In fact, we have :

implies that . Thus, we have

 Remark:
1)

2)

Example 1) In the space 𝑅3 , the set 𝑆 = 1,2,3 , 2,4, −1 , (0,0,0)

is linearly dependent.
2) In the space 𝑅3 , the set 𝑆 = 1,2,3 , 2,4, −1 , 2, −3,1 , (1,2,4)
is linearly dependent.

Let 𝑉 = 𝐶 2 ℝ = all cont and twice differentiable functions.

For 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ ∈ 𝐶 2 ℝ , we define the Wronskian of 𝑓, 𝑔 and ℎ as:
 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥)
𝑊 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑔′ (𝑥) ℎ′ (𝑥)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) 𝑔′′ (𝑥) ℎ′′ (𝑥)
If 𝑊 𝑥 ≢ 𝟎 the zero function , then 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ is linearly independent
If 𝑊 𝑥 ≡ 𝟎, then 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ may or may not linearly independent.

(For example, 𝑊 1 = 2𝑒 3 ≠ 0)
The set {𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 } is linearly independent in 𝐶 2 ℝ .
Thus, 𝑐1 = 𝑘1 , 𝑐2 = 𝑘2 , … , 𝑐𝑛 = 𝑘𝑛 .
 a)
1) 𝑆 spans 𝑅3 :

1 2 3 𝑐1 𝑏1
⇒ 2 9 3 𝑐2 = 𝑏2
1 0 4 𝑐3 𝑏3
9 3 2 3 2 9
det 𝐴 = 1 −2 +3 = −1 ≠ 0
0 4 1 4 1 0
⇒ 𝐴 is invertible ⇒ The system is consistent
⇒ 𝑅3 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑
2) 𝑆 is linearly independent: Let
1 2 3 𝑐1 0
2 9 3 𝑐2 = 0 ⇒ det 𝐴 = −1 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴 is invertible
1 0 4 𝑐3 0
The system has the trivial solution ⇒ 𝑆 is linearly independent.
b)

We solve :