BLOOD|

PHLEBOTOMY 102
– Graveyard: Liver and spleen
BLOOD • Destroyed by macrophages but the
• vascular fluid that transports nutrients, wastes iron is reused in new cells
products, gases and hormones through the BLOOD GROUP AND BLOOD TYPE
circulatory system • The surface of RED Blood cells contain
• Normal Blood Volume of Average Adults: 5 – 6 L ANTIGENS.
• HEMATOLOGY-STUDY OF BLOOD • Four possible ABO antigens:
• HEMATOLOGISTS - SPECIALISTS IN BLOOD – A Antigen
DISORDERS. – B Antigen
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD – Both A and B Antigens
• SOLID (FORMED ELEMENTS) – Neither A nor B Antigen
– RBC • The plasma contains ANTIBODIES.
– WBC • Four possible ABO antibodies:
– PLATELETS – Antibody A
• GAS – Antibody B
– OXYGEN – Both Anti-A and Anti-B
– CARBON DIOXIDE – Neither Anti-A nor Anti-B
• LIQUID ABO Blood Antigen Antibody
– PLASMA 91% H2O Group
– SERUM 9% dissolved subs
SERUM Type A A Anti-B
 liquid portion of the clotted blood
Type B B Anti-A
 It consists of albumin and globulin
 It has no fibrinogen Type AB A and B none
Type O none Anti-A and Anti-B
PLASMA
 liquid portion of the unclotted blood
 It consists of fibrinogen, albumin and globulin
 Obtained by the use of anticoagulant

FORMED ELEMENTS
RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
– Anuclear; biconcave disks
– Size range : 6 – 8 microns (average of 7.2
microns)
– The red color of RBC is because of
Hemoglobin which is responsible for
transporting O2 and CO2
– Hemoglobin consists of two parts:
• Heme (that contains iron)
• Globin
– Production and maturation site: BONE TRANSFUSION REACTION
MARROW • Occurs when a person receives a different group
– Reference Value: of blood because a person’s natural antibody will
• 4.5 – 6.0 million /uL of blood destroy the donor RBC’s that contain the antigen
• Men have higher values than specific for the antibodies.
women • To avoid such reactions, patients must only
– Life span : 120 days receive group-specific blood type

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 BLOOD|
PHLEBOTOMY 102
• MONOCYTES- INCREASED IN CASES OF CHRONIC
INFECTIONS
• EOSINOPHIL- INCREASED IN CASES OF PARASITIC/
INFECTIONS/ ALLERGIES
RH TYPE • BASOPHILS- INCREASED IN CASES OF ALLERGIES

