REARRANGING EX PAN D t NG

93
=
- = z*+5z-2s-
lö
= z'+3x —10
Guess — ALGegRAIC
101•936 FeACTDNS
10B•SZ3
105 •195
•TRtAc IHPRo•.J€H9JT- 105
1) cuss «wmpc

PmPORTtN
Dlteet PROO

Irwuz

Lt
NEAR QUADRAT

Divide
ratio
queuces
3:Z. SOLVING
3+2=5 16Z+6q:
50

3xtO 2Kto
q
S
{30 •.ao
Speed: d

NEGERBfS
Ikm=looeq iHuctN€OÖS IHP
1m =lCOen

Cm 1-320 11
zs
s
aueæe
1<3x+ 3X+ttS(3 rue
3<38 3-s<q

I kg = 2•21bs
0-3
 IBasic formulae I
MITHMETCPROPERTIES EXPONENT PROPERTIES
PROPERTIESOFNEQUAUTIES
(ab)n =
MITHMETIC EXAMPtES
an 1
am am
a ac (a + *dt) ac— bd + (ad + bc)t
ab + ac
(a + — bt) + bZ

a C ad + bc d
bd
TIC EQUATION
(a — bt) a —bi
For the equation am = am = (an)m
2a
COMMON FACTORING EXAMPLES ABSOWTE VALUE
RADICAPROPERTIES LOGARITHM PROPERTIES
a.b 0 rorevenn ify thenY x (x + a): x: + 2ax + a:
and i
100 b' = x — 2ax + a: = (x — a):
x: + (a + + ab = (x + + b) lal 2 0
100 x labl = lallbl

loga x — + 3ax: + 3a:x+ a' (x +

1085 a
a lal
1000') riog. x b Ibi
a,ifn is odd log.(xy) x+
1 a c ad — bc an bd
ASSOCIATIVE a(bc) (ab)c anam Ifa < <b < b— c
COMMUTATNE a + b b + a and ab ba <bc>O ac < bcud a/e < b/e
DISTRIBUTIVE + c) ab + ac W a < b and < O ac > bc and a/c > b/c

ab + e = a(b+ô

bl S + Ibi

lal, ifn is even

COMMONMAMES

ser— pnorŕtč
Basic Dfferentiation Basic Rules More Differentiation Rules

Gradient of dy
secant PQ is:
(Œrn) = naxn
Quotient Rule
When 6x = O, PQ is a tangent to y If y = g, where u g(x
)
f(x) = limo dy

x + ôx X
Differentiation of Trigonornetric Fonctions
Reciprocal Rule
Af(x) ± g(x)) = f'(x) ±
Chain Rule

Product Rule

If y = uv, where u g(x)

u (sinx) = cos x (cos-l [f(x))= I —L.f(x)
% (cosx) = —sin x
(tan¯l [f(x)) = x)
-Π(tanx) sec2x (sin =

(sec x) secx tanx (cos

Absolute value (tan
(cotx) = —csc2x
= tan [f
Œ(cscx) = —cscx cotx jonverse Second Derivative
csc2
If f(x) = axn, f'(x) = anxn ¯
Trigonometric Functions dxr(x) = f" (x) = an(n —

Exponential ond Logarithmic

Fonctions
Functions
(cos-lx) 1 sinhx coshx % (ef(x))

1- coshx = sinhx
(tan¯lx) =

(x)
d { [loge XI =
— tanhx= 1 — tanh2 x
csch x = —cothx csch x

sechx —tanhxsechx
 % [Inlx[l =
coth x 1 — coth2 x
 с
о

5 доз
7. иг.Ј0
изо
Common Monatomic Cations and
Anions
Cation Name
Name

Hydrogen
Hydride

Li Lithium
Fluoride

Sodium
Chloride

Potassium
Br
Bromide

Cesium
Iodide
2+
Be Beryllium
o Oxide
2+
Mg Magnesium
s Sulfide
Ca Calcium
Nitride

Bari
um

Al Aluminum

Aq Silver
Cqmmon Type Cation
 s
Svstematic Name
o
Svstematic Name
4+
Iron (111)
Tin (IV)

Iron (Il)
Tin (11)
2+
Copper (Il) Pb
cu

cu Copper (I)

co Cobalt (111) Hg

Cobalt (11) Hg2

Different
type of
atomic
species
(1) Isotopes
Species with same
atomic number
but different
mass number
 are called
isotopes. e.g.
IHl and1H2

(2) Isobars
Species with same
mass number
but different
atomic number
are called
isobars.
e.g.18Ar40And
19K40

