rate of students = = 75.77

3. Sita secured 23, 24, 24, 22, 20 marks in a test. Find mean marks.
4VN PG PCTFSWBUJPOT
Sol. AM =
/PPG PCTFSWBUJPOT

= = 22.6

4. The wickets taken by a bowler in 10 cricket matches are as follows : 2, 6, 4, 5, 0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3.
Find mode of data.
Sol. Let us arrange observations in order = 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2 is the number of wickets taken by the
bowler in maximum number of matches (3 times). So mode of data is 2.
5. Find the possible measures of central tendency from the following graph.
Sol. Less than ogive and more than ogive are intersect each other. X-coordinate of point of inter-
section is median.

\ Median = 12.5
6. If another observation is added to the data 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6 does the mode change (or)
not ?
Sol. Given observations are 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6
Mode = 2
If other than '3' is added, the mode remaining same.

7. Point of intersection of less than ogive and more than ogive curves is (15.5, 20). Find
median.
Sol. Point of intersection of less than ogive and greater than ogive curves is (15.5, 20).
X-coordinate of point of intersection = Median
\ Median = 15.5
8. The abscissa of point of intersection of less than ogive curve and more than ogive curve of
a grouped data gives...
Sol. Median
9. Mean of 9, 11, 13, P, 18, 19 is P. Find the value of P ?
4VN PG PCTFSWBUJPOT
Sol. Mean =
/PPG PCTFSWBUJPOT
1
P =

1
P =

6P = 70 + P
5P = 70

P = = 14.

Y Y Y Y
10. Median of Y is 8. Find x ?

Sol. By arranging given observations in ascending order.
Y Y Y Y
Y

Y
Median = 8

\x=3×8
x = 24
11. Find A.M of a d, a, a + d ?
4VN PG PCTFSWBUJPOT
Sol. Mean (A.M) =
/PPG PCTFSWBUJPOT
B E BB E
=

B
= = a.


12. Find lower limit of model class of the following data ?
$*
'
Sol. High frequency = 15
Modal class = 10 15
Lower limit = 10
13. Find the median from the following graph.
ve
M
or
i
og
e
th
an
an
th
og
ss
iv
Le
20 e
15
10
Sol.
5
5 10 15 20 25 30
Less than ogive more than ogive are intersecting at point P(20, 15)
X-coordinate of P = 20.
\ Median = 20
14. a, b, c are mid values of a data and corresponding frequencies are a, b, c respectively. Find
AM.
Sol. x = a, b, c
i
f = a, b, c
i
BuB CuC DuD

A.M =
BCD
B C D
=
B CD
15. Find the mean of first n odd natural numbers.

Sol. Sum of first n odd natural numbers = n
2
O
Median of first n odd numbers = = n.
O
O
16. Mean of first n odd natural numbers is , Find n.

Sol. Mean of first n odd numbers = n
O
\ O

\ n = 81.

17. 35 is removed from the data 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40. Find the increasing median.
Sol. By arranging given observations in ascending order.
30, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40

Median = = 36.5

If 35 is removed then the data is
30, 34, 36, , 38, 39, 40
\ Median = 37
Increase in median = 37 36.5 = 0.5
18. Median of 24, 25, 26, x + 2, x + 3, 30, 31, 34 is 27.5. Find x ?

Sol. Given observations are 24, 25, 26, Y Y 30 31, 34
YY
Median = = 27.5

Y
= 27.5

2x + 5 = 55
2x = 55 5
2x = 50
x = 25
19. Find the median of first 10 prime numbers.

