Mariel I.

Matibay

IE 211

Research Work

1. Relationship of hardness to tensile strength

- Hardness is empirically related to tensile strength since hardness tests often are used to
quantify strength and are considered to be nondestructive in most applications because the
indentations are small and do not adversely affect surface quality. In the case of steel, there is a
common relationship between the Brinell hardness number (BHN) and the ultimate tensile strength
(UTS) given in pounds force per square inch (psi), or MPa:UTS(psi)=500BHN. It often is assumed that this
relationship is only valid for tempered martensitic structures. However, similar relationships can be
shown for brass, aluminum and cast irons. A relationship between yield strength and hardness usually is
not shown, and it may be instructive, and perhaps surprising, to show that these relationships have a
theoretical basis.

2. Compression Test

- A compression test is a mechanical test in which a material or product responds to forces that
push, compress, squash, crush and flatten the test specimen. Compression testing is a fundamental
mechanical test, similar in nature to tensile and bend tests. Compression tests characterize material and
product strength and stiffness under applied crushing loads. These tests are typically conducted by
applying compressive pressure to a test specimen using platens or specialized fixtures with a testing
machine that produces compressive loads. During a compression test, properties of the material
including sample stress and strain are measured and various calculations made. Data is plotted as a
stress-strain diagram. Data is used to determine qualities such as compressive strength, elastic limit,
proportional limit, yield point, yield strength, and modulus of elasticity.

3. Dynamic Properties

- Dynamic properties , theoretically, can be defined as the ratio of stress to strain resulting from an
oscillatory load applied under tensile, shear, or compression mode. Instead, storage modulus, loss
modulus, and tan δ are considered as fundamental dynamic properties, whereas complex and dynamic
viscosity, storage and loss compliance, transition temperatures, creep, and stress relaxation are some of
the secondary properties that can also be examined using DMA. These secondary properties are
sometimes very helpful to depict the reasons for variation in basic properties of polymeric composites.

4. Impact Test
 - An impact test is used to observe the mechanics that a material will exhibit when it
experiences a shock loading that causes the specimen to immediately deform, fracture or rupture
completely. To perform this test the sample is placed into a holding fixture with the geometry and
orientation determined by the type of test that is used and then a known weight generally but not
always in the shape of a pendulum is released from a known height so that it collides with the specimen
with a sudden force. This collision between the weight and specimen generally results in the destruction
of the specimen but the transfer of energy between the two is used to determine the fracture
mechanics of the material. Its purpose is to determine the ability of the material to absorb energy
during a collision. This energy may be used to determine the toughness, impact strength, fracture
resistance, impact resistance or fracture resistance of the material depending on the test that was
performed and the characteristic that is to be determined.

5. Metal Fatigue & Endurance Limit

- Metal fatigue occurs when metal parts are weakened due to repeated stresses. It is one of
the subtlest types of metal failures, and one of the most dangerous. Although metal failure can occur
from excessive tensile loads, shear loads and impact loads, to name a few, metal fatigue is a failure type
that can go unnoticed right up until the point when it is too late. On the other hand, Endurance Limit
refers to the endurance limit (Se) of a material is defined as the stress below which a material can
endure an infinite number of repeated load cycles without exhibiting failure. In other words, when a
material is subjected to a stress that is lower than its endurance limit, it should theoretically be able to
withstand an indefinite amount of load cycles.

6. Creep

-Creep is a type of metal deformation that occurs at stresses below the yield strength of a
metal, generally at elevated temperatures. One of the most important attributes of any metal is its yield
strength because it defines the stress at which metal begins to plastically deform. Creep is unique in the
fact that it is a phenomena that causes materials to plastically strain even though yield stresses have not
been reached. The mechanics behind creep are complicated, but they can be broken down into three
stages.

7. Machinability

-Machinability is defined as the ease with which a material can be machined to intended
geometry and purpose at a satisfactory cost. The machinability often regarded as the work piece
material property, however, the ease of machining also depends on other factors such as rigidity of
cutting tool. Good machinability related to removal of material with moderate forces, good surface
finish, small chips, and with minimum tool wear. It is difficult to maintain all these objectives at once for
a machining operation. For example, the fine-grained material results in good surface finish but have
high resistance to machining. So it is always a challenge to engineers to find ways to improve
machinability without spoiling the performance.

8. Temperature Effects

- Temperature Effects greatly played a role in the characteristics of engineering materials.

Mechanical characteristics of most materials are greatly influenced by the operating temperature.
Stress-strain diagrams are obtained at specific temperatures. High temperature reduces material
stiffness and strength, while low temperature increases material stiffness and strength. Almost all
materials creep over time if exposed to elevated temperatures under applied load. At "low"
temperatures, ductile materials behave like brittle materials, whereas at "high" temperatures, brittle
materials behave more like ductile materials.

Reference

https://www.testresources.net/applications/test-types/compression-test/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/dynamic-property

https://www.mecholic.com/2018/08/what-is-machinability-factors-affecting.html?m=1