(3) Isotones
Species having
same
numbe
r of
neutro
 ns are
called
isoton
es. e.g.
IH 3
and
2He
(4) Isodiaphers
Species with
same
isotopic
number
are
called
isodiaph
ers. e.g.
19K39
and 9
F19
(5) Isoelectronic
Species %ith
same
number of
electrons are
called
isoelectroni
c species.
e.g. Na and
Mg2+

(6) Isosters
 Tense Form Example Sent
Present Simple I play basketball e

Present Cont. S + amhs/are + V + Ing +0 I'm playing basket

now.
Present Perfect S + havcjhas + V3 + O I have just play
basketball.
Present Perfect have;has been + V +
ing +0
I have been
Cont. basketball for 3

Past Simple I played basketb

yesterday.
Past Cont. S + was'were + V + ing * I was playing baske
o whole evenin
Past Perfect S + had + V3 +0 I had played ba
before mary ca
Past Perfect Cont. S + had bccn + V + Ing I had been
+O basketball when
came.
Future Simple I will play basketb

Future Cont. S + will be + V + Ing +0 I will be

basketball
Sunday.
 Future Perfect S + vall have + V3 + 0 I will have
basketball by tom
Future perfect cont. S + will have been + V We will have been
+ ing + O
basketball.
 Algebraic Identities

(a — b) = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - bl -b!

— 3ab (a — b)
• a-3 -I- b3 = (a + b) (a2 — ab -I- b2) •ci3 _—
(a + b) 3— 3ab (a + b) a3 - = (a — b) (a2 +
al) + 112)
= (a -b) 3 + 3ab (a - b)
a3 —l- -l- — 3al)C = (a b c) b2 + — al) — bC — ca)
a.3 -l- + c3— 3c11)C • = —21 (a + b + c) { (a
4ab = (a + b) 2 — (2.22
2
 (x + a) (x — b) = x2 + (a — b) x (b — c) (c — a) (a
— ab - l))
(x - a) (x + b) = x2 + (b — a) x—
ab
(x - a) (x — b) = x2 — (a + b) x -
I- ab
• bc (b - c) + ca (c— a) -Fab (a
— b) a2 (b- c) + b2 (c - a) + cz
(a - b)
a (b2 — c?) + b (c? — a2) + c (a: — b2) a3 (b — c) -F (c
- a) + c:' (a — b) = - (b — c) (c —a) (a — b) (a + l) -l- c)
-l- c2a2(c2-a2) -F a21Y(a—
(al) + bC + ca) (a b c) — abc
• (b -I- c) (c + a) (a + b) + abc = (a -h b -
hc) (ab + bc + ca)
VI VI 112

Base Form Past Simple PastParticiple Base Form PastSimple PastParticipl

e
grind ground ground spit spat spat
grow grew grown split split split
hang hung hung spoil spoilt spoit
have had had spread spread spread
hear heard heard spring sprang sprung
hide hid hidden stand stood stood
hit hit hit steal stole stolen
hold held held stick stuck stuck
hurt hurt hurt sting stung stung
keep kept kept stink stank stunk
kneel knelt knelt strike struck struck
know knew known string strung strung
lay laid laid strive strove striven

lead led led swear swore sworn

lean leant leant sweep swept swept

leap leapt leapt swim swam swum

learn learnt learnt swing swung swung

leave left left teach taught taught
lend lent lent tear tore torn
let let let tell told told
lie lay lain think thought thought
lose lost lost throw threw thrown

mean meant meant thrust thrust thrust

meet met met tread trodden
 Cofunction Formulas (in
Quadrant I)
Sino = coscosO = sin
Function Relationships
Opposite Angle tanO=cotcoto =
1 1 Formulas sin (—0) tan(fro)
=
sin e = — csce = —sin (O) cos (—0) =
seco
= — = csccsc
cos (0) tan (—0) Angle o = sec(90)
sin Addition Formulas sin
tan (O) cot (—9) (A
= — + B) = sinAcosB +
O
cot (0) sec (—0) =cosAsinB
sec sin (A— B) =
1 1 (9) sinAcosB — cosAsinB cos (A
cos = — sec O = cos CSC (—0) = — CSC (9)
+ B) = cos A cos B — sinA sin
sec e O B cos (A — B) = cosAcos B +
1 1 sinA sin B
coto = — tan A + tanB
tan = tan (A + B) — tan A tan B
tan tan A — tan B tan (A — B)
sin 9 cos 9 —
tan = — cote = sin + tan A tan B
cos e O Product-to-Sum Formulas
1 sinA • sinB = —
Icos(A —B) - cos(A + B) I
2
COS A • COS B = — [ cos(A — B) +
cos(A + B) I
sin A COS B = — I sin(A + B) + sin(A
1
COS A •sin B = — I sin(A + B) —
sin(A
2
 Half Angle Formulas
Pythagorean
Identities sin20 + 1—
cos20 1
O sin
± cosO
tan2 9 + I = see O 2
cot20 + 1 = csc29 1 + COS O
o
cos — = ± 2
Double Angle
Formulas
1 — COS O
o
sin 20 = 2 sin Otan
cosi = ± + COS O