Sol. First 10 prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, , 17, 19, 23, 29

Median = = 12

20. Mode of 64, 60, 48, x, 43, 48, 43, 34 is 43. Find the value of x + 3.
Sol. By arranging given observations in ascending order 34, 43, 43, 38, 38, 60, 64, x
If Mode = 43, then x must be 43.
Since 43 is most frequent observation in this data
\ x = 43
x + 3 = 43 + 3 = 46
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Find mean of the following frequency distribution.
.JE WBMVF PG O

DMBTT JOUFSWBM
'SFRVFODZ O
Sol. x = 1, 2, 3, 4, .... n
i

f = 1, 2, 3, 4, .... n
i
Sxifi = 12 + 22 + 32 + ......... + n2
O O
O
= Sn2 =

Sfi = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n
O O
= Sn =

O O
O
6Y G
J J O
A.M =
6GJ
O O

2. Mean of 17, 4, 8, 6, 15 is m and median of 8, 14, 10, 5, 7, 20, 19, n is (m 1) find m, n.
4VN PG PCTFSWBUJPOT
Sol. Mean of 17, 4, 8, 6, 15 =
/PPG PCTFSWBUJPOT

=

= = 10

\ m = 10
Median of 8, 14, 10, 5, 7, 5, 20, 19, n = m 1
= 10 1 = 9
By arranging them in ascending order 5, 5, 7, 8, O , 10, 14, 19, 20

Median = n
median = 9
\n = 9
\ m = 10 ; n = 9

3. Mean of x, is m. Find mean of x3, .
Y Y

Y
Sol. Mean of x, =
Y = m
Y

\x+ = 2m (1)
Y

Y ª º
3
Y Y
«¬ Y »¼
Mean of x , is =
Y

ª§ · § ·º
= «¨ Y ¸ Y ¨ Y ¸»
«¬© Y¹ Y© Y ¹ »¼

3
= [(2m) 3(2m)]

3
= [8m 6m]

2 2
= 2m(4m 3) = m (4m 3)

Y J

4. G , If mean is 3.55 find K.
J
6G Y u u u , u u u
Sol. Mean =
J J
=
6G J
,
,
=
,
,
=
,
,
= 3.55
,
183 + 3K = 50 × 3.55 + 3.55K
183 + 3K = 177.5 + 3.55K
183 177.5 = 3.55K 3K
5.5 = 0.55K

\K =

K = 10
5. Median of 4, 6, a, 9, 10, 19 is 7.5. Find 'a'.

Sol. By arranging given observations in ascending order 4, 6, B , 10, 19.
n = 6
UI § ·
UI
Median is average of observation.

¨© ¸¹
rd th
3 , 4
B
\ Median = = 7.5

a + 9 = 15
a = 15 9
a = 6.
6. Mode of 6, 3, 5, 6, 7, 5, 8, 7, 6, 2k + 1, 9, 7, 13 is y. Find k.
Sol. By arranging given observations in ascending order 3, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9, 13, (2k + 1)

As mode is 7, (2k + 1) must be equal to 7.
2k + 1 = 7
2k = 6
k = 3
7. Median of 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 is 14. Find median of 13, 15, 17, 19, 21.
Sol. Given observations are 10, 12, , 16, 18
\ Median = 14
By adding '3' to each given observations
= 10 + 3, 12 + 3, 14 + 3, 16 + 3, 18 + 3
= 13, 15, , 19, 21
\ Median = 17
Note : Median of a data is m. By adding 'n' to each observation new median = m + n.
8. In 100 numbers, fours are 20, fives are 40, sixes are 30, remaining are tens. Find mean.
Sol. Total numbers = 100
Fours = 20
Fives = 40
Sixes = 30
Ten = 100 (20 + 40 + 30)
= 100 90 = 10
u u u u
Mean =

= = 5.6

9. AM of 10 numbers is 7. AM of 15 numbers is 12. Find their common AM ?
Sol. AM of 10 numbers = 7
Sum of 10 numbers = 10 × 7 = 70
AM of 15 numbers = 12
Sum of 15 numbers = 15 × 12 = 180
Sum of 25 numbers = 70 + 180 = 250