Rh Type Antigen Antibody PLATELETS

Appearance:
Rh (+) D Antigen none
• anucleate cells,
Rh (-) none none • measures 2-4 microns (2 – 4 um) in diameter
LEUKOCYTES /LEUCOCYTES/ WHITE BLOOD CELLS • Small; irregularly-shaped
(WBC’S) Cellular Origin:
• Functions: • Cellular fragments of megakaryocytes
– Provide immunity thru: • 1 megakaryocyte = 2000-4000 platelets
• Production of antibodies Life span
• Destroy pathogens through • 9-12 days
phagocytosis • Reference value: 140,000 – 440,000 per uL of
• Produced in the bone marrow blood
• Reference value: 4,500 – 11,000 per uL of blood • Main Function:
• NEUTROPHIL • Prevents bleeding by forming temporary
• LYMPHOCYTE platelet plug
• MONOCYTE • Play a vital role in blood clotting process
• EOSINOPHILS
• BASOPHILS COAGULATION/HEMOSTASIS
 Hemostasis is a complex mechanism that
GENERAL TYPES OF WBC’S involves:
1. GRANULOCYTES (DISTINCT GRANULES) o Blood vessels
a.BASOPHILS - BLUISH-BLACK GRANULES; large o Platelets
granules that obscure the cytoplasm o Coagulation / Clotting factors
b. EOSINOPHILS- ORANGE-RED GRANULES (2-3  Hemostasis is the process of forming a blood
lobes) clot to stop the leakage of blood whenever
c. NEUTROPHILS- LILAC GRANULES (3-5 lobes) there is an injury to the blood vessel.
2. AGRANULOCYTES (NOT SO DISTINCT GRANULES)
a. LYMPHOCYTES- almost the SAME SIZE WITH Stage 1 (primary hemostasis)
RBC; round nucleus almost covering the  Blood vessels and platelets respond to injury
entire cell  Blood vessels constrict to slow the flow of blood
b. MONOCYTES- KIDNEY/BEAN/ HORSE-SHOE to the injured area (vessel spasm)
NUCLEUS (largest WBC)  Platelets become sticky; clump together
(platelet aggregation) and adhere to the injured vessel
• NEUTRO- 40-60% wall (platelet adhesion) to form a temporary platelet
• LYMPHO- 20-40% plug to stop bleeding.
• MONO- 3-8%
• EOSINOPHIL- 1-3% Stage 2 (secondary hemostasis)
• BASOPHIL- 0-1%  Activation of coagulation cascade that initiate
formation of fibrin strands to strengthen the platelet
• NEUTROPHIL- INCREASED IN BACTERIAL plug by forming a fibrin clot.
INFECTION/ACUTE DISEASES
• LYMPHOCYTES- INCREASED IN VIRAL INFECTIONS

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 BLOOD|
PHLEBOTOMY 102
Stage 3 Impairs the ability of the heart to pump blood
 The last factor in the coagulation cascade efficiently, causing fluid accumulation in the
(Factor XIII) stabilizes the fibrin clot. lungs and tissues.
 This produces retraction (tightening of the MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
clot) Death (necrosis) of the heart muscle caused by
lack of oxygen to the myocardium because of an
Stage 4 occluded artery.
 After the injury to the blood vessel has healed; Commonly known as heart attack
the process of fibrinolysis degrades the fibrin clot into
fibrin degradation products (FDP’s). PERICARDITIS
Inflammation of the pericardium of the heart
DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD VESSELS caused by bacteria, viruses, trauma or
ANEURYSM malignancy
bulge formed by a weakness in the wall of a RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
blood vessel; usually an artery that can burst and Autoimmune disorder affecting heart tissue
cause severe hemorrhage. following a streptococcal infection
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS ANEMIA
Hardening of the artery walls contributing to Decrease RBC count or hemoglobin in the
aneurysm or stroke circulating blood
ATHEROSCLEROSIS LEUKEMIA
Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by Increased WBC in the bone marrow and
accumulation of lipids and other materials in the circulating blood
walls of arteries causing the lumen of the vessel LEUKOCYTOSIS
to narrow and stimulate clot formation. Increased WBC or leukocytes in the circulating
EMBOLISM blood as seen in infections.
Moving clot that can obstruct a blood vessel LEUKOCYTOPENIA/ LEUKOPENIA
PHLEBITIS Decreased WBC or leukocytes in the blood often
Inflammation of the vein wall causing pain and caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy
tenderness POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
THROMBOSIS Increased RBC count causing blood to be viscous
Obstruction of a blood vessel by a stationary
blood clot PLATELET PARAMETERS IN CBC
VARICOSE VEINS THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Swollen peripheral veins caused by damage Decreased number of circulating platelets,
valves allowing backflow of the blood causing frequently seen in patients receiving
edema (swelling) in the tissues chemotherapy, with dengue hemorrhagic fever;
ANGINA PECTORIS spontaneous bleeding can result
Sharp chest pain caused by decrease blood flow THROMBOCYTOSIS
to the heart usually because of an obstruction in Increased number of circulating platelets
the coronary arteries.

BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
caused by a bacterial infection (Staphylococcus
epidermidis)
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

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