O I — cosO
COS 20 = cos2 0 —
sin: O sin O
= 1 — 2sin20 sin 0
= 2cos20— I
2 tan O I + cos0
tan 20 =
I — tan20
Triple Power
Angle Reducing
Formulas Formulas

sin 30 = 3 I
—
Sino — 4 cos20
sins O sin2 0 =
COS 39 = 2
4cos3 0 I
+ COS 20
— 3 cos0 cos2 0 =
3t 2
an0 — 1
tan3 0 tan —
30 = cos20
1— tanz O —
3ta ¯ I + COS 20
 n20
Law Of Cosines
= b2 + c2 _ 2bc cosA
— 2ac cos B
— 2ab cos c

Euler's Formula eiB = cos9

+ i sine = cis9
DeMoivre's Formula

(r cis = rn cis (n9)

 BENZYL

CH
L—-
UES€L €gcuP -rosyc egoaP
Wtraoso
 Trigonometry ldentities
Degrees ond Rodians Complernentory Angles (Degrees) Complementary Angles (Rodians)
lf θ is αη angle in degrees and a is the same angle Ιη radians:
— θ) Ιαηθ
180

180 sin(900— θ) = ςοςθ

Odd οτ Even lden%ties
= —ςίη(θ) = —ςςς(θ)
Periodic ldentities cos = cos(O lf η is αη integer
Pythogoreon ldentities
= —Ιαη(θ) cot(—θ) = —Ι'0Ι(θ)
Ql.J0tient ldentities 2

Ιαηθ+ Ι = sec 2 () sin θ cos θ

Ιαηθ =
cos θ ςίηθ
Double Angle ldentifies Triple Angles
2 Ιαηθ
Ιαη(2θ) =
Ι —ταη 2 θ

sin(20 = 2ςίιιθςοςθ
2Ιαηθ
Ιαη(3θ) =
—Ι
Surn ond Difference ldentities
Ι— (ςοςθ — ςίηθΫ ιαη(α ± β) — — ως(2θ)
col(a β) = sin(a ± β) = cos(a ± β) =
 cosa
Ι + Ια.η θ
Product to Sum ldentmes Sum ond Difference to Product ldentities sin θ

ςίηαςίηβ

— β) — cos(a + β)) sina + ςίηβ = 2sin

— β) + cos(a + β)) sina — ςίΙΙβ = 2cos

—β)+ sin(a + β)] cosa + = 2 cos

= + β)— sin(a — β)] cosa — = —2 sin

Trigonornetric Functions in terms of the other Rotios

1 + Ιαηθ
1+2+3 + _..+n= where n is the
2 number of terms
00

3+5 + — I) =
112
n(2k + n —
1)
2

12 +22 +32 + + n2
6
2
13 + 23 + 33 21

12 +32 +52 + (2n —

3
13 -F 3 3 + 53 + (2n = n 2n 1)
 Time fundamental s (second)
Mass fundamental m kg (kilogram

Physical
Quantities
Quantity Definition Formula Units Dimension
s
¯Length or Distance fundamental d m (meter) L (Length)

distance2
rn2
Volume distance3
Density mass / volume
kg/m3
Velocity distance / time
c (speed of light)
Acceleration velocity / time a •v/t
Momentum mass x velocity kg•m/s Mur
Force russ x acceleration N (newton) • kg•m/s2
Weight mass x acceleration of gravity W • meg
Pressure or Stress force / area pa (pascal) N/m2
Energy or Work force x distance J (joule) kg•m2/s2 Me
m
Kinetic Energy mass velocity2 / 2 mass x KE • m•v2/2
Potential Energy acceleration of gravity x
height
m/s
Power
kg•m2/s3
Impulse

Action energy x
timekg•m2/s
ML2/T
rmrnentum x
distanceh
(quantum of
action)
3600 - 2n rad