Mean of 25 numbers = = 10

10. Find median of 20, 29, 38, 33, 42, 38, 43, 25.
Sol. By arranging them in ascending order 20, 25, 29, 33, 38, 38, 42, 43.
n = 8 (even)
O UI § O ·UI
Median = average of terms
¨© ¸¹
UI UI
§· § ·
= average of
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ terms
©¹ © ¹
th th
= average of 4 , 5 terms

= = 35.5

11. Find mode of 2, 6, 4, 5, 0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3. If another observations is added to data, does the mode
changes (or) not ?
Sol. Given observations are 2, 6, 4, 5, 0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3
By arranging ascending order = 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 6
'2' is most frequent term
\ Mode = 2
By adding '3' to this data, mode is also equal to 3.
So except 3, another observation is added, mode does not change.
12. Mean of 30 students is 42. Marks of two students are zero. Find mean of remaining students.
Sol. No.of students = 30
Mean = 42
Total marks = 30 × 42 = 1260
Marks of two students = 0
Total marks of remaining students = 1260 0 = 1260
Remaining number of students = 30 2 = 28

Mean of remaining students = = 45.

13. Find median of the following data.
.BSLT
/PPG 4UVEFOUT
Sol. .BSLT /PPG 4UVEFOUT $'

Total number of observations = 17 (odd)
§ O ·
UI
Median = ¨ ¸ term
© ¹
§ · th
= ¨ ¸ = 9 term
© ¹
\ Median class = 20 9 14
\ Median = 20

14. Find mean of the following data.
Y J

G J

6G Y u u u u u
Sol. Mean =
J J
=
6G J

=

=

= 7.42
15. Mode is 120.8, Mean 128 calculate median.

Sol. Mode = 3 median 2 mean
.PEF .FBO
Median =

u
=

= = 125.6

16. Write formulae for median. Write words for symbols.
§ O ·
¨ DG ¸
Sol. Median m = M ¨ ¸uI
© G ¹
l = lower boundary of median class
n = number of observations
c = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class.

f
f = frequency of median class
h = size of median class
17. Find mean of a 2d, a d, a, a + d, a + 2d.

4VN PG PCTFSWBUJPOT
Sol. Mean =
/PPG PCTFSWBUJPOT
B E B E B B E B E
=

B
=

= a

18. For a given data l = 40, f1 = 7, f0 = 3, f2 = 6, n = 15, Find mode.
§ G G ·
Sol. Mode (z) = M ¨ ¸uI
© G G G ¹
§ ·
= 40 + ¨ ¸ × 15
© u ¹

= 40 + × 15

= 40 + 12 = 52
19. For a given data a = 200, Sfixi = 106, Sfi = 45, n = 20. Calculate mean by stepwise deviation
method.
§ 6G Y ·
Sol. Y B ¨ J J ¸uO
© 6GJ ¹
§ ·
= 200 + ¨ u ¸
© ¹
= 200 47.11 = 152.89
20. Find the value of x, if mode of following distribution is 25.
7BMVF Y
Y
J
'SFRVFODZ G

J
Sol. Mode of this data = 25 (given)
So, 25 must have high frequency (four times)
\ x = 25.
21. Write Algorithm of calculation median from less than ogive and more than ogive curves.
Sol. Step I : Draw less than ogive type and greater than type cumulative curves (ogive curves) on
the graph paper.
Step II : Mark the point of intersection of two curves drawn in step I. Let this point is P.
Step III : Draw a perpendicular PM, from this point P to X - axis.
X - coordinate of M gives median.
1
$'
N
-JNJUT
22. Difference between mode and median of a data is 24. Find difference between median and mean.
Sol. Mode Median = 24
Mode = 3 Median 2 Mean
Mode Median = 2 Median 2 Mean
24 = 2(Median Mean)

Median Mean = = 12

4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Draw "OGIVE CURVE" of the following frequency distribution table.
$MBTTFT

'SFRVFODZ
2. The following distribution gives the daily incomes of 50 workers of a factory.
%BJMZ *ODPNF

