Risk - the product of the possible damage caused by a hazard due to the vulnerability within a community

Hazard - a phenomenon or situation, which has the potential to cause the disruption or damage to people, their property,
their services, and their environment
Disaster - the serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material,
economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or to society to cope
using its own resources
- exacerbates the occurrence of risk factors
Disaster risk - the product of the possible damage caused by a hazard due to the vulnerability within a community
Vulnerability - the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the
damaging effects of a hazard
Natural hazards – arise from purely natural processes in the environment

Impacts of Various Hazards on Different Exposed Elements:

1. Physical Impact
• Death of people
• Destruction and loss of vital infrastructure
• Widespread loss of housing
2. Psychological Impact
• Grief and psychological trauma – Post Traumatic Severe Disorder (PTSD)
• Marital conflicts
• Depression due to loss of loved ones and properties
• Chronic anxiety among children severely affected
3. Socio-cultural Impact
• Displacement of populations
• Loss of cultural identity
• Forced adoption of new sets of culture
• Ethnic conflicts
4. Economic Impact
• Loss of job due to displacement
• Loss of harvest and livestock
• Loss of farms, fish cages, and other sources of living
• Loss of money and other valuables
5. Environmental Impact
• Loss of forests due to forest fires
• Loss of fresh water due to salination
• Disturbance of biodiversity
• Loss of natural rivers and other tributaries
6. Biological Impact
• Epidemic to people, flora and fauna
• Chronic and permanent illnesses due to nuclear radiation
• Mental disorder developed from consumption of contaminated foods
• Proliferation of different viral and bacterial diseases
Disaster risk factors:
Environmental degradation - over consumption of natural resources
Globalized economic development - dominance and increased of wealth in certain regions and cities are expected to have
increased hazard exposure according to Gencer (2013)

To increase the globalized economic development to minimize the risks of disaster, the best thing to do is to
participate in risk-sensitive development strategies such as investing in protective infrastructure.

Common effects of disaster identified by some studies on disaster risk and management:
Displaced Populations - the common effects of disaster when countries are ravaged by earthquakes or other powerful forces
of nature that lead people to abandon their homes and seek shelter in other regions
Food Scarcity - Thousands of people around the world go hungry as a result of destroyed crops and loss of agricultural
supplies and as a result, food prices rise, reducing families’ purchasing power and increasing the risk of severe malnutrition
Emotional Aftershocks - Confronted with scenes of destruction and the deaths of friends and loved ones, many children
develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a serious psychological condition resulting from extreme trauma

Disaster from Different Perspectives:

• Physical Perspectives - disaster is a phenomenon that can cause damage to physical elements (buildings, infrastructure)
including people and their properties (houses and environmental sources of living
• Psychological Perspective - according to research, Disasters can cause serious mental health consequences for victims (PTSD
and a variety of other disorders and symptoms which have been less investigated
• Socio-cultural Perspective - What the people living at risk know and do about natural hazards and disaster risks is mediated
by a range of factors including social conditions (age, gender, wealth, ethnicity) and cultural settings (language, beliefs,
traditions, customs)
• Economic Perspective - disaster is a natural event that causes a perturbation to the functioning of the economic system,
with a significant negative impact on assets, production factors, output, employment and consumption

Hazards that normally result from the occurrence of an earthquake:

Ground Rupture - the displacement of the ground due to the movement of the fault
Liquefaction – phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid
loading
- ground actually sinks or settling downward
- cause saturation of the soil to behave like a quagmire
Earthquake-induced landslide - frequently triggered by strong ground motions
Ground Shaking – a disruptive up-down and sideways movement or motion experienced during an earthquake
Tsunami - a series of huge waves triggered by a violent displacement of the ocean floor caused by underwater earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions or mass movement
Far-field Tsunami - can travel from 1 to 24 hours before reaching the coast of the nearby countries
Local Tsunami - originates from within about 100 km or less than 1 hour tsunami travel time from the impacted coastline
Hypocenter - a point inside the earth where the earthquakes started
Epicenter - the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake
Intensity - represented by Arabic Numbers
Rizal – Brgy in Surigao City where active and traces of fault lines can be found
Violet - represents the moderate susceptibility based on the Earthquake-induced landslide hazard map
Maroon - represents the tsunami of more than 6 meters inundation in a tsunami hazard map
Pyroclastic Density Currents - mixtures of fragmented volcanic particles, hot gases, and ash that rush down the volcanic
slopes or rapidly outward from a source vent at high speed
Tephra fall - formed during explosive volcanic eruption when dissolve gages in magma escape violently into the atmosphere
Debris Avalanche - massive collapse of a volcano, usually triggered by an earthquake or volcanic eruption
Mount Kanlaon - one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines; located in Negros Oriental
Potentially Active Volcano - a volcano that is morphologically young-looking but with no historical or analytical records of
eruption
Dormant volcano - an active volcano that is not erupting, but supposed to erupt again
Extinct volcano - has not had an eruption for at least 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt again in a comparable time
scale of the future
Active volcano - a volcano that has had at least one eruption during the past 10,000 years. An active volcano might be
erupting or dormant
Active volcanoes situated in Mindanao: Matutum, Makaturing, and Hibok- Hibok
Alert level 5 - characterized by explosive production of tall ash-laden eruption columns, deadly pyroclastic flows, and massive
collapses of summit lava dome
Shake, Rumble, Swell and Dry - signs that shall be taken into considerations whenever caught in the situation of volcanic
phenomenon
Lateral blast - volcanic hazard directly associated with volcanic eruption
Lahar - volcanic hazard indirectly associated with volcanic eruption