Cycles fundamental cyc (cycles

Frequency cycles / time Hz (hertz) c

Angular Velocity angle / time rad's - IIS
 Angular Acceleration angular velocity / tirne a • unit rad/s2 - I/s2
Moment of Inertia russ x radius2 kg•m2

Angular Momentum radius x momentum - kg•m2/s

moment of inertia L • 10 h (quantum

Angle
(radian), rev

T
o
r
q
u

x angular velocity
radius x force moment of • kg•m2/s2 Mem
inertia x angular
acceleration
fundamental o
c (celsius), K (kelvin) K (Temp.)

heat energy J (joule) • kg•m2/s2 ML2/T2

heat / temperature S.Q/T ML2,T2K

fundamental Q (Charge)
q C (coulomb) e
(elementary charge)
e

o
r

M
o
m
e
n
t

Temperature
Heat
Entropy

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c

C
h
a
r
g
e

Current
Voltage or Potential
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
Inductance
Electric Field
voltage / (current / time) L • V/(i/t) H (henry) • V•s/A

voltage / distance E -Wd V/m•N/C

charge / time i•q/t A (amp) CIS energy /
charge v=E/q V (volt) pc ML2/QT2
voltage / current R Wi Q (ohm) V/A
ML2QT charge / voltage c qrv F (farad)
CN Q2T2/ML2

force / charge E•F/q

M

6eld

&nsity

numberofloops of wire

t time

= force

unil length
Ν= numbcr charge catTiers unil volllttw

Q = charge q poiM cturge

W = 1F.dr
ΙΙ = potelllial coagyR = rcsistance velocity ο' speal r = distanw
W = work a system
Χ = positionΙ) = potential or stored eoergy
= coemcicm of frictionV electdc poteodal
μ velocity speed ρ z resistivity
t «xque
= angulu speed = magoetic πιπ a = angulM KcelerationΚ didectric constMll

φΒ • de• μοι
ldlx
r
F=lldexB
B, = 1%ηΙ fB.dA

!at2
 Trigonometr Formula
y s
Triple Angle Formulas Power Reducing
Formulas
sin 30 = 3 O
COS 30 = 4 COS3 0 — 3 COS O
1—
3 — tan] O cos20
tan 30 = 2
1 -3tanZO 1 + cos20
cos2 0 =
2
I — COS 20
tan2
1 + cos20
Arc Length Law of Sines
sin n sin B sin C
Law of Tangents
Law of Cosines a2 = b -I- 2

cz — 2bc cosA a + c2 — a—b tan (A — B)

2ac cosB
— 2ab cosC tan [2 (A +
B)]
Cofunction Formulas (in Quadrant l)

sin 9cos0
=si nc;-9)
tan O coto =tan (fro)

seco cscO =secc;-o)

Function
1 Opposite Angle
Relationships CSC O
sin 0 Formulas sin 9) — -
1 1 sin (0) cos (—O) = cos
sin G sec g — (0) tan (—O) = — tan
CSC 0
1 cos O — COS 0 (O) cot (—0) = —cot
sec 0 1 (0) sec 0) = sec (O)
1 cote = CSC (—0) = —CSC
tan O = — tan G (O)
cot cos
O sin tan 9
=— coto = —
cos 0 sin 0
Angle Addition Formulas
sin —

sinAcosB + cosAsinB
sin= sinAcosB —
cosAsinB
cos= cos A cos B —
sinA sin B
cos (A — B) — —cos A
cos B + sin A sin B
tan
A + tann tan (A +
B)
I — tanA tan D
tan
A — tan B tan
+ tan A tan B
Half Angle Formulas
1—
o
cosO
sin = ±
2

I cos O
1 + COS 0

1 + cosO
2
o tan — =

I — cosO
si
n O sin
(J
 I •F cos o

Pythagorean
Identities sin2 0 +
cos20 = I tan20 + I =
sec20 cot20 + 1
csc20
Double Angle Formulas

sin 20 = 2
cos 20 = cos2 0 — sin2 0
= 1-2sin20
= 2cosZ0—I
2 tano
tan 20 =
I — tanZD
Product-to-Sum Formulas
1 sin A •sin B 2
Icos(A— B) — cos(A + B) I
—