*O SVQFFT
/PPG XPSLFST
Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution and
draw its ogive.
3. During the medical check up of 35 students of a class their weights were recorded as follows :
8FJHIU JO LH
/PPG 4UVEFOUT
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
Draw a less than type of ogive for the given data. Hence obtain the median weight from
the graph verify the result by using the formula.
4. The following tables give production yield per hectare of wheat of 100 farmers of a village.
1SPEVDUJPO :JFME

2VJ)FD
/PPG 'BSNFST
Change the distribution to a more than type distribution and draw its ogive.
5. The distribution below gives the weight of 30 students of a class. Find the median weight of
the students.
8FJHIU JO LH

/PPG 4UVEFOUT
6. The following frequency distribution gives the monthly consumption of electricity of 68
consumers of a locality. Find the median, mean and mode of the data and compare them.
.POUIMZ
DPOTVNQUJPO
/PPG
DPOTVNFST
7. If the median of 60 observations given below is 28.5 find the values of x and y.
$MBTT *OUFSWBM
'SFRVFODZ Y Z
8. The median of the following data is 525. Find the values of x and y, If the total frequency is
100.
$MBTT

*OUFSWBM
'SFRVFODZ Y Z
9. A survey regarding the heights (in cm) of 51 girls of class X of a school was conducted and
data was obtained as shown in table. Find their median.
)FJHIU JO DN
/PPG (JSMT
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
10. The following table shows the ages of the patients admitted in a hospital during a year.
"HF JO ZFBST

/PPG 1BUJFOUT
Find the mode and the mean of the data give below. Compare and interpret the two measures
of centeral tendency.
11. The following data gives the information on the observed life times (in hours) 225 electrical
components.
-JGF 5JNF

JO IPVST
'SFRVFODZ
Determine the modal life times of the components.

12. The given distribution shows the number of runs scored by some top batsmen of the world
in one-day international cricket matches.

3VOT

/PPG

#BUhTNFO
Find the mode of the data.

13. The marks distribution of 30 students in a mathematics examination are given in the adja-
cent table. Find the mode of this data. Also compare and interpret the mode and the mean.
$MBTT *OUFSWBM

/PPG 4UVEFOUT
14. The following table gives the literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities. Find the mean literacy
rate.
-JUFSBDZ SBUF

JO
/PPG $JUJFT
15. The following distribution shows the daily pocket allowance of children of a locality. The
mean pocket allowance is Rs 18. Find the missing frequency 'F'.
%BJMZ 1PDLFU

"MMPXBODF JO 3T
/PPG $IJMESFO G
1FSDFOUBHF PG

16. 'FNBMF 5FBDIFST
/PPG 4UBUFT 65
Find mean by a) Direct method b) Assumed mean method c) Step deviation method and
verify the results.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. A.M. of first 'n' natural numbers is ..........................................................
6O O O
O
A.M. =
O O
2. Mean of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 is ..........................................................
3. The mode of 20, 30, 20, 30, 40, 10, 50 is ..........................................................
4. The mode of first 'n' natural numbers is ..........................................................
5. The median of first 'n' natural numbers is ..........................................................
6. If A.M. = 39, Mode = 34.5, the median is ..........................................................
7. The mean of 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 1, 0, ..........................................................
8. Median of 13, 23, 12, 18, 26, 19, 14 is ..........................................................
9. Class interval of 10-20, 20-30 is ..........................................................
10. The median of natural numbers from 1 to 9 is ..........................................................
11. The observation which occurs more frequently in a data is ..........................................................
12. Which central tendency is used on all observations ..........................................................
13. If the AM of 3, 5, 9, x, 11 is 7 then x = ..........................................................
14. Mode of 21, 16, 21, 18, 14, 21, 18 is ..........................................................
15. Formula to find A.M in deviation method ..........................................................
16. Formula of mode for a grouped data (z) = ..........................................................
17. Find mode of 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6 is ..........................................................
18. Find mode of 5, 6, 9, 10, 6, 12, 3, 6, 11, 10, 4, 6, 7 is ..........................................................
19. The mid value of the class 40-50 is ..........................................................
20. The class interval of 1-8, 9-16, 17-24 is ..........................................................
21. The median of first 10 prime numbers is ..........................................................
22. Mean of first odd natural numbers ..........................................................
23. Which measure of central tendency can be determined graphically .....................................................
24. Emperical relation between mean, median and mode is ..........................................................
25. The median of a given frequency distribution can be determined graphically ...............................
26. Construction of cumulative frequency table is useful in determining the ........................................
27. For a given data of 60 observations, the less than ogive and the more than ogive interest at
(66.5, 30) The median of data is ..........................................................................................