1 cosA •cosD — — — I
cos(A— B) + cos(A + B)
2
1
slnA • COS D = I sin(A + B) + sin(A —
B) I
1
COS A • sino = -
Isin(A + -B) I
2
Sum-to-Product Formulas

sin A +
sinB=2•
sin A — sin
B=2
COS A + COSB 2

cosA — COSB = —2 • sin

AMINE
 0 0

0
TO
E,
0 0
Physics Formulas
Ιη llqal Q=cw . αν=—
11=-QW . ιι=-αν2 , υ-2C
W, = 9Δν
klql

Magnedc Fleld & Forc• κε"

Fm = lqlvB Ηη θ
Red"nc• & Current
4Kk ΤΜ = ΙλΒςίηθ
AV=lR ,
s l-aw
ΔΡ
ΔΦ,η μοινι ει« = -
ΒΙν
ΒΙΙΙ cos91 + cos% + =

T = RC
ΔΙ = ΤΙη(2)
ΝΦ,η

ΙΙΙ =-ΙΙ2
ρι
AC arcul&
 φ = ωη¯Ι C

Δνη= woL
= = = 2x10 ανη =
Trigonometry
Formulas
Function Relationships Opposite Angle Law
Formulas
of cosines
1 1 sin e = — sin (—0) = —sin (O) — 2bc cosA
CSC O sin 0
Cofunction Formulas (in
cos (—0) = cos (0)
1 1 Quadrant I)
cose sec g — sec 9 cos tan = —tan (O)sin O = cos cosO —sin
0
tan O = cot — 0) coto = tan
1
tan = cote = cot O cot = — cot (O)sec 0 = csc cscO=sec ——9
tan G Angle Addition
sin 9 cos 9 sec (—0) sec (O)
CSC (—0) = — (O)
Formulas sin (A + B) =
tan = — cote cos 0
sinAcosB + cosAsin B
sin 0
sin (A — B) =
Pythagorean Identities Half Angle Formulas sinAcosB — cosAsinB
sin20 + cos20 = I 1 — cosO
cos (A + B) = cosA cos
sin — = B — sinAsin B cos (A
tan20 + I = sec20 — B) = cos A cosB +
2
sinA sin B
cot20 + 1 = csc20 1 + COS O cos —
=

Double Angle Formulas 2

I — cos
sin 20 = 2 sin O cosO
o tan —
2 2 1 + COS O
cos 20 = cos 0 — sin 0
= 1 — 2sin20 I — cos0
Z
= 2cos 0 — I sin O
2 tano sin O
tan 20 =
I — tanZO I + cos o
Power Reducing
Triple Angle Formulas
Formulas
sin 30 = 3 O 1 — cos20
sinz O =
2
cos30 = 4 cos3 0 — 3 cosO 1 + cos20 cos2
0=
3 tano — tan* O 2
tan 30 = I — COS 20
tan2 0 =
1 -3tanZO
1 + cos20

Arc Length Law of Slnes

S=rO sin sin n sin C
 tanA + tan B tan (A + cos A • sin B = — I sin(A + B) —
D) sin(A — B) I
I— tan A tan B tan A
— tan D tan (A — B) — Sum-to-Product Formulas
+ tan A tan B sin A + slnB=2•

Product-to-Sum Formulas sin A — sin B = 2.

1 sin A •sin B = — l cos(A— B)
—cos(A + B) I 2 cosA + cosB=2•
COS A • COSB = — I cos(A- B) + cos(A + B) cosA — COSB = —2 • sin
slnA •cosD = — sin(A + B) + sin(A — B) I
Law of Tangents a —b tan (A — B)
b2 = + c2 — 2ac COS B
— 2ab cosC
Relationships tano tan 20 = — csc (O)
1 I — tan20
sin e = — csc9 = Half Angle Formulas
Triple Angle Formulas
csce sino
1 1 seco sin
= 30 = 3 sino — 4 I — coso
cos e = — sin* O sin ±
sec e coscos30
O = 4cos30 — 3 2
1 coso
1 + coso cos —
tano = cot cote = — 3 tan O —
tan* O tan 30 = =±
9 2
sin g
tan = — 9 coto = o 1 — coso tan E = ± I +
cos e sin O coso
Pythagorean 1 — coso sin O
Identities sin20 Law of Cosines az = b2
sin O
+ cos20 = 1 + c2 — 2bc COSA
tan20 + I = I + coso
— 2ac cosB
sec20 cot20 + I
= csc20 — 2ab cosc Power Reducing Formulas
Opposite Angle
Double Angle I — cos20 sin2 0 =
Formulas sin (—
Formulas 0) = —sin (O) cos
2
(—0) = cos (O)
I + cos20 cos2 0 =
sin 20 = 2 sin O cos 2
tan (—0) = — tan
O cos20 = cos20 — I — cos20 tanz O =
(O) cot = — cot
sin2 0 I + cos20
(O)
= 1—2sinZO
sec (—0) = sec
= 2cos20— I (O) csc (—0) =
2
 Law of —- } Icos(A
Tangents a —-
— b tan [Z(A cosA • cosB = ( cos(A
— —B) + cosa + B) 1
tan +
Cofunction sinA • cosB = — I
Formulas (in sin(A + B) + sin(A —
Quadrant I) B) I
1
sine = cos ——0
COSA • sin B = — I
tan O = cot O sin(A + B) — sin(A-
sece = csc ——0 B)l
2
Angle
Addition
Sum-
Formulas sin
to•Prod
(A + B) = sin
uct
AcosB +
Formula
cosAsinB sin
s sin A +
(A —B) = sin
sinB = 2
AcosB —
•sin(A+
cosAsinB cos
2 B)
(A + B) =
cosAcos B — sin A — sinB = 2
sin A sin B •
cos (A — B) =
cosAcos B + A-B
sinA sin B
tanA + tanB COSA— cosB -
1 Mollweide's
— Formulas
tan A
tan B
tan A
— tan
B tan
(A —
B) =
1 + tanA tanB
F
ormulas
sinA•sinB
Euler's Formula ele =
cose + i sing = cis O
DeMoiwe•s Formula
(r cis = rn cis (no)
a + b cosB(A —
Polar Multiplication
and Division
C)
Let: a = r, cis 0
cis v
a — b _ sin
[z(A —
a • b = rtrz cis (O +
V)
• 4ab = (a + b) 2- (a — b) 2 • ab = a+b 2
2

• (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
• (x + a) (x - b) = x2 + (a - l)) x- ab (x - a) (x + b) = x2 + (b
— a) x— ab

bc (b - c) + ca (c — a) + ab (a — b) (b - c) (c — a)
(a - b) a2 (b — c) H- (c — a) + cz (a — b) = a
 (1)2 - c'2) + 1) (c2 - a2) + c (az - b-)
• a3 (b — c) -F b] (c - a) + (a — b) = - (b — c) (c — a) (a — b) (a
+ b + c)
-l- -F a-ly(a—" L' b')
(h-c) (c-a) (a-h) (h-l.c) (c+a)
(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c) — abc = (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
• (b -I- c) (c + a) (a + b) + abc = (a -F b +c) (ab + bc +
ca)
Basic
formulae
omNENT PROPERTIESPROPERTIES OF
COMMUTATIVE a + b b + a and ab ba (amp an-m Va<
DISTRIBUTIVE a(b+c) ab+ac
(ab)n ahbn
MITHMETIC EXAMPLES 1
an
ad — bc
bd

an
c bc am an-m
a ac ab + ac (a +

bd

(äVSö
U*DRATIC
EQUATION
For the equation
1 COMMON FETORING
2a a EXANRES
PROPERTIES LOGARITHM
PROPERTIES
a, b 2 0 for even n ify log. x then Y x x: + 2a.x + a: = (x + a):
108b b and 0 log. b' x
x: — 2ax + a: = (x — a):
x: + (a + b)x + ab = (x +
 100 x' + 3ax: + 3a:x + (x +
x log. x
log. a
log.(x') x x' + a' (x + — ax +
ifn odd log.(xy) x + log. y
ASSOCIATIVE a(bc) (ab)c

a. is
< ale b/e

ac — bd + (ad + bc)i

ABSOLUTE a. itaæo

lal I—al Ial 20 labl Iallbl

a lal b lbl
bl Slal + lbl
100 ( —, ) x — Jal. Itn
beven
 Tense Form Example Senten
Present Simple S+VI+O I play basketball eve
week.
S + amhs/are + V + ing + O I'm playing basketball
Present Cont.
S + havcihas + V3 + O I have just played
Present Perfect
basketball.
have;has been + V + I have been playin
Present Perfect
Cont. ing + O basketball for 3 hou
Past Simple I played basketball
yesterday.
S + was!were + V + ing +
I was playing baske
Past Cont. the
o whole evening.
Past Perfect S + had + V3 + O I had played baske
before mary cam
Past Perfect Cont. S had bccn + V + Ing +0 I had been pl
basketball when
came.
Future Simple I will play basketball
 S + will be •V + tng +0
I will be playing baske
Future Cont.
next Sunday.
S + Will have + V3 + O I will have played
Future Perfect basketball by tomorr