28. If each observation of a data is increased by 'a' then mean ..........................................................
Y Y Y Y
29. If the mean of x , x , x , ................. x is Y then the mean of O is
1 2 3 n
B B B B
...........................
30. The word ogive is derived from the French word ..........................................................
31. The mid value of the class is used in ..........................................................
32. Formula for median of frequency distribution ..........................................................
33. While drawing ogives ........................ are taken on X-axis and ....................... are taken on Y-axis.
34. The x-coordinate of point of intersection of two ogives indicates ..........................................................
ANSWERS
I. § O · § O ·
1) ¨ ¸ 2) 5 3) 20 and 30 4) none 5) ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹
6) 37.5 7) 2 8) 18 9) 10 10) 5
11) mode 12) A.M. 13) 7 14) 21
6G E § G G ·
15) B J J
¨ ¸uI
6G
16) M 17) No mode 18)16
J G
© G G ¹
19) 45 20) 8 21) 12 22) n 23) median
24) mode = 3 median 2 mean 25) ogive 26) median 27) 66.5
§Y·
28) increases by a 29) 30) ogee
¨ ¸
©B¹
§ O ·
DG ¸
M ¨ uI
31) Arithematic mean 32)
¨ ¸
© G ¹
33) Boundaries, cumulative frequencies 34) median
h h h h h

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MATHEMATICS

S.S.C. STUDY MATERIAL PAPER  I

` HCF of fractions or Rational numbers =

7. Write the condition to be satisfied by q. So that a rational number

10. Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.

Since the denominator is not in the form of 2n × 5m.

Since the denominator is not in the form of 2n × 5m.

2. Prove that Q  R is an irrational by contradiction method.

3. Prove that    is an irrational by contradiction method.

4. Prove that     is an irrational by contradiction method.

5. Prove that  is an irrational by contradiction method.

6. Show that    is an irrational.

7. Show that   is an irrational.

1. If x = 23 × 3 × 52, y = 22 × 33, then HCF (x, y) is ..............................

3. For the decimal number  , the rational number is ...........................

6. The [HCF × LCM] for the numbers 50 and 20 is ........................

16) m 17) irrational 18) irrational 19) equal 20) log864 = 2

X Class  MATHEMATICS  PAPER  I 217

1. If A and B are two sets such that A Ì B then what is A È B ?

12. Use the adjoining Venn diagram to find A Ç B and A È B.

i) {P, R, I, N, C, A, L} ( ) A) {x : x is an integer and x2  9 = 0}

i) {1, 2, 3, 6} ( ) A) {x : x Î N and x < 100}

X Class  MATHEMATICS  PAPER  I 228

Product of the zeroes = D L

X Class  MATHEMATICS  PAPER  I 235

The following formula is useful to solve this problem quickly. l = , b =  Y  Z

a1, b1, c1 should be increased or decreased in proportion.

X Class  MATHEMATICS  PAPER  I 239

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

4) Expenditure = income ( ) D) Intersecting lines

X Class  MATHEMATICS  PAPER  I 242

Required quadratic equation x2  (a + b) x + ab = 0

5. Find the value of k for the quadratic equations.

X Class  MATHEMATICS  PAPER  I 247

7. If = 55, then n = .............

10. If a + c = b then roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is ............

11. Degree of a quadratic polynomial .........

12. The discriminant of the quadratic equation 6x2  3  11x = 0 is .............

13. The discriminant of ax2  ax + b = 0 is ................

14. The roots of 2x2  5x + 3 = 0 are ...........

15. One root of x2  2x  1 = 0 is ..........

17. Equation of a quadratic polynomial ( )

C r C  BD  C r C  BD  C r C  BD C r C  BD

22. The quadratic equation px2 + qx + r = 0 has imaginary roots if .............

24. The quadratic equation with roots    and    is ...............

26. The value of l for which x2 + 10x + l is a perfect square is ............

27. If a and b are the roots of x2 + 7x  60 = 0 then the value of a + b + ab = ..................

29. The quadratic equation with roots 3 and  3 is ..............

ii) Group - A Group - B

2) If the roots of 4x2 + 4  Y + l = 0 ( ) B) 8

are equal then l =

is 2 then the other root is

iii) Group - A Group - B

v) The standard form of quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0 ; a ¹ 0

2. Find x so that x, x + 2, x + 6 are consecutive terms of a GP.

X Class  MATHEMATICS  PAPER  I 253

 ªh O h J T O PPG UFS NT PG "1 º

13. Which term of the GP : 2,   , 4, .......... is 128 ?

1) If sum of the first 'n' natural ( ) A) 2

46) 4050 47) PS 48) 3072 49 ) 2 50) 5

X Class  MATHEMATICS  PAPER  I 262

` Equation of X - axis is, y = 0.

` Distance between point (x, y) and origin = Y  Z 

` General form of a point on X-axis = (a, 0)

S.S.C. STUDY MATERIAL PAPER I

2. Prove that Q R is an irrational by contradiction method.

3. Prove that is an irrational by contradiction method.

4. Prove that is an irrational by contradiction method.

5. Prove that is an irrational by contradiction method.

6. Show that is an irrational.

7. Show that is an irrational.

3. For the decimal number , the rational number is ...........................

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER I 217

i) {P, R, I, N, C, A, L} ( ) A) {x : x is an integer and x2 9 = 0}

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER I 228

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER I 235

The following formula is useful to solve this problem quickly. l = , b = Y Z

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER I 239

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER I 242

Required quadratic equation x2 (a + b) x + ab = 0

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER I 247

12. The discriminant of the quadratic equation 6x2 3 11x = 0 is .............

13. The discriminant of ax2 ax + b = 0 is ................

14. The roots of 2x2 5x + 3 = 0 are ...........

15. One root of x2 2x 1 = 0 is ..........

C r C BD C r C BD C r C BD C r C BD

24. The quadratic equation with roots and is ...............

27. If a and b are the roots of x2 + 7x 60 = 0 then the value of a + b + ab = ..................

29. The quadratic equation with roots 3 and 3 is ..............

2) If the roots of 4x2 + 4 Y + l = 0 ( ) B) 8

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER I 253

ªh O h J T O PPG UFS NT PG "1 º

13. Which term of the GP : 2, , 4, .......... is 128 ?

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER I 262

` Distance between point (x, y) and origin = Y Z

Distance between two points = Y Y

Distance between two points (x1, y1), (x2, y2) = Y Y

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER I 267

\ Second edge of circle = A = (3, 10)

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER I 270

I. 1) origin 2) 2 3) (0, c) 4) undefined 5) 0

16) Right angled 17) 5 18) 19) (0, 6) 20) 2 : 1

27) ( x1 : x2) 28) (3, 5) 29) B C 30) 2 31) 7

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER I 271

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER II 272

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER II 273

2& 3' DN DN

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER II 275

\ C = 90°, BC = "# "$ [by Pythagoras Theorem]

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